SYSTEM
OF
HERALDRY,
SPECULATIVE AND PRACTICAL :
WITH THE
TRUE AHT OF BLAZON,
ACCORDING TO THE
MOST APPROVED HERALDS IN EUROPE
ILLUSTRATED
WITH SUITABLE EXAMPLES OF ARMORIAL FIGURES, AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE MOST CONSIDER \BLE SUR- NAMES AND FAMILIES IN SCOTLAND, %c.
TOGETHER WITH
HISTORICAL AND GENEALOGICAL MEMORIALS RELATIVE THERETO.
BY ALEXANDER NISBET, GENT.
A NEW EDITION.
VOL. II.
EDINBURGH:
PRINTED FOR WILLIAM BLACKWOOD, PRINCE'S STREET* EDINBURGH AND RODWELL AND MARTIN, NEW BOND STREET, LONDON.
1816.
. Lawric $ Co., Printers, Edinburgh,
fSSL ,1
TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
JAMES EARL of MORTON,
Jft fvoprr.
LORD DALKEITH4NDABERDOURy
Heritable Sheriff", Steward and Justiciary of the Isles of Orkney and Zetland^ Vice-Admiral of the same, and Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle and St Andrew ,
MY LORD,
THE First Volume of this work was dedicated to the illustrious House of Hamilton : The second claims the patronage of your Lordship, a branch of the no less illustrious House of Douglas.
Had its valuable author been alive, he muft have approved the choice. VOL. II. b
DEDICATION.
Were I permitted, it were easy to enlarge on the antiquity and glori- ous actions of your illustrious ancestors, some of whom were matched with the blood royal.
But neither these, nor your Lordship's personal qualifications dare I adventure on : The world knows them ; and your Lordship's modesty, great as it is, cannot conceal them.
I must, however, be allowed to say, that your Lordship's knowledge in antiquities and polite learning, renders you a fit patron for a work of this kind : And if it shall be so lucky as to meet with your Lordship's approbation, the editor need not fear the ill-nature of the most severe critic.
That your Lordship may long remain an ornament to your noble House, for your true attachment to justice, learning, and every virtue,, is the sincere desire of,
My Lord,
Your Lordship's most obedient,
And most devoted humble servant,
ROBERT FLEMING.
PREFACE.
THE learned and ingenious Mr Alexander Nisbet, author of this Sys- tem of Heraldry, has, in his Preface to the First Volume, so fully ac- counted for the original and progress of Armorial Bearings with us, and other nations, and, in the Treatise itself, so elaborately and accurately described and exemplified the several branches of the Science of Heraldry, that it will be equally superfluous to add any thing to what he has said in the former, or bestow any encomiums on his performance in the latter, which has sufficiently recommended itself to all who rightly understand the noble science there treated of.
But Mr Nisbet not being able to overtake his whole design in one volume, as at first he intended, for the several reasons set forth in the said Preface, he therefore promises an Appendix, or Second Volume, wherein the several branches of heraldry, not there treated of, were to be illustrated; and, as this undertaking is now finished, and presents itself to the public, it will be necessary that the editor should say something in behalf of the performance.
In the First Part of this Volume, the following branches of Heraldry, viz. Marks of Cadency, Marshalling of Divers Coats in one Shield, Ex- terior Ornaments, &c. are fully treated of, and illustrated by proper ex- amples, all which were executed by the author himself in his own life- time ; the manuscript copy of which, in his own hand-writing, the edi- tor has preserved for the satisfaction of the curious.
The other parts handled in this undertaking, are inserted because of their coincidency with the principal subject treated of in this Volume. Of this kind is the chapter of Funeral Escutcheons, which was composed by Roderick Chalmers, herald, and herald-painter in Edinburgh, whose un- derstanding and practice in. these matters is well known ; and the other chapters, such as that of Precedency, the Office and Dignity of Heralds, &c. and that concerning Public Processions and Cavalcades, which gives an idea of the grandeur of this ancient and once flourishing kingdom, were all carefully collected from MSS. in the Lawyers' Library, and the writings of the learned Sir George Mackenzie, &c.
To render this work the more useful and complete, the editor has given the Return of the Lords of Session, to an order of the House of Peers, concerning the Scots peerage ; which cannot fail to give satisfaction, as it was the result of the inquiries of that august Court into the records of the nation, and is a most exact and authentic state of our peerage at this day.
The editor observing that no body had ever yet published an exact draught of these monuments of the antiquity and independency of this kingdom, the Regalia, viz. Crown, Sceptre and Sword ; and, as the ori- ginals are not now to be seen, he has embellished»the work with a plate
ii PREFACE.
•
of them, which the ingenious Mr Richard Cooper has engraven, with great pains and exactness, from the description given of them in the in- strument taken by that true lover of his country, Mr William Wilson, at depositing them in the castle of Edinburgh.
But what takes up a great part of this Volume, is the memorials of private families, which neither Mr Nisbet nor the publisher are any ways answerable for ; they must stand upon the faith of those who gave them in, and the vouchers they adduce for their support. Many of those printed in Mr Nisbet's lifetime were signed by the parties concerned ; but that practice was afterwards neglected, since every one, no doubt, will be ready to support what he has advanced for the honour and an- tiquity of his family.
From what is above set forth, it will be evident that the editor has nei- ther spared pains nor expences to render this book useful and valuable.
It may now be expected that he should give some account to the sub- scribers for the delay in the publication ; and indeed this, in part, may be ascribed to Mr Nisbet's death, and the property of it going through many different hands, and likewise to the dilatoriness of the subscribers in giving in memorials of their families : However, as it now comes abroad into the world, it is hoped it will give general satisfaction, and meet with a favourable reception, both as it completes the design of its worthy author, who was the most learned in the noble Science of He- raldry of any that ever appeared in this country, yea, perhaps, not in- ferior to any ; and, as it contains many curious things, which tend to illustrate the honour and dignity of the nation, either never before print- ed, or only to be found in loose papers in the hands of the curious, not to mention the memorials of many ancient and noble families who have deserved well of their country, the executing of which has far exceeded the number of sheets at first proposed.
Since finishing the impression of this work, the editor coming to the knowledge, that a learned antiquarian had written Historical and Critical Remarks on the surnames and families of those whose predecessors swore fealty to Edward I. of England, in 1292, &c. inserted in a writing com- monly known by the name of Ragman Roll, he purchased the same at a considerable expence, and has printed it in a size fit to be bound up with this volume : And, as it proves the antiquity of many of the sur- names, and most of the great families of this kingdom, and in a great measure supplies the want of particular memorials of many of these fa- milies, it is hoped, such as would have it bound up with their copy, will not grudge a particular allowance for it, as well as for the supernumerary sheets above the number mentioned in the proposals.
ROBERT FLEMING,
1'oLII.
'/ati //W
..-<•< :<-r<
of Cadency .
I . O additional Fi&ur&s or Marfij
J3z/ Partition I Bis
*
rtnrtftd f
Chanoeinq Tmdurej tn
on andji'biiatic'n "erf
./ lie Farnilv t
Maute E. of Panmure
T/i£ Border
Gobonattd
Hamutan. 0
(j-ra/iam of
Marks of
ISaftardv .
J c-
By Employment! and Offzcej .
y Impaling
Qjtartering
ElphtnAan L ard
if acrircmat&t or by a f-
B a* Mvlne fcufy •
SYSTEM
OF
HERALDRY,
SPECULATIVE AND PRACTICAL:
WITH THE TRUE ART OF BLAZON.
PAR T THIRD.
CHAP. I.
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, OR MARKS OF CADENCY.
5N the First Part of this System I have given an account of the Rise and Art of Blazon of Arms, of their Tinctures, Figures, Proper, Natural, and Artificial ; in their Terms, Regular Positions, Dispositions, and Situations, illustrated by a nu- merous train of examples.
And now, for the further prosecution of my System, it will not be unuseful to repeat my definition of arms, given in the former part, Chap. 2.
Arms are hereditary marks of honour, regularly composed of certain tinctures and figures, granted or authorised by sovereigns, for distinguishing, differencing, and illustrating persons, families, and communities. To which 1 shall add a defini- tion given by a very eminent author, John Baptista Christyn, Chancellor of Bra- bant, in his famous treatise, titled, Jiirispnidentia Heroicn, de Jure Bdgamm circa Nebititatem, page 78. " Signa, summi principis autoritate, alicui concessa, ai;t pro- " pria voluntate assumpta. personam a persona, familias a familiis, civitates a " civitatibus, collegia a collepiis, varie distinguentia."
From these definitions the use of arms is obvious, viz. (.besides their being ho- nourable rewards of virtue) to distinguish' and difference persons, families, and communities : So as, first, to distinguish the nobility and gentry ffom the vul- gar. Secondly, to distinguish principal families of nobility and gentry am ngst
A
j OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES,
themselves. And, thirdly, to difference descendants of each particular family amongst themselves, conform to their seniority. •
As to the first of these uses, viz. the distinction of the nobility from the vulgar; it is plain from the foresaid definition, that no person or family are entitled to carry arms, hut such as have received, or assumed the same by approbation of so- vereign authority, which is sufficient to ^distinguish the vulgar from the nobility and gentry, so that I need not further to insist on that use of arms.
As to the second, I hope I have sufficiently accounted for the same in the First Part of this System.
The third shall be the subject of this chapter, in which I shall give the several differences that have been used by the descendants of nobility and gentry, to dif- ference themselves from their original and principal families, that their degrees of descent may be known, which are as necessary as the former, for differencing younger brothers and their issue from the eldest, that the order and degrees of both, in the lines of the descendants from one stem, may be known, to prevent confusion and contention amongst them ; all which hath been carefully looked to by sovereign princes their laws and edicts.
With us, our king and parliament, in the year 1590, for regulating the dif- ferences of descendants, made an act, impowering the Lyon King at Arms, and his brethren heralds, to visit the whole arms of noblemen, barons, and gentlemen, within Scotland, and to distinguish them with congruent differences, and to matriculate them in their books. As also to inhibit all such as bear arms, as by the law of arms ought not to bear them, under high penalties ; as the act more particularly bears. And, in the year 1672, chap. 21. the foresaid act of Parlia- ment is renewed and ratified, and the Lyon King at Arms is impowered to dis- tinguish arms, and to matriculate them in his books or registers, from whence I have taken, and do take most of my examples in this System, which are marked L. R.
Our above-mentioned author gives us the edict of Albert and Isabel, Sovereign Princes of the Netherlands, published in the year 1616, with his Commentary thereon, in his above-named book, Jurisprud. Her. or De Jure Belgarum circa Nobilitatem & Injlgnia, in the 5th article concerning Brisures, or Marks of Cadency, has these words, " Ut altercationibus jurgiisque, quae ex planorum insignium de- " latione oriri solent, obviam eatur, jubemus, familiarum omnium natu minimos, " imo vel maximos spirante patre, gentilitiis insignibus quoddam addere discerni- " culum, moribus usitatum, ut inde geniturae ordo pateat, &• perpetuo lineae dig- " nosci possint, idque donee anteriores defecerint, aliter facientibus, indicta est " poena 50 Florenorum." Which is to this purpose by the foresaid article, " To " remedy the debates (which may as they have been seen to fall out in time by- " gone) touching the seniority, and carrying the plain arms, we will and ordain, " that the youngest sons (and even the eldest sons in their fathers' lifetime) shall " be holden to place in their arms some brisure, in the accustomed form, for a " distinction from the eldest, and to continue such brisure as long time as the " branches of the eldest remain ; to the end, that the descendants of the one or " other branch may be known and discerned, under the pain of 50 Florinses.
On the laws and edicts of France, Spain, and other nations, I forbear to insist ; but show some of their practices in this matter, which are various.
The differences, or additional figures, used by cadets, to difference themselves from their original families, are termed by us in Britain, differences, or marks of cadency; by the French, brisures, upon the account they break the principal bearing of the family : And those who write in Latin, call them armorum discerni- cula, and ordinarily say, primogenitus arma babet Integra, cceteri nota quadam dis- creta.
It is many years since I published an Essay of Marks of Cadency, in which I was as full as the practice of our nation allowed me, and took in such foreign examples as were suitable to illustrate that work ; some part of which I am obliged to repeat in this chapter as curtly as possible, the rules thereof being sufficiently exemplified in that Essay, and many of them in the former part of this System.
But now I shall proceed to the universal practice of differencing the arms of de- scendants, which are, and have been very various through all Europe : And I
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, tf,. 3
think the same may be reduced to these nine ways : First, the change of the tinc- tures of the field : Secondly, the change of the tinctures of the principal or es- sential figures : Thirdly, by dividing the field, by the partition lines, under acci- dental forms: Fourthly, the displacing the figures, or altering their positions or situations in the shield : Fifthly, the diminishing the number of them: Sixthly, by increasing the number of the principal or original figures : Seventhly, by adding different figures to the principal ones: Eighthly, by quartering the paternal arms with other ones: And, Ninthly, by transposing, the quarters, or changing the crest ; to each of which I shall speak.
First then, as for altering the tinctures of the field, it was anciently used : John Baptista, in his forecited Treatise, Art. 5th, says, " Olim Belgi &• Galli sola " colorum variatione arma discernebaut ;" and adds, •' Imo &- apud Britannos mos " hie cognitus." Of old the Belgians and French differenced arms by changing only the tinctures of the field ; and this practice was with the Britons. He gives us instances of this practice in Flanders, in the 1120, that of Arnoldus Are sc'jii Comes, who had five sons; the eldest carried the plain arms of his father, being or, three flower-de-luces sable; the second son, Baron of Woscinale, altered the tinctures, and carried, gules, three flower-de-luces argent ; the third son, Baron of Roteslakie, counter-changed his immediate brother's bearing, by making them, argent, three flower-de-luces gules; the fourth son took argent, three flower-de- luces sable; and the fifth, gules, three fl(Aver-de-luces or. Our author proceeds to give many instances of this kind, not only in Flanders, but in France, and disap- proves of this way of differencing, that it altogether changes and confuses arms; his words are, " l*uto quippe mos ille non adeo insignia distinguendo, quam in " totum iinmutundo subserviit, ex quo plurimum gentilium confusio &• perturba- " tio demanavit." And in that paragraph he tells us, that the lamble, orle, and bordure, were not then known to the Belgians for differences, till they got them from the French.
Sir William Dugdale, Garter King at Arms in England, in his book, titled, The Ancient Usage in Bearing Arms, says, The differences that antiquity used for distinguishing descendants were by changing the colour of the field, figures, or charges ; and, for instances, he gives us the practice of the family of Basset in England, in the reigns of Edwards I. II. and III. and in the families of the name of L'Estrange there. 1 have given several instances of the same practice of old, by the Royal issue of the kings of France, England, and Scotland, in my former Essay on this subject, and shall only mention again a few with us.
The HOMES, as descended of the old Earls of March, who carried gules, a lion rampant argent, their paternal ensign, (the bordure which surrounded, and charged with roses, being the badge of their comital office) carried the same white lion, but placed it in a green field, for difference, as relative to their first designation, from their lands of Greenlaw, which they first possessed, as in the old charter of IVillielmus filius Cospatricii Coi/iitis Domi/ius de Greenlaw^. His posterity having purchased the lands of Home, were afterwards designed Domini de Home; from whence came the surname. Of which, more fully, in an essay of mine on this subject, page 20, and in the first part of this System, page 270. The same way, of old, the progenitors of the family of Dundas of that Ilk, as descended of a younger son of Cospatriciits Comes, the first Earl of March, (of which more fully in the Appendix) differenced themselves by a transmutation of the tinctures of the old Earls of March, gules, a lion argent, into argent, a lion gules; which the principal family still continues, and all the branches of the family, with suitable marks of cadency. The principal family of the name of DOUGLAS carried argent, a chief azure, charged, with three stars of the field.
HUGH DOUGLAS Earl of ORMOND, in the reign of King James II. fourth son of James Earl of Douglas, to difference himself, changed the tincture of the field of Douglas to ermine. CAMPBELL of Loudon differenced himself from his chief, the tatnily of Argyle, which carried, gironnt of eight, or and sable, by changing the tinctures of the girons into ermine and gules ; which two tinctures also they took to show their relation to the Crawfurds of Loudon, with whom they married', bear- ing g ule /, a fesse ermine^
4 OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, He.
The second way proposed in differencing, by changing the tinctures of the prin- cipal or essenti-.il figures of arms, falls frequently out by changing the tinctures of the lieki ; t .pecially when cadets divide the field of their arms, for a difference, into two distinct tinctures of metal colours. And when there is but one tincture in the principal bearing, then the cadets are necessitated to alter the tincture of some of their figures, by counter-changing them with the field, that metal lie not upon metal, nor colour upon colour. The field, when it is divided into two halves by any of the four principal partition lines, which are called by the English, part- ed per pale, per fosse, per bend, dexter and sinister', by the French, parti, coupe, tranche, faille, which I have explained and demonstrated in the yth chapter of the First Part of this System. Of this practice with us, amongst many examples, I <hall add one from the Lyon Register. LAURENCE OLIPHANT, Writer to the Signet, descended of a second son of Oliphant of Gask, a second son of the Lord Oliphant, i urries, parted per fesse, g tiles and argent, three crescents, 2 and i, counter-changed of the same tinctures, to difference him from Gask, who had his field but of one tincture, viz. gules, three crescents argent, 2 and i. This way of dividing the field into two different tinctures, and counter-changing the charge, (the principal fa- mily having his figures in a field of one tincture) is a remote brisure suitable for cadets of cadets.
The third way of differencing by the partition lines, under accidental forms, is done, when the chief of the name and family has the field of his arms divided' into two tinctures, by any of the partition lines, plain and straight, then their descendants ordinarily have the same, but makes the partition line crooked, that is, by putting the same under some accidental form ; such as, ingrailcd, waved, nebitle, embattled, &-c. The Right Honourable the Earl of PANMURE, chief of the' name of MAULE, carries, parted per pale, argent and gules, a bordure charged with eight escalops, all counter-changed of the same. Of which family in the follow- ing chapter. The cadets of this family differenced themselves from their chief only by having the partition line waved, or nebule, as in the Register of the He- rald-Office.
Fourth way of differencing, is, by diminishing the principal figures, by carrying :wer of them than the chief family. In Jurisprudentia, Art. 5th, there are in- stances given us of this practice. The family of CLERMONT TALLART, in Dau- phmy, carries gules, two keys in saltier argent. The family of CHATTO, descended it, was obliged to curry gules, one key in bend argent: And the House of URRE, same province, carries a bend charged with three stars : The cadets of this louse carry, on the bend, but one star. Chassanaeus, in his Catal. Glor. Mundl this way of differencing, and says, " Quilibet primo genitus solet portare na plena & Integra ipsius domus sine diminutione, alii vero posteriores &. :ea gemti dexcendentes portant ea cum aliqua differentia, diminutione & The author of Jurisprudents says, " Alium & veterem, sed per- rnu: hvmgendi morem observo, quo minores natu aliquam in insigni- •ticularn ad distmctionem pnmogenitorum omittere soliti erant " This ferencing, by diminishing the principal %ures, by younger sons, is very ieldom to be met with; few or none of the arms in Great Britain upon the account of this way of differencing, has occurred to me.
:th way, by altering the position and situation of the principal and essen- res, by cadets, is more frequent with us than the former. In England I practice, from the learned Camden, in his book entitled, Remains Con- Bntain, chapter Of Armories; who says, In past ages those who were de- 1 from one stem, reserving the principal charge, and commonly the colour at, made some audition or alteration nf th^ fin.,,-^. „„ c,... e'xarnDie Tj
-
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES,
lionceaux rampant sable. The younger brethren of that House, viz. COBHAMS of Stetburv, or" Blackbury, of Billockly, took, for the three lionceaux, three estoils; the second, three eaglets ; the last, three crescents. BERKELEY of Wymondham, in the countyof Leicester, descended from the Lord Berkeley, who earned a cheveron betwixt ten cross patees, changed these ten crosses into as many cinquefoils. The same practice is with us, i'or cadets to change and alter the position of the principaj figures. The HERRINGS of Gilmerton bare gules, on a bend argent, a rose betwixt two lions rampant of the field. HERRING of Lethendy added another rose, but HERRING of Carswell turned the bend to a fesse. SCOTT of Bevelaw turned the bend, Carried by Scot of Buccleugh, into a fesse, for difference, without any other addition, or, on a fesse azure, a star of six points, between two crescents of the field. The same did I, i.it of Balquhain, in turning his chief's bend into a fesse, without any other addition.
The sixth method or way of differencing cadets, is by adding figures to the arms of chiefs of families, which is now most frequently used, diverse ways, by different nations: But when these additional figures began, what they are, and how to be disposed, for differencing the numerous issue of descendants, is the subject of the following discourse: For it seems the variation of the tinctures of field, and figures, was not sufficient without additional ones, which w.e find first used by the French; and from them the Belgians, with whom arms were very soon used, and regular, took the lambel, orle, bordure, as additional figures. The author of Jurisprudentia Heroic a, article 5th, paragraph 6th, says, " Varii tamen a variis nationibus scuta diffringendi modi observati sunt: Apud primos Brabantos &. Belgas incognita fuere, tigilla, limbi, margines, Gullice, lambeaux, orles, bordurer, quie tune tem- poris a Gallis mutuati sunt, sed ipsa arma quidam ab uxoribus, quidam a terri- ioriis, gloriae sibi duxerunt; plerique tamen familiaria retinuere insignia, colo- rum dumtaxat adhibita variatione." Divers nations used different ways and marks, in, distinguishing the arms of descendants of one family from another: For, of old, the Brabantines and Belgians did not know the lambel, bordure, orle, which were then used by the French, for differences, but took figures from their mothers, wives, territories, and feudal ensigns, to difference themselves; and many kept the arms of the family entire, only making some alteration of the tinctures or fi- gures.
When the French began to use those above-mentioned, and other additional figures to the lilies of France, by younger sons, is uncertain. Some say, (as one Paradin) that ROBERT the first Earl of ANJOU, descended of Hugh Capet, carried azure, seme of flower-de-luces or, within a bordure gules, in the year 988. Alo- vertus, and Kdliforestus, as in Jurisprud. Her. say, That Philip the august King of France, who reigned 1 18 1, was the first that permitted the sons of France to carry the arms of France with brisures, being before that time unlawful to be car- ried by the sons of France. Others again say, that the sons of France did not carry the arms of France without, or with brisures, till Lewis the Gross, who be- gan his reign in the year mo. Whatever those writers say, I am persuaded, that
Anciently the younger sons of the Kings of France were not permitted to carry the arms of France with a brisure, but only allowed to make use of the tinctures of the kingdom, azure and or, in those figures, which the younger sons of the kings assumed, on the account of their marriages, or appanages. Thus, the old Dukes of BURGUNDY took for arms, bendy, or and azure, within a bordure gules. And the old Counts of VERMANDOIS carried, cheque, or and azure, as Sylvester Petra Sancta observes, out of Marcus Gilbertus de Warenius, cap. 67. de guttatis tlgillis tesserariis. We find, in later times, the second race of the Dukes of Bur- gundy (descended of the royal fa nily) carried the arms of France, viz. azure, seme of flower-de-luces or, within a bordure compotie, argent and gules, for a brisure, which they quartered with ancient Burgundy first, and afterwards with other arms. So the second race of the Counts of Vermandois (when brisures became more fre- quent and ordinary) added a chief azure, seme of flower-de-luces or, to show their extraction was from the royal blood of France.
It cannot be hence concluded, that proper differences were not in use till the sons- of sovereigns carried the sovereigns' ensigns with brisures, which was but late,.
B
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, tfc.
because those were looked upon as sacred and incommunicable, being the ensigns of sovereignty. Before these were allowed, the sons of France had arms of the royal tinctures, which were transmitted to their younger sons, with suitable dif- ferences then in use. The same practice was anciently with us, for the sons of our kings did not carry the arms of the kingdom with a difference. DAVID Earl of HUNTINGDON, brother to King William the Lion, carried or, an escutcheon, within a double tressure, counter-flowered gules, being of the tinctures of the royal bearing of Scotland. And long after, JOHN SENESCAL Earl of CAR.RICK, eldest son to King Robert II. did not carry the arms of the kingdom with a label, during his father's reign (as our princes have done since), but the paternal coat of Stewart, us appears by this prince's seals, with a lion naissant out of the fesse cheque, inti- mating his right to the crown; as also, that it was then beginning to be customary for the sons of our kings to carry their father's sovereign coat with brisures; for, when John Earl of Carrick came to the throne, by the name of Robert III. and had a son, David the prince, the elder brother of King James I. carried the impe- rial bearing of Scotland, bruised with a label of three points. And can any pre- tend to say, that before that time the younger sons of our nobility and gentry ilid not carry their father's arms with some difference or other, to difference them- selves from their elder brothers, and their descendants. But to proceed to show and describe the differences, or marks of cadency, the lambel, or label, batton, or cottise, bordure, or fillier, and cheveron, which are called, by some heralds, the principal differences ; because, according to them, they are never seen in arms but when they difference younger sons. This may be said of the first two, the lambel •and batton; but the bordure and cheveron are sometimes carried as principal and -ential figures in arms, though very frequently as marks of cadency too, which I shall show by the general practice in Europe.
The lambel, or label, is derived from lambeau, i. e. as heralds say, " Semen seu ' recisa panni particula, sa robe s'en va par lambeaux; vestis in minutas discindi- ' tur particulas;" from whence comes lambriquius, lacima; flucntes ex galea, which we call ordinarily mantlings; of which in another place.
The label, or lambel, is taken there for a piece of silk stuff, or some such thing, wherewith princes of old environed their heads, which was called a diadem, or fillet, such as we now see Moors' heads banded with in arms, as Selden observes. Others take the label for the tying of crowns and garlands with points hanging down; but our French heralds will have it a kind of scarf, or ribbon, which young men wore anciently about the neck of their helmets (as we now do cravats) with points hanging down, when they went to the wars, or military exercises, such as tournaments, with their fathers, by which they were distinguished from them • and where it was customary, in some places, for younger brothers to be distin- guished from their elder brothers, the points of the tyings hang down upon the chief, or upper part of their shields, whereon was their father's arms: From whence heralds do present this figure as a brisure upon the armorial ensigns of the eldest sons whilst their father is in life; and by custom it was also given to young- er sons; of whidi practice we shall speak hereafter; the form thereof is as you see The traverse, we call the beam, which does not touch the sides of eld ; and the pieces that hang down are the points, which are always patulous, i. e. broad at the ends.
j The heralds who write in Latin; give the word hmniscus for a lambel; and
Uredus use the word lambella, as in the blazon of the arms of
ES, a sigmory m Hainault, " Scutum sexies auro & minio dcxtrorsus facia-
m supenmposita qumque partium lambella," i. e. bendy of six, or and gules,
1 a lambel of five points, and sometimes the lambel of three points Uredus
t\ ee "I" trifda' and ChifIIetius uses the W01'd "" tripes, for a lambel of
H f if P°ntS ° t! mbd may be Clther CVen Or Odd' to the
" " " in his father's llVetime * has
v thn e , n m > e ^ S°n n s ater's lletime' * has
e points, which are plain, ,. ,. not charged, or under accidental forms;
elde son h ,i ,h "^ P°mtVhan three> * sh™s the bearer not to be the
lest son, but the younger, or one of his descendants.
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, re?<v 7
I shall in some few instances show the antiquity of the lambel. We read, that St Bernard, in his rules to the Templars, discharged the wearing of lambels about the heads and necks of those of that Order, because they were used by laics as military marks, and not fit for ecclesiastics, and calls them laquea; £5" rostra. But it is to be observed, that clergymen of old, and at this time in popish countries use not marks of cadency in their arms, because they are not supposed to ha\e issue.
The lambel was anciently used on the seal of arms of the princes of Flanders; GUIDO, second son of William Lord Dampetra, and his lady, Margaret, daughter of Baldwin Earl of Flanders, carried a shield charged with t\vo leopards, and a label of five points in chief, in the year 1234. And the same Guido, after his eldest brother's death, had a label only of three points, his lather then being in life, and he the elde.st living son; but upon his father's death he laid the label aside altogether. Robert, the eldest son of this Guido, continued the same practice as did their successors Earls of Flanders, as by their seals given us by Oliverus Ure- dus, De Sigillis Coi/iiturn Ylandria.
The ancientest use of the lambel in England is said, by some heralds, to have been borne by GEOFFREY Duke of BK.ETAGNE and Earl of RICHMOND, fourth son of King Henry II. who was crowned 1153, viz. gules, three lions passant gtudant or, a label of five points argent. But Mr Sandford, in his Genealogical History of England, says, He believes that this filial distinction, the lambel, was not so soon used in England ; and he makes EDMUND Earl of LANCASTER, second son of King Henry III. and brother to Edward I. by his seal of arms, to be the first who car- ried over the arms of England a lambel of three points azure, charged with llower- dc -luces or, upon the account the flower-de-luces were his wife's figures, she being a daughter of France.
Though the lambel be a brisure in itself, they were anciently in use to charge them with figures, when carried by younger sons, as they have done the bordure, to show their maternal descent, and other dignities. The family of LANCASTER for a long time had always their lambel azure, charged with flower-de-luces, upon the account above mentioned; and the House of YORK, had their lambels argent, charged with torteauxes gules, to show their descent from the Briton, Tudor Earl of Cornwall, who carried such figures. As for the variation of the labels by the other branches of the royal family of England, I have given an account at the end of the First Part of this System of Heraldry.
Several English writers, as Gerard Leigh, among the first of them, tell as, That the eldest son's label should have only three points, the one to intimate his father in life, the other his mother, and the third himself; and that if the grandfather be alive, the label should have five points : But I find it otherwise by the ancient practice of the royal family of England, by their seals of arms, given us by the above-mentioned Sandford. Prince EDWARD, the eldest son of Henry III.' who was afterwards King Edward I. while he was prince, had on the one side of his seal the arms of England, with a label of three points, and, on the reverse, with a lambel of five points, in the year 1267, when he had no grandfather living: And the same lambels of three and five points were upon the seals of the succeeding princes, eldest sons of Edward 11. and III. So that Gerard Leigh's account did not hold then in England.
The lambel has been so carried, with three points plain, by the eldest sons of f ranee, and by the younger sons with more points, variegated with different charges. With us, the plain lambel with three points is seldom assigned to younger brothers, but when the heirs-male of the eldest brother fails, and the inheritance falls to his daughters and their heirs, the younger brother and his issue may then use the plain lambel of three points, as the heir of expectancy; of which before, in the Part of tins System, page 384. so carried by HAMILTON Earl of ABERCORN over the arms of Hamilton. By which practice the plain label in this case seems to be hereditary, when carried by younger sons and their heirs-male. And the same practice was used by a younger brother of the House of NITHSDALE, who married the heiress of the Lord Herries-, quartered his paternal coat, argent, a saltier sable, and in chief a lambel gules; with the coat of Herries, viz. argent, three urcheons sable : And which arms continued with his successors after the same
8 OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, ISc.
manner ARBUTHNOT of Findowrie, a second son of the family of Arbuthnot, car- riivi always a label for his difference.
1 shall add here what the author of Jurisprud. Her. de Jure Belgarum, says of the use of the label. When the label is hereditary and fixed as other figures, which the father carries, his eldest son and successor inust carry the same; and if it be a label of three points, the second son may carry one of four points, and the third son one of five point-,, and the fourth son a label of six points, and no further, for the label's points can be no more multiplied. And this is practised also by the French, as well as by the Flandrians.
The other principal difference, the button, before mentioned, being almost the -.ame with the bendlet, cottise, and ribbon, of which I have treated in the First Part of this System, chap. 13. as being diminutives of the said bend; and have distinguished them as to their use, that is, when the field is filled with bendlets, and when two cottises accompany a bend, then they are no marks of cadency; but when there is only one of them surmounting the arms, it is called a button, and i< an ancient mark of cadency: As that in the old arms of ABERNETHY, of which before, where the batton, or ribbon, by some so called, surmounts and bruises the lion.
I shall give here two instances of its practice of old as a brisure, first, HENRY, second son of Henry III. carried the arms of England, surmounted of a bendlet azure, for his difference; and when he succeeded his elder brother in the earldom of Lancaster, in the reign of Edward II. he laid aside the bendlet, and carried, as his father and brother, over the leopards of England, a label of three points azure, each charged witli flower-de-luces. The other instance of a bendlet as a brisure, Olivarius Uredus gives us in the arms of GUIDO, second son of William Lord Dam- pctra, and his lady, Margaret Countess of Flanders, who carried the arms of Dam- petra, two leopards bruised, with a bendlet for difference, in the year 1251, which he laid aside when he succeeded his elder brother William.
It is to be minded, that when the eldest son dies without issue, the second son is then successor, and carries the plain arms of his father, as Chass. Cat. Glor. Mitnd. Part. i. " Primogenito sine liberis decedente, arma Integra ad secundo genitum " devolveret ita deinceps."
The batton is now-a-days ordinarily couped, that is, touches not the angles of the shield, and is used very short by the French, which they call baton peri. The Latin heralds give the words Jjffiira and baccitlus, commonly for a batton. Syl- vester Petra Sancta calls it clabilla, a little club, and sometimes clavuht. In his 68th chapter, De Clavula & de Stamine Tesserario, where he says, " Vectis & bacil- " lus scutarius formae teres, &- ejus tantum latitudinis, ut trientem baltei non ex- " cedat, hie inquam vectis, seu bacillus, etiam ipse a primogenitis, turn liberos " natu minores, turn eorum posteritatem distinguit."
It is, and has been the constant custom of France, to distinguish younger sons by battons: Thus Monsieur ROBERT of FRANCE, Count of CLERMONT, younger son of Lewis IX. of France, carried France bruised with a baton peri gules. He mar- ried Beatrix, daughter and heiress to John Lord Bourbon, whose eldest son carried the foresaid bearing, from whom issued the noble family of Bourbon, of whom the present monarch of France is descended. The baton peri is frequent with the French, as the author of Jurisprudent! a Heroica says, " Insignia seu regale Bour- bonium stemma discriminavit, clavula nempe coccinea, seu fusti scutano, vulgo le baston de gueules, qui (non sec us ac taema, nisi quo multo sit temiior) a parte ' dextra in sinistram vergit, heraldire, peri en bande." The second son, JAMES Count de la MARCH, who married the heiress of Vendosme, did also bear the fore- said coat; but charged the batton (for a sub-brisure) with the figures of Vendosme, viz. three lions argent; and the other younger sons of this family differenced their battons with other figures, as BOURBON MONPENSIER placed on the top of his batton a canton charged with a dolphin azure; and BOURBON d'EvEREux has his batton componed, argent and gules.
I seldom or never find with us, and the English, a batton couped made use of
• lawful sons, because, as to those that know not the science it looks like
it Ulegitimatioxu The batton sinister I have treated of before, in the I4th
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES,
Tf.
chapter of the First Part of this System, and shall here treat of it again, with other maiki of tllegituaation ; but first of the bvrdure.
The /w<f<v.v, the t'aird mark of cadency above mentioned, goes round the ex- tremities of the shield, and takes up the hfth part of the field, by the English ;. by our piactice, sometimes less, sometimes more, according as it suits with the figures within the shield, and the figures that charge the bordure. Part I. chap. 18.
By all nations it is frequently used as a brisure ; and especially by the English, who do not look upon it as a principal figure, or one of the honourable ordinaries, bin a principal difference; and is never to be found, say they, in a coat of arms, but when it stands for a mark of cadency. By the French it is looked upon as a principal figure, and not a mark of cadency ; but when the bordure is less than its jusi quantity, and of metal upon metal, or colour upon colour, it is called bv them a fillier. vVith us the boidure, as with the French, is sometimes a principal figure, and sometimes taken for a mark of cadency, and that very frequently ; but with the French, and witn us of old, for a principal figure.
For the antiquity of the bordure, as a principal figure, in an old edition of the Chronicle of St Lewis, by Joinville, he there says, That Charlemagne gave arms to ARNOLD de COMESING Viscount de COZERANS, which were only or, a bordure gules, for his good services in Spain. Here it could not be but a principal figure, since there are none other but itself. The Kings of PORTUGAL carry their imperial en- Mgn within a bordure, charged with towers or castles, for the kingdom of Algarve, which Alplionuis III. got from the king of Castile, upon the account he married his daughter in the year 1278. The bordure is not taken for a mark of cadency in the armorial bearings of the Spaniards, who use to have more than .one or two bordures, but as principal figures, or essential parts of the bearing, representing some victory over the Moors, Goths, and other barbarous invaders of their country, as John Baptista Christyn, in his Jurispnidentia Heroica, Art. 5. his words are, ' Quod ad aliarum attinet familiarum margines &. limbos, non adeo sunt discrimi- ' nis notre, quam scuti partes essentiales, iis tot Victorias a Mauris, Gothis, cae- ' terisque barbaris reportatas, aliaque id genus decora significantes." The same author, in his Supplement to his First Part, tells us, That ordinarily the Spaniards, and those of the Netherlands, have their mothers' figures, charging a bordure round their own arms, not as a brisure, but to show their marriage or maternal descent. His words are, " Limbi apud Hispanos connubia designant, &. quemad- ' modum apud Belgas &- Gallos insignia exponuntur." For which he gives us the instance of Alphonsus III. before mentioned. And the GUZMANI, in Spain, have round their arms, by marrying with the family of Villamicares, a bordure charged with castles and lions; which is also given in taille douce by Sylvester Petra Sancta, page 599.
One of the ancientest and greatest families with us, the DUNBARS Earls of MARCH, without question the principal family of the name, carried gules, a lion rampant ardent, within a bordure of the same, charged with roses of the first.
The honourable and ancient family of MAUJ.E Earls of PANMURE have always been in use to carry parted per pale, argent and gules, a bordure charged with 'ops, all counterchanged of the same; being the same which their progenitors in the kingdom of France: of which more particularly in the following chan- ter. So much for the bordure as a principal figure.
As it is an additional figure, and mark of cadency, I have spoken to it before in 11 its varieties, and given examples by whom carried; and here I shall add others, whom 1 have not before mentioned, with some new observations.
11 the bordure is made by plain lines, and not charged with figures, and of the tincture of the principal figure in the field, it then shows the bearer to be a younger son of the principal family.
Mr THOMAS HOPE of Rankeilor, Advocate, second lawful son to Sir John Hope of Craigiehall, azure, a cheveron or, betwixt three besants, all within a bordure of the second; crest, a broken globe surmounted of a rainbow, proper: motto, At spes infra 7 fi. L. R. and Plate of Achievements.
JAMES BANNANTYNI of Kelly, a second son of the family of Kames, bears the arms of the family, viz. gules, a cheveron argent, betwixt three mullets or, (and
VOL. II. C
10
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, tfe.
for his filial difference) within a bordure of the second ; crest, a griffin's head erased, proper: motto, Non cito non tarde; as in the Lyon Register.
JOHN MACARTNEY of Auchinleck, in Scotland, now Esq. and residenter in Ire- land, argent, a stag tripping gules, attired or, within a bordure of the second ; crest, a dexter hand holding a slip of a rose tree, proper: motto, Stimulat sed ornat.
L. R.
ALEXANDER SCOTT of Sinton, a second son of Scott of Harden, bears or, on a bend azure, a star of six points betwixt two crescents of the field ; and, on the sinister chief point, a rose gules, stalked and barbed vert, all within a bordure sable; crest, a crescent argent; with the motto, Crescendo prosim, L. R.
SCOTT of Galashiels, a younger brother of Scott of Sinton, carries the same arms, but, for his difference, charges the bordure with six-escalops argent, for marrying a daughter of Pringle of Galashiels; crest, a lady from the waist richly attired, holding in her right hand a rose, all proper: motto, Prudenter amo. L. R.
When the bordure is formed by uneven or crooked lines, such as ingrailed, in- vected, indented, embattled, and other such lines, which I have described before in the First Part of .this System, it shows the bearers to be descended of the third or fourth son of a family.
THOMAS LIDDERDALE, Merchant, citizen of London, son to the deceased Robert Lidderdale, a younger son of St Mary's Isle in Scotland, bears, azure, a cheveron ermine, within a bordure ingrailed argent; crest, an eagle's head erased, proper: motto, Perbelle qui prcevidet. L. R.
JOHN GKEJG of Ballingrie, gules, three dexter hands couped and disposed bend- ways argent, 2 and i, within a bordure ingrailed of the second; crest, a right hand : motto, Signantur cun£la manu. L. R.
DONALD M'GILCHRIST of Northbar, gules, a lion rampant argent, within a bordure invected of the last; crest, a lion's paw bend- ways argent: motto, Cogit in hostem. L. R.
LUNDIN of Auchtermemy, descended from the family of Lundin, carries the old coat of Lundin, viz. paly of six pieces, argent and gules, on a bend azure, three cushions or, all within a bordure indented of the third; crest, a hand, proper, holding a cushion argent : motto, Tarn genus quam virtus. L. R.
Colonel GEORGE HAMILTON,' second lawful son to Redhouse, (whose great-grand- father, the iaird of Redhouse, was one of the Senators of the College of Justice, and second brother to the laird of Priestfield, afterwards Earl of Haddington) bears gules, on a cheveron, betwixt three cinquefoils ermine, a buckle azure, all within a bordure embattled or, charged with eight thistles vert, flowered gules; crest, two hands conjoined, issuing out of a cloud, and within two branches of laurel, disposed in orle, proper: motto, Presstando prtesto; recorded the 2pth of March 1694 in the Lyon Register.
A bordure formed on the inner side, as those above, by a line crooked like a wave of the sea, is called a bordure waved ; as that in the arms of HAMILTON of Ladylands, a cadet of Torrence, descended of the House of Hamilton, gules, a mullet betwixt three cinquefoils, all within a bordure waved argent. L. R.
HAMILTON of Westburn, descended of the family of Torrence, descended of the family of Hamilton, gules, three cinquefoils ermine, within a bordure potent and counter-potent of the second and first; crest, a hand grasping a lance in bend, proper: motto, Et arma et virtus. L. R. and Plate of Achievements.
CRAWFURD of Cartsburn, gules, a fesse ermine, betwixt three mullets in chief argent, and in base two swords saltier- ways ; for a brotherly difference he had a crescent surmounted of a crescent ; and, in lieu thereof now, for his difference he carries the above blazon within a bordure waved argent; crest, a sword in pale, having a pair of balances on the point, all proper: motto, $uod tibi, hoc alteri. L. R. and cut in Plate of Achievement, Part I.
The more the bordures are varied from plain ones, by accidental forms, and
rged with figures, they show the bearers to be the further removed from the
cipal House; as also, when componed, or counter-componed, or divided bv the
To which purpose are the words of the author of Jurisprudent
uermca, " Tertio gemti filius primus paternum retinet limbum; secundus limbum
praferetdentatum; a la bordure edentee; tertius besantiis nummis insignitum,
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, *3c. n
" a la bordure cbargee tie besans ; quartus sectionibus diversi coloris distinctum, a " la bordure compwee, £• ita de csteris." Of the bordure compone 1 shall here treat more particularly.
The bordure compone, as the French say, and gobonated by the English, is when the bordure or any other figure is filled with one rank of square pieces, alternately of metal and colour, as that going round the arms of Lundin of that Ilk, to be seen Plate XVil. in the First Fart of this System.
This bordure was of old honourable, but of late fallen into disgrace : how it came, I cannot give a particular account, but shall here give my observes of its use.
PHILIP Duke of BURGUNDY, surnamed the Hardy, the youngest lawful son of John King of France, surrounded the arms of France with a bordure gobonated, argent and gules, which were the ensigns of Burgundy modern ; and so stands yet quartered with Burgundy ancient, bendy of six, or and gule s, within a bordure of the last : Which arms have been marshalled with these of Spain, and has prece- dency of all the other arms of dukedoms and provinces marshalled in the achieve- ment of that kingdom.
The first bordure compone, or gobonated, I find in England, was used by the children of JOHN of GAUNT Duke of LANCASTER, fourth son of Edward III. pro- create on Katharine Roet, widow of Sir Otes Swinford, in the lifetime of his former wives. This Katharine he married last, (as Sandford in his Genealogical History) but could not free his three sons, John, Henry, and Thomas, begot upon her, from bastardy, till he obtained an act of Parliament for their legitimation ; and before that act of legitimation, which was obtained the zoth year of the reign of Richard II. the three brothers, says Sandford, carried, parted per pale, argent and azure; over all, on a bend gules, three lions passant gardant or, the figures of England. The first brother differenced his arms with a lambel ; the second, the same arms by a crescent ; and the third, Thomas, by a mullet. But after the act of legitimation of these three brothers, says our author, their distinction of bastardy was discontinued ; which, it seems, was their placing their father's arms on a bend, and the field of two tinctures : For JOHN BEAUFORT, the eldest, was Earl of Somer- set, and after the legitimation did bear the arms of France and England quarterly, within a bordure gobone, argent and azure. The second brother, HENRY BEAU- FORT, Cardinal and Bishop of Winchester, carried the same arms with his elder brother: And the last, THOMAS, had a bordure gobone, ermine and azure: But when he was made Duke of Exeter, he made his bordure round the arms of England, gobone, drgent and azure •;. the last charged with flower-de-luces, because he married the daughter of HOLLAND Duke of EX.ETER, and whose bordure was azure, feme of flower-de-luces or. Those brothers were surnamed Beauforts, from the castle of Beaufort in Anjou, where they were born, and used the portcullis of that castle for their badge; which figure, with these of the thistle and rose, the badges of Scotland and England, are yet to be seen upon old buildings with us, since the murriage of King James I. of Scotland with Jean, daughter of John Beaufort Earl of Somerset. And her arms being the same with her father's, before blazoned, are so illuminated in our old books of blazons. The bordure compone, or gobonated, was looked on then as an honourable figure to distinguish lawful children; for I find HUMPHK.EY Duke of GLOUCESTER, fourth lawful son of King Henry IV. of England, carried the royal arms of England, within a bordure gobonated, argent and sable; which bordure, says Sandford, he was advised to take, in imitation of that of the Duke of Burgundy above mentioned, by Nicol Upton a herald. But aft -wards this Duke Humphrey laid aside the bordure compone', and took a bor- dure argent, as more honourable, in imitation of Edmond Earl of Kent, and Thomas Duke of Gloucester, younger sons of Edward I. and Edward III. Our author says, the ingratitude of those of this latter age to the memory of those illustrious families above mentioned, have converted the bordure gobone to no other use, than in distinguishing the illegitimate issue from those lawfully begot- ten. But this saying of his will hardly clear it from the aspersion of bastardy, even by the instances he gives us; and that it was looked upon by heralds as such; as bv Spelman, in his Notes upon Nicol Upton, who says, That in England the batton-sinister, and the bordure gobonated, were, of old, the marks of illegiti-
I2 OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, &c.
mation in England. And the author of Jurisprudentia Hcroica, Article 12th, paragraph lyth, says the same from Spelman, thus, " Bacillus sinister extrema •• .scuti non attingens, &- fimbria quandoque stnata, sed plerumque gobiata (ut •• fecialibus fari visnm est) hodiernae nobis illegitimi notae sunt, &. antiquitus " etiam fuisse apud Anglos nothorum differential!!, notatu dignum censens."
CHARLES Earl of WORCESTER, Lord HERBERT (so dignified by King Henry VIII.) was a natural son of Henry Beaufort Duke of Somerset, eldest son of Edmund Duke of Somerset, third son of John Beaufort Earl of Somerset, eldest son of John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, by Katharine Rouet his third wife; which Ghaiies bare the coat of his father, viz. France and England, quarterly, within a bordure gobone, argent and azure, with the addition of a batton-sinister. He was succeed- ed by his lawful eldest son, who carried the arms of his father, but disused the batton, and after, all the descendants of this family were in use to do the same; and carry the arms of France and England within a bordure gobone; as the present Henry Somerset Duke of Beaufort, sprung from the above-mentioned John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster.
The bordure C'jmpone, or gobonated, was, of old, in great esteem, in differencing lawful sons with us; as by Sir WILLIAM WALLACE of Ellerslie, g ules, a lion rampant urgent, within a bordure compone azure, and of the second.
It is used promiscuously in the arms of many families with us, whether legitimate or illegitimate, as an honourable brisure, and also round the arms of ancient fa- milies sprung from the natural sons of some of our kings ; as that carried by STEWART Earl of MURRAY, descended of a natural son of King James V. and of late by LUNDIE, or LUNDIN, of that Ilk, as an honourable additament from the crown, who having laid aside their old arms, viz. paly of six pieces, argent and gules, surmounted of a bend azure, charged with three cushions or, carry now only the arms of Scotland, within a bordure gobonated, argent and azure, as sprung from a natural issue of King William the Lion.
JOHN LUNDIN of Baldester, whose great-grandfather was a lawful brother of the ancient family of Lundin, assumed the new coat of Lundie, and quartered it with the old arms of Lundie, thus recorded in the Lyon Register, quarterly, first and fourth the arms of Scotland within a bordure gobonated, argent and azure, as be- ing the arms granted by King Charles II. to the family of Lundin; and specially adapted to their descent from Robert of Lundin, natural son to William the Lion King of Scotland, and brother to King Alexander II. The second and third quarters are, paly of six, argent and gules, on a bend azure, three cushions of the first, as the coat formerly used and borne by these of the name, all with a bordure azure •; crest, a dexter hand open, and charged in the palm with an eye, all na- tural: motto, Certior dum cerno ; so recorded in the Lyon Register, i4th Tanuarv 1698.
This bordure has not only been used by the issue of bastards, (of which I could give several instances) but even by bastards themselves; so that the bordure go- bonated is become more suspicious of being a sign of illegitirnation than any other figure in heraldry, except the batton sinister.
The natural sons of King Charles II. and King James VII. have been in use to carry the arms of Britain within such bordures ; as CHARLES Duke of RICHMOND natural son to King Charles II. carries Britain, within a bordure gobonated argent and gules, on the first roses of the second.
JAMES Duke of BERWICK, natural son to King James VII. carried the arms of
am within a bordure compone, gules and azure; the first charged with the lions
England, and the second with the flower-de-luces of France: And so much for
: bordure compone, or gobonated. I proceed to other bordures, composed of
e than one range or tract of square pieces of different tinctures, which have
been attached as any sign of illegitimation by birth or descent, but have
everywhere been used as regular and honourable brisures, so far as I know
Bordure counter-compone , which some call counter -gobone, and the French call it n ecbiquete of deux traits: It consists only of two ranges or tracts of square
1? 7 f, dlfferent ^nctuures' and is alway§ c™d as a brisure or mark or lawful younger brothers and their issue.
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, fcfc. 13
JOHN CARMICHAEL, Portioner of Little-Blackburn, as descended of Carmichael of that Ilk, carries argent, a fesse wreathed, azure and gules; and, for his differ- ence, within a bordure counter-compone of the second and first. Lyon Register.
Mr JAMES GARDEN, sometime minister of the gospel at Balmerino, descended of the family of Garden of Leys, argent, a boar's head erased sable, betwixt three cross croslets fitched gules, all within a bordure counter-componed of the second and first; crest, a rose slipped, proper: motto, Sustine, abstine. L. R.
Bordure cheque consists of three ranges or tracts of square pieces, alternatively of metal and colour. There are many good families with us, who, as cadets, brise their chief's arms with this bordure; of whom I have given several examples in the First Part of this System, and shall here add two.
LESLIE of Findrassie carried the quartered arms of the Earl of Rothes, within a bordure cheque, gules and or. L. R.
JOHN IRVINE of Kingoussie, descended of Drum, bears two coats ; quarterly, fir^t argent, three holly branches, -each consisting of as many leaves, proper, band- ed gules, within a bordure cheque vert, and of the first, for the name of Irvine; second argent, an eagle displayed sable, for Ramsay ; third as second, fourth as first. L. R.
The more the bordure is varied from plain ones, of which we have given ex- amples, the more they show their bearers to be removed from their principal house : As likewise, the bordures which are divided by the partition lines, as parted per pale, per fesse, bend dexter, and sinister, are suitable differences of cadets; of which I have given examples in the First Part of this System.
The bordure is often charged with small figures, such as crescents, besants, martlets, &c. frequently taken, especially by the younger sons, some of them be- ing the figures of their mother's arms, to show their descent, and to difference themselves from their elder brothers, by charging their bordures.
The cheveron, counted by some, as aforesaid, one of the principal differences, is never carried in a coat of arms, but to difference the bearer from the chief. This does not hold in our practice, nor in that of the French ; but sometimes it is car- ried as a principal and essential figure, and one of the ordinaries, to difference one principal family from another. Of its form and signification I have treated before, in the First Part of this System.
It cannot be denied but it is often used with us and other nations as a mark of cadency, to distinguish younger sons from the principal family, and cadets from one another.
It has been carried as a principal and essential figure by the ancient surname of FLEMING, of which before ; and by the surname of HEPBURN, and several others.
The cheveron, as I said, is very frequently made use of as a principal or dif- ferencing figure by us: Yea, there is no principal figure in armory, whether pro- per or natural, but has been added by cadets to the principal bearing of their fa- milies. I shall add two or three instances of the. cheveron being carried as a mark of cadency.
It is said by heralds, especially the English, that it represents the couples or rafters of a house, such as wrights set on the highest part of the house, which is not complete till it be set up; for which they Latin the cheveron, tignum: In which sense, GORDON Earl of ABOYNE, third son to George Marquis of Huntly, for his difference, took a cheveron, and so carries, azure, a cheveron betwixt three boars' heads couped, within a double tressure, flowered with flower-de-luces within, and adorned with crescents without, or ; and, for motto, took these words, Slant ceetera tigno, to show himself a cadet by the cheveron. HAY of Seafield, descend- ed of Hay of Fudy, who was a son of the House of Errol, argent, a cheveron be- twixt three escutcheons gules. When the cheveron is of the tincture of the prin- cipal figures, such as the escutcheons last mentioned, which accompanies the che- veron, it shows the bearer to be more near the chief house than those cadets who carry the cheveron of a different tincture from the principal figures. And the same may be said of all the other ordinaries, when they are added by cadets to the arms of their chiefs for differences.
VOL. II. D
i4 OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, &c.
I shall here only add the arms of ROBERT FULLER-TON of Craigliall, Writer to the Signet, and Comptroller of his Majesty's Customs at Leith, eldest son of Robert Fullerton of Craighall, who was son of Mr William Fullerton of Craighall, a third lawful son of rhe family of Fullerton of that Ilk, so matriculated in the Public Register of the Lyon Office, and thus blazoned, viz. argent, a cheveron berwixt three otters' heads erased gules; crest, a camel's head and neck erased, proper: motto, Lux in tenebru; the crest and motto of the chief family. Of which before, in the First Part of this System.
The cheveron, when as a brisure, and put under accidental forms, such as in- grailed, inverted, &-c. or when charged with other figures than these in the princi- pal bearing, show the bearers .to be degrees removed from the principal house, ex- cept the figures that charge the cheveron belonging to the mother of the cadet, to show what marriage he came from.
What I have said of the variety of the bordure, in differencing descendants, the same may be applied to the cheveron.
Having now treated of the label, batton, bordure, and cheveron, as principal differences or additional figures, added by cadets, in all their varieties, I now proceed to other figures frequently used to difference descendants of one family, in their different degrees of birth, when added to their paternal bearing.
There are other sorts of differences given us by heralds, such as differentia; con- sanguineorum, and differentiae extraneorum ; the differences of the first being these of consanguinity; which are, the crescent, mullet, mart/ft, annulet, flower-de-luce, and such like minute figures, which are given to younger sons whilst they are in their fathers' family; to show their primogeniture, descent, and degrees of birth, when added to their paternal bearing. But it is to be observed, when these' younger sons come to erect and be heads of distinct families, with issue, they or- dinarily leave these minute and petty differences, and take differentia* e\trftneonimt large and conspicuous figures, such as bordures, bends, cheverons, quarters, &-c.' By such like conspicuous figures, whilst they were in the field of battle, they were the more eminently distinguished by their banners, ensigns, and other utensils of war whereon were their arms.
.Having spoken of some of those before, I shall now proceed to treat of those differences of consanguinity, by some called the minute differences, or modern and temporary ones.
The label, of which before, is counted one of them; but then it is frequently only temporary by the eldest son during the father's life, and seldom is carried by the second son as hereditary, unless when the fortune of his eldest brother goes off with the inheritance of the family to his daughter; of which before. The second son (his elder brother continuing) adds a crescent to his paternal : tor difference, (and some h raids tell us, that this figure, as the other figures lowing hath a symbolical e ,se and representation) to put him in mind to in- e in fortune and honour. The third son carries a mullet, (which proneily signifies a spur-rowel, though some take it for a star) to incite him to chivalry. • fourth a martlet, being a little bird in armories, represented without feet and •eak, to make him mindful to trust to the wings of virtue and merit, and not to s own legs, having little land to. put his feet on. The fifth, an annulet, or rin* remember him to achieve great actions. And the sixth, a flower-de-luce, to miml him of his country and prince.
rf£ ^Ih0' J£lve'Ster Pf * San<*a, takes this martlet to be a swallow, when he
.s of the differences of Britain, thus: » At in Britannue regno feciales tri-
uunt secundo gemtis addititiam lunulam, tertio genitis merulam, similemve
" qUart° CmtlS Stdlulam Senitis' sexto
These differences are now frequent with the English, of which I shall add some
.stances. WILLIAM CAVENDISH Duke of NEWCASTLE, representative "of a second
son of Cavendish Earl of Devonshire, sable, three harts' heads cabossed
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, Uc. 15
crescents for their differences, and several others of the English nobiiity, as by the late English bouks of arms. JOHN DIGBY Earl of BRISTOL, descended of a third brother gives azure, a dower-de-luce urgent, with a mullet, for dilieience, in the dexter chief point of the second. The same does MONTAGUE Earl ot SAND- WICH, of whom before. GEORGE VILLIERS Duke ot BUCKINGHAM, a,^a:t, on a cross gii'.cs, five escalops or, with a martlet of the second, in tht dexter canton. JAMES BEX. TIE Earl of ABINGDON, argent, three battering rams, bar-\\ay> in pale, proper, armed and garnished azure, with an annulet lor difference, being ;i fifth biotuer, 01 descended of a tir'tli. CHARLES HOWARD, Baron HOWARD of EscntL, gules, on a bend, betwixt six cross croslets ftcbe argfiit, an escutcheon or, thereon a demi- lion rampant, pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tress u re, counter- flowered ,£•«/«; being the bearing of the name and family of Howard, and, a> a cadet, add-i, for difference, a flouer-de-luce. Most of the arms of the genlr> of England ar- stuffed with these figures. Sandford, in las Genealogical History, says these differences began in the reign of Richard 11.
The same, differences were used in Holland with some variation; the eldest car- ried as his lather, tiie second sou used the label, third son a crescent, fourth son a mullet, or star, and so forth, as John Baptista, in his Junsprudtntia, Art. 5. " In liollandia, vicinisque provinces, paulo aliter insignia distinguuntur, ita ut " priinogenitus vivente patre, aut eo mortuo; secundo genitiu tigillum, seu lam- '• bcllum retineat; tertius lunulam crescentem ; quartus molulam seu asterculum; " &. alii qui sequuntur merulam, annulum aut lilium insignibus, in discrimen ali- " orum adhibeant."
The same practice of these figures is to be found with us as with the English, of which I shall subjoin, a few instances. MONTEITH of Millhall, as descended of a second son of Monteith of Kexse, carries, quarterly, first and fourth or, a bend cheque, iabie and argent, for Monteith; second and third azure, three buckles or; and, for his difference, has a crescent in the centre of the quartered arms, as in the First Part of this Treatise, and Plate of Achievements.
ROBERT UDNEY of Auchterallan, a second son of Udney of that Ilk, bears the arms of Udney, viz. gules, two greyhounds counter-salient, argent collared of the field ; in the honour point, a stag's head couped, attired with ten rynes, all betwixt three flower-de-luces, two in chief, and one in base or; with a crescent for his difference. And JOHN UDNEY of Coultercallan, a third son of Udney of that Ilk, carries the same arms, with a mullet for his difference. ARTHUR UDNEY, a fourth son of the ta- mily of Udney, bears the same with Udney of that Ilk, with a martlet for his dif- ference. As all of them in the Lyon Register.
The annulet, the difference of a fifth son, was made use of by Sir WILLIAM HAMILTON of Whitelaw, one of the Senators of the College of Justice, a fifth son of Bangour, gitles, a mullet betwixt three cinquefoils argent, on a chief of the last, an annulet of the first. Mr WILLIAM HAMILTON of Orbiston, a younger son of James Lord Hamilton, gules, an annulet betwixt three cinquefoils ermine. JOHN NAIRNE of Segden, descended of the House of Sandford, carries, parted per pale, sable and argent, on a chaplet, four quatrefoils, all counterchanged ; and, for his- difference, he had a martlet. L. R.
Ti\ie.Jlowcr-de-iuce, the difference of a sixth son, carried by PATRICK. FRASER of Broadland, Advocate, descended of Fraser of Philorth, whose quartered coat he carries, viz. first and fourth azure, three frases argent ; second and third gules, a lion rampant argent, armed and langued sable; with a flower-de-luce for difference.
ALEXANDER NAPIER, descended of a sixth son of Napier of that Ilk, bears argent, on a saltier ingrailed, between four roses gules, a flower-de-luce for differ- ence; crest, a dexter hand erected per pale, holding a crescent argent : motto, Sam tache. L. R.
These are called the differences of tbe first bouse, when made use, of by sons of principal families.
The second bouse is the second son and his children. The eldest son of the se- cond house bears his father's coat, with such differences as he did ; but if his fa- ther be in life, and his difference from his elder brother be a crescent, then the crescent is charged with a label, which is temporary during his father's life. The second son of the second house a crescent charged with another crescent, as HOWARD Earl of BERKSHIRE, Viscount ANDOVER, and Baron HOWARD of Charles-
16 OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, tfc.
ton, second son of Thomas Howard Earl of Suffolk, who was descended of a second son of the Duke of Norfolk, gules, a bend betwixt six cross cmsletsfocbe argent; in the middle of the bend, on an escutcheon or, a demi-lion rampant, pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure counter-flowered gules. Which escutcheon the Duke of Norfolk got from the King of England, as an ho- •lourable additament for the victory he obtained over the Scots at Flodden. Suf- folk adds a crescent, as a second son, and Berkshire charges it with another, as a se- cond son of a second son. With us, DAVID FORRESTER of Denoven, a second son of a second son of Forrester of Garden, argent, three hunting-horns sable, garnished .V/, a crescent surmounted of another for difference. THOMAS NAIRNE, second i to the deceased William Nairne of Langside, who also was a second son of the fa- mily of Sandford, bears, parted per pale, argent and sable, on a chaplet four mullets, all counter-changed ; and, for a brotherly difference, in the middle fesse point a crescent surmounted of another, both counter-changed as the former; crest a celestial sphere, or and azure, standing on a foot gules : motto, Spes ultra, and be- ith, FEsperance me comfort e. L. R.
The third son of the second house has the crescent surmounted with a mullet ; the fourth son of that house with a martlet; the fifth with an annulet, and the sixth son the crescent, charged with a flower-de-luce.
The third son and his issue makes the third house. The difference belonging thereto is the mullet, and the second son of that house surmounts it with a crescent. WILLIAM HAY, merchant and bailie in Edinburgh, descended of the Earl <;f Tweeddale, whose quartered coat he carried, bruised the surtout with a mullet, sur- mounted of a crescent, being the second son of a third brother of that family. The third son of the third house, surmounts the mullet with another, the fourth -on with a martlet, and the fifth with an annulet; as DRUMMOND of Carlowrie, or, three bars waved gules, in chief a mullet of the last, charged with an annulet of the first.
The martlet, annulet, and flower-de-luce, being charged, as I have said of the crescent and mullet, are the differences of the fourth, fifth, and sixth houses.
Besides those six differences, some heralds add other three; to the seventh son they give a rose. With us several families carry roses for differences, as younger sons or brothers. SCOTT of Harden, or, on a bend azure, a star of six points be- twixt two crescents of the field, in the sinister chief point a rose gules, stalked and barbed, proper, being a cadet of Scott of Sinton : But now he carries the coat of that family, viz. or, two mullets in chief, and a crescent in base azure. SCOTT of High-Chester, as a second son of Harden, the foresaid old coat of Harden, and sur- mounts the rose with a crescent argent. SCOTT of Thirleton, near Kelso, a third son of Harden, charges the rose of Harden with a martlet; and SCOTT of Wool! the same, with an annulet. It is strange, that these families of the name of Scott descended of Sinton, should have carried the arms of Buccleugh, 'with additional figures, and not added them to the arms of Sinton.
CUNNINGHAM of Brownhill, argent, a shake-fork sable, in chief a rose gules sur- mounted of a mullet of the field.
To the eighth son they give across moline, or anchor; and to the ninth a double quatrefoil ,. e. a flower with eight leaves, to express that he is removed from his elder brother and the succession by eight degrees.
These distinctions, as we have said, were called differences of consanwinitr, be-
ause they were primarily invented for the use of younger sons, whilst infamilia
•is, in their fathers family, as marks of their primogeniture, or degrees of birth •
t to distinguish their families, when erected, distinct, and separate from the
principal house, they taking other regular and conspicuous marks; such as the
differentia extraneorum, of which immediately.
Terences of these who erect new distinct families, and which they trans-
r posterity will not only serve to distinguish their families and issue
one another, but from the principal house whereof they are descended, and the
ne of their descent, which can never be done by those minute figures to th,
Deration : For though a second son, descended of a second son, Ike a cres-
And hPev L f f \HlS- SeCTd S°n Sha11 disti"g^h » hardly conceivable, •ey are so far from showing the time of their bearer's descent, that they can-
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, Vc. 17
not distinguish the uncle from the nephew, that is the second brother from his eldest brother's second son, who would both carry the same thing : But to what our worthy countryman Sir George Mackenzie has written of them, I refer the reader. I shall here add what the elaborate Sir William Dugdale, Garter King at Arms in England, has written in his book, The Ancient Usage of Anns; who says, " As for these minute ones, they do not show the time of the descent ; for we cannot " know which of the crescent bearers are the uncle or nephew. And further, it " is a very usual matter for every new riser at this day, that can find a man of his " surname that hath a coat ef arms, presently to assume it, by adding a crescent, " or any other of these minute differences, which (says he) I seldom credit such " kind of differences, nor the bearers, unless it be by some other testimony, or «' proof made manifest, which cannot be counterfeited so well in the other differ- " ences, except the assumer should be thoroughly acquainted with the descent of " him whose line he seeks to intrude himself into." We have reason to complain of the like practice with us, and of our goldsmiths, engravers, painters, masons and carpenters, who are very ready, though altogether ignorant of this science, to give to those who employ them in any piece of work, coats of arms, with some of the foresaid differences ; not only to those who have right to carry arms, but even to some who ought not to be honoured with armorial bearings, although they be of some ancient surname. To which irregular and unwarrantable practice, I wish the Lyon Kiiu;- ut Arms would put a stop, by putting the acts of Parliament in execution against such persons, by which the arms of our old gentry will be better known and more easily distinguished from new upstarts. I conclude with what Sir Henry Spelman, a learned herald, has wrote of these differences, " Rideo " igitur, &• rejicio mi nut as istas iconculas, quibus nee error defuit nee periculum," i. e. I therefore smile and despise these petty differences, in which there is both error and danger.
It is, and has been an ancient custom with us and other nations, (since that a few certain differences could not be sufficient to distinguish the numerous issues of many families, and suit with their various bearings) that all persons who had right to carry arms, might add any figures for differences, which they affected, being agreeable with their paternal bearings, by the allowance of the Lyon King at Arms. So that not only the honourable ordinaries, and sub-ordinaries, which we call proper figures in heraldry, but even all other figures, and representations of things natural and artificial, are made use of for marks of cadency; which some- times not only serve to distinguish cadets from principal families, but also to ex- press some honourable action, alliance, or descent, from other honourable houses, which have occasioned many composed and quartered coats. Of the last in the following chapter.
These additional figures are either proper or natural. The proper figures are these which have their names and being from the Science of Heraldry, as the honourable ordinaries, and sub-ordinaries, viz. pale, fesse, bar, chief, bend-dexter, bend-sinister, cross, saltier, and cheveron; which I have fully described in all their varieties, and illustrated them by examples in the First Part of this System. As also the sub-ordinaries, the bordure, orle, essonier and tressure, inescuicbeon,franc-qitar- tier, canton, cheque, billets and billet, pairle, point, girons, piles, Jlasque, fianque and -voider, lozenge, rustre, mascles, fufils, fret and fretty, besants, torteauxes, vires t an- nulets, gutte, papelonne and diapre; of which I have treated in the First Part. As also of the natural figures, which are the representation of all things animate or inanimate, and are called natural, because they keep their own proper names in this science, but have additional terms from their positions, dispositions, and situa- tions.
All these figures, whether proper or natural, are sometimes carried as principal, and sometimes as additional. By principal figures we understand those heredi- tary fixed marks carried by the chiefs of families, (which serve to distinguish chief families from one another) and are transmitted to all the descendants. By addi- tional figures, we understand these, whether proper or natural, which cadets add as narks of cadency, and differences to the principal, hereditary, fixed figures of the family ; that they may be distinguished from the chief, and from one another,
VOL. II. F.
! a OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, \3c.
which art- called differentia extraneorum. The differences of these that are ex> traneous, such as younger sons, brothers, and other descendants, extra familiam pa- tris, and so erect new distinct families, add to their paternal figures one or other oi' the proper and natural figures above mentioned, which I have given before in all their varieties, both as principal and additional figures.
•These figures have been assumed by cadets, which they added to their paternal bearing, to perpetuate the memory of some noble action, lucky event, honourable employment, or office ; or to show their gratitude and acknowledgment of benefits received from some honourable friend or superior; or else to express their alliance with other families.
We have instances of differences assumed by cadets upon such accounts and
:is, of which I shall add a few examples. This we have intimated to us by
the additional figure in the armorial bearing of GRAHAM of Inchbraikie, descended
,ui eldest .-on of a second marriage of the first Earl of Montrose, who gives or,
a dike or wall fesse-ways azure, broken down in several parts, and in base a
rose gules, on a chief sable three escalops of the first. The dike here is assumed
to difference the bearer from his chief, and to perpetuate that action of Gramu,,
(one of the predecessors of the noble family of Graham) in pulling down the
wall built by one of the Roman emperors, which was thereafter called Graham's
Dike.
SEATON of Barns, a second son of George Lord Seaton, added to his paternal figures, the three crescents, a sword erect in pale supporting an imperial crown, for his difference, to perpetuate the special and seasonable services performed by one of his progenitors, Sir Christopher Seaton of that Ilk, to King Robert the Bruce ; who gave these figures with the lands of Barns to Sir Alexander Seaton, son of Sir Christopher, for his and his father's good services; as Sir George Mac- kenzie in his Science of Heraldry, and of which before, more fully, in the First Part of this System.
We have several instances of honourable employments and offices represented by additional differencing figures, as in the bearings of some of the surname of WOOD, the paternal coat being azure, an oak tree, proper, growing out of a mount: WOOD of Balbigno, as descended of the principal family, added, for difference, two keys tied with strings to a branch of the tree, to show his office as Thane of Fettercairn. And WOOD of Largo placed his tree betwixt two ships under sail, to difference himself from other families of the name, as being admiral to King James III. and IV.
FORBES of Waterton, descended of Tolquhon, carries over Tolquhon's quartered coat, an escutcheon argent, charged with a sword, a key in saltier gules, as the badge of his office, being Constable of Aberdeen.
These who were advanced by kings, princes, or other great lords, did many time bear their whole coats, or some part of the arms of those who advanced them, and joined them with their own paternal bearing ; which served very aptly, not only to difference them from the principal families whereof they were cadets, but also to show their gratitude and acknowledgment of benefits received from some ho- nourable friend or superior; and by reason thereof they are united together in a kind of friendship, and is a great strengthening to both Houses. I shall add here. what Camden says in his Remains-of Britain, page 118. " Gentlemen began to ' bear arms by borrowing from their lords' arms, of whom they held in fee, or to ' whom they were most devoted ; so, whereas the Earl of CHESTER bare garbs, or 1 wheat sheaves, many gentlemen of that country took wheat sheaves. Whereas ' the old Earls of WARWICK bare cheque, or and azure, a cheveron ermine, many ' thereabout took ermine and cheque. In Leicester, and the country confining, ' divers bear cinquefoils, for that the ancient Earls of LEICESTER bare gules, a 1 cinquefoil ermine. In Cumberland, and thereabout, where the old Baron of
KENDAL bare argent, two bars gules, and a lion passant or, in a canton of the
second, many gentlemen thereabout took the same in different colours and " charges in the canton." And as Sir George Mackenzie observes, in his Science of Heraldry, page 5. That most of the surnames in Annandale carry the BRUGES' arms, being a saltier, and chief gules, which the Bruces had from the old lords *f Annan when they married with the heiress of Annandale. The JOHNSTONS
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, fc?t-.
carry the same figures. The Right Honourable WILLIAM Marquis of ANNAN-DALE carries argent, a saltier sable on a chief gules, three cushionsor. The KIRKPATRIC:^ carry the same figures with tlie Johnstons, but differ only in tincture. Sir THOMAS KIRK.PAI RICK, of Closeburn gives argent, a saltier and chief azure, the last charged with three cushions or. JAK.DINE of Applegirth, argent, a saltier and chief gules, charged with three mullets of the first; so that the saltier and chief are armorial figures taken from the Annans, the old Earls of Annandale.
In the shire of Murray, many families carry stars, the figures of the name of MURRAY. As INNES of that Ilk, urgent, three stars of six points waved azure. And many families in Douglasdule, Teviotdale, and other countries which thr Douglases possessed in property or superiority carry stars. In the shires where the Stewarts, of old, had interest, many gentlemen who have been old posse there, carry fesses chequered, the figure of the STEWARTS, or other figures chequer- ed, as cheverous and bends.
With us it is a frequent practice for younger brothers to add to their paternal bearings some part of their mothers' arms, to difference themselves, and show their alliance with other families. And these coats are all called composed arms, because there are two coats joined in one shield, without distinction of quarters. This way of difference is much approver! of by Dugdale, in his Ancient Use of Arms, who recommends this way to his countrymen : " For" says he, " it not only serveth " to unite the families who have matched together in love and amity, and thereby " worketh the like effect, but, beside, it showeth the certainty of the descending " of the said younger brothers out of both the houses, and giveth knowledge < " the time thereof." It is true, this way may show the time of the descent, but cannot show the seniority of many younger brothers, without the assistance of the minute differences.
The Right Honourable the Lord BALMERINO is known by his difference to be descended of a younger son of Robert Lord Elphinstone and his lady, Sarah Mon- teith, daughter to Sir John Monteith of Kerse, because he charges his cheveron with buckles, which was a part of his mother's bearing. His lordship's bearing is argent, on a cheveron sable, betwixt three boars' heads gules, as many buckles or.
ARBUTHNOT of Fiddes, descended of a younger son of Arbuthnot of that Ilk, and his lady, Margaret Eraser, carries the arms of the Viscount of Arbuthnot, viz. azure, a crescent betwixt three stars argent, within an orle of frases of the last. ARBUTHNOT of Catherlan, descended of a third son, procreate betwixt Sir Robert Arbuthnot of that Ilk, and Dame Margaret Fraser, daughter to the Lord Lovat, carries Arbuthnot within a bordure argent,, charged with eight frases, or cinquefoils, azure.
NICOL SUTHERLAND of Torboll, thereafter of Duffus, a second son of Kenneth Earl of Sutherland, that was killed at the battle of Halidon-hill, anno 1333, and his lady, a daughter of Donald Earl of Marr, married Cheyne, heiress of Duffus, with whom he got the barony of Duffus. His lady's bearing was gules, three cross croslets fitched or. He added them to his paternal coat, viz. gules, three stars or. Thereafter this family matched with another heiress of the name of Chisholm> who carried azure, three boars' heads erased or. With these figures they com- pose the coat as now borne by the present Lord DUFFUS, viz. gules, a boar's head erased, betwixt three stars, 2 and i, and as many cross croslets, i and 2, or.
Mr GEORGE KEITH of Arthurhouse, sometime Depute of the Sheriffdom of Kin- cardine, descended of the Earl Marischal, gives a composed coat thus, argent, a saltier and chief gules, for Bruce, the last charged with three pallets or,, for Keithv all within a boidure gobonated azure, and of the first.
Thus I have treated of the ancient and modern marks of cadency, as fully as any hitherto, and of other additional differencing figures, taken to perpetuate some honourable action, event, employment, and alliances with other families: Which additional figures being joined with the principal figures of the chief families in one shield, encumbered them, and made a confused order in their description, not suitable to the regular disposition and situation of figures, according to the rules of blazon, which gave occasion to separate and marshal them into distinct quarters.
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, We-..
by the principal partition lines. And this is the eight way proposed to different, descendants from the principal house, and one from another.
There are ten or twelve principal causes which have given ground for multi- plying of coats of arms, and rightly marshalling them into distinct quarters in one shield : On which I am not to insist here, but in the following chapter. I shall mention here one of the principal causes of quartering coats, which is the necessity that younger brothers or sons lie under to distinguish themselves from the princi- pal houses they are descended of.
By my proposed order I begin with the partition line called parted per pale, the French only parti. The husband ordinarily impales his own coat on the dex- ter with that of his wife's on the sinister, which the English call baron andfemme. If the husband be a younger brother, he ought to carry his brotherly difference, notwit'astanding he impales with his wife. If the wife be a younger sister, she needs no difference, but may carry her father's coat as he did : For all nations agree that sisters should carry no marks of difference, though they have brothers, and when they have no brothers, and be heirs-portioners : yea, although the estates, dominion, and dignity come to the eldest sister. For which I shall here •add the opinion of several lawyers, given us by John Baptista Christyn, Chancellor of Brabant, in his Jurisprudentia Heroica, Art. 5. paragraph 22. " An etiam filiaj- " &. sorores insignia paterna rumpere debeant, ad hoc, ut a fratribus distinguantur, " &- certum est quod non, cum vere sunt familiae suas finis, &• nubendo transeant " in aliam familiam :" For which he cites several authors, and adds, " Licet feu- " dum &- dominium pracipuum ad majorem duntaxat pertineat," they may all of them carry their father's arms entire; and if he be a second son, or any other descendant, having his arms with a mark of cadency, they must continue the same bruised arms; as our author, " Si earum pater arma sua ruperit, veluti secundo " genitus, tune etiam filix eandem rupturam patris agnoscent, &- in insignibus " propriis retinebunt."
The reason which Guillim in his Display gives, that sisters should carry no
marks of differences, that when married they lose their surname, and receive that
of their husbands. But that is no reason at all ; for I have shown by learned
authorities, and regular practices, that, in some cases, they may use their father's
arms ; and of which more particularly in the following chapters. Nor does this
reason of his prove that daughters, before their marriage, should not bear their
paternal coat with differences; seeing, till then, they lose not their own surname.
But the learned Sir George Mackenzie gives a better reason for this rule, " That
' albeit among sons the eldest exclude all the younger from the succession, and
therefore differences are given for clearing the right of succession amongst
brothers and their descendants ; yet sisters succeed equally, and are heirs-por-
tioners; and so there is no use of differences amongst them, seeing seniority in-
" fers no privilege."
Churchmen, who are obliged to impale their paternal coat with that of their office, place their coat of office in the dexter, parti, with their paternal on the simster; which is not to be bruised with any mark of cadency, although descend ed of a cadet, because anciently they were not supposed to have succession. But eformation the practice is otherwise, not only with us but in other protestant countries. The ecclesiastics are obliged to carry the coat of their fa- milies with suitable marks of differences, whether they impale or not impale with a coat : of office: because they may have lawful issue to transmit their arms to coHaterTs antS' '"^ ^ distinSuished from the chief house, and other
As to the eight way proposed of differencing, by quartering of two coats in one shield, it is done by dividing the shield into four parts, by a parti and coupe h™ placing the one coat m.the first and fourth area, or quarter, "and the othefin The econd or third area or quarter. It is questioned by some, whether it be a sufficient .fference I hese who will not have it one, argue, that the paternal coat is no bruised and twice repeated, as entire as that of the eldest brother - Besides "he heads of principal families quarter and marshal other coats with their own so tha a second brother cannot be distinguished from the eldest. It is true t^v do i several other accounts, as to show their dignified feus, &c. of which after
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, tfc.. zt
wards ; yet by the practice of all nations younger brothers difference themselves from their elder brother, by quartering with their paternal arms those of others, such as their mother's, without diminution or addition to the arms of their father, but must still continue their father's brisure, if he be a cadet of a principal family. Of this opinion is the above-mentioned author, whose words I here subjoin, being an answer to the above question : " Abunde satisfit dum primogenitus plana portat " avita insignia, alter vero illorum maternis cumulata in distinction is notam:" And afterwards, " Et ita mores passim observant, ut ilia scuti quadripartitio, se- " cundo genito videatur esse peculiaris:" And gives for examples, " Sic Rymmer- " swallii insignia cum Gauriis, a secundo genito cumulata vidimus: Sic Mont- " morenciaca cum Egmondanis & Bossuviis: Sic Henninia cum Burgundicis, &- " plura alia quorum enumeratio taedium pariat."
The same is practised with us; for a younger son or brother, by way of quar- tering another coat with his paternal, is looked upon as a sufficient and regular brisure, in the best of our families, and especially by second sons ; which \\ ay seems to be peculiar to them, not only by quartering the arms of their mothers, but other arms, upon account of honourable actions, offices, titles, alliances, &-c. Of which practice, many examples might be given, but 1 shall here only add a few.
Sir George Mackenzie says, in his Science of Heraldry, chap. 2.1. " These ca- " dets, who have their arms quartered with other arms, need no difference, (sup- " posing them to be immediate sons of principal families, as I understand) for the " quartering or impaling is a sufficient difference; and therefore it was unne- " cessary for the Earl of KELLY to have borne a crescent for a mark of difference, " as second son of the Earl of Marr, seeing he bears, quarterly, with the arms of " Erskine, first and fourth an imperial crown within a double tressure or: bestow- " ed upon him for his assistance given to King James, in Cowrie's Conspiracy."
The Right Honourable the Earl of NORTHESK, whose predecessor was a second brother to David Carnegie Earl of Southesk, was first created Earl of ETHIE, who then carried,"" or, an eagle displayed azure, within a bordure gules, for his differ- ence : But thereafter changing the title of Ethie for Northesk, quartered the pa- ternal coat of Carnegie (without the bordure) with argent, a pale gules, for Northesk.
The Right Honourable the Viscount of STORMONT, quarters the principal coat of Murray, as descended of Tullibardin, with the arms of Barclay, for his differ- ence, without any other brisure.
HUME of Wedderburn, descended of a. second son of Sir Thomas Home of that Ilk, one of the progenitors of the Earls of Home, and his lady, Nicolas Pepdie, heiress of Dunglass, has been in use, since the reign of King James I. to carry the principal bearing of the family of Home, viz. quarterly, first vert, a lion rampant argent, armed and langued gules, for Home; second argent, three papingoes vert, beaked and membred g ule s, for Pepdie of Dunglass; third argent, a saltier ingrail- ed azure, for Sinclair of Polwarth, added for his difference from the Earl of Home, and the fourth quarter as the first.
HUME Earl of MARCHMONT, descended from a second son of Wedderburn, car- ries as Wedderburn; but, for his difference, adds another quarter, the arms of Pol- warth, being argent, three piles ingrailed^w/w.
HEPBURN of Humbie, descended from a second son of Hepburn of Waughton, carries the principal coat of Hepburn, viz. gules, on a cheveron argent, a V^e be- twixt two lions rampant of the first ; and, for his difference, quarters them with argent, three laurel leaves vert, for marrying with a daughter of Foulis of Col- lington.
KER of Littledean, descended of a second brother of Cessford, quarterly, first and fourth vert, on a cheveron argent, three stars gules ; and in base, an unicorn's head erased of the second, for Ker; second and third azure, three crosses nioline argent, for Ainslie, which differences him from others of the name of Ker.
I shall not trouble my reader with more examples of this kind : But it is to be still observed, that a second brother, though he differences himself by quartering another coat with his paternal, yet he must always continue h;s father's brisure, he being a younger son of a principal family: For, how shall we otherwise distinguish
VOL. II. E
23 OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, \3c.
principal families from those descended of them, if the cadets do not continue that mark of the families from whom they are descended ? For, if cadets should be allowed to lay aside their father's or grandfather's brisures, in their paternal bear- ings, when they quarter them with the coats of other families, by the same allow- ance, they will leave out the marks of cadency of these coats with whom they quarter, and then we shall not know the particular families they are descended from, nor with what family they are allied. If a Douglas should quarter with >ther family of the name of Douglas, and Stewart with a Stewart, the differ- ences of these families being laid aside, we shall not know what Douglases or Stewarts they are come from. Our ancient practice was not so, but of late practised by some. The clearest way then to make known the descents of fa- milies by arms, is for them to retain the congruent differences of their progenitors, although they quarter with the coats of other families as their own particular difference.
The nin'J} way of differencing, as proposed, is by transpo?ition of the quarters, by making the first, second, and third, first, and by adding different crests ;. which practice is not frequently used but in Germany, as Menestrier observes, page 389, That several branches of great families distinguish themselves only by different crests, without inserting any addition in the arms themselves, where there will be many crests timbering one shield : of which more particularly in the chapter of Crests.
The above differences I have been treating of, they make use of sometimes, but not so frequently and regularly as the Bntons, French, Spaniards, Flandrians, and other nations; for with the Germans, all the younger brothers do succeed equally to the titles of dignity and honour of the families from which they are descended, which is not ordinary in other nations ; besides their differencing by crests, of which they have many and various on their shields. The author of 'Jurisprudentia Heroica, Art. 2. speaking of the Germans, says, That it is necessary for brothers to distinguish themselves from one another, which they sometimes do, by different crests; his words are, " Etiam inter fratres armorum distinctio necessaria est: In- ^ terdum arma solo cimerio discrepant;" and instances the families descended from the House of Burgundy, who carry all one arms, but difference by crests; some have flower-de-luces, others owls, and some trees. They do also difference themselves ordinarily by addition or diminution of quarters,, of which they use many in one shield.
The Electoral Dukes of SAXONY have twenty-one quarters in one shield which they timber with eight helmets, and as many crests. The other branches of that family not only distinguish themselves by different crests, and disuse the Electoral ensign, but add or diminish the number of their quarters for difference; as Jacob Imhott, m Notttia, S. Rom. Germanid Imperil Genealogica, lib. 2. cap. 7. " Cste- ' rum Saxoniae ducura, quorum hoc capite mentio facta est, clypei in eo tantum ' ab illo quern modo deumbravimus, differunt, quod Electorali symbolo carent' ahudque ferunt." The above-mentioned author of Jiirispnutentia tells us Art c' paragraph 15. ' In Germama omnes eadem cum primogenito insignia portant • nisi quo tres principes Electores Sasculares, ad differentiam illorum qui cum illis •jusdem gentis oc ongmis sunt, ea qme imperatori in ordine processioms pne- srunt insignia, clypeis electoralibus insculpta habeant." It is to be observed he badges which the Secular Electors use in each of their arms, are marks of their offices, and not there placed for differences.
Elector PALATINE gives for his achievement three shields /,«*, i. e. tied ; the first • saMe, a lion rampant or, for the Palatine; second, lozenrf it ^ azure, lor Bavaria; the thud shield betwixt these two is only Jles or the electoral ofl.ce The families branched from the Elector Palatines fa ry : arms marshalled with more coats, but never use the electoral ensign hat being forb.d them. The Palatme of RANGRAVE carries, quarterly first and tourth the hon or Palatine; second and third the lozenges, fo^ Bavaria; and for difference, uclds the arms of Degenfield by way of surtout The £S£ Palace URG l,ne add more quarter* viz. coupe one, parti three which make | quarters, and the arms of Palatine in surtout makes the ninth qua er The SIMAN line carries, quarterly, first and fourth Palatine, second Bavaria' third
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, fcfr. i 3
cheque, ardent and tv«/^r, for Spunheim: But the BIPONTIN branch, which is next to the Count Palatine Neuburg, carries the same nine quarters of Palatine Neu- burg; but, fur difference, otherwise disposes or transposes the quarters thus, coupe in cnicf, Palatine and Bavaria quarterly, and in surtout Valentia, which are three coats; and in base, coupe one, parti two, which make six quarters, and so nine of the whole. Which diilerencing way by transposition of the quarters is very singu- lar with the Germans, as imhoil takes notice: But with the French and English I have met with no such practice allowed by our heralds. For, if transposing of quarters be received for a way of differencing cadets, it would not only prejudge principal families, and frustrate the end and design of marks of cadency, whe, we may know the degrees of consanguinity, but likewise destroys heraldry, by rendering all its witty contrivances useless: For the transposition of four or quarters may be so many ways, that we shall never know the principal stem, whereof they are come, nor primogeniture amongst themselves, nor degrees of consangui- nity by their bearings. And likewise, the transposing arms which are marshalled in one shield is dangerous; for thereby the arms, which in one bearing ha\'e pre- cedency, lose it in another;, so that we cannot know the precedency due to arms, of which in the following chapter. And I shall conclude this with a short ac- count of the practice of differences in- Italy, which the eminentest families mo^t religiously observe, as the author of Jurisprudentia Heroica, that they difference by the lambel, bordure, batton, and quartering other coats with the paternal, as by the examples he gives us, whose words follow: " Ab aliquibus illustribus in Italia " fannliis, mos ille ultra religiose fuerit observatus. Ipsa Neapolitan! regni in- " signia, tigillum coccincum pra-ferunt, ut &- ipsi Sicilian reges," /. e. azure, sem-i of flower-de-luces or, a lambel of five points gules, being the arms of their prince-;, who were the younger sons of France. So PETER MEDICI carries the arms of Medici, quartered with these of Toletani, to difference from his elder brother the Duke of Etruria: " Sic Petrus Mediceus insignia quadripartita ex Mediceis $
Toletanis armis gessit, in discrimen fratris natu majoris, magnaj Etrurite Ducts.
' Petrus Antoninus Sanctevernus, Sancti Marci Dux, limbum gestavit cyaneum,"
i. c. a bordure azure round thfe principal bearing of the family, being argent ', a
fessegulet. " Tiberius Caraffa familue suae insignia plana &• integra gessit, ejus
4 frater Fabricius Roccellae princeps, baculo ilia prasino &- spinoso a fraternis
' discrevit, unde prosapia ilia nomen de la Spina attraxit," /.. e. Fabricius Prince
of Rocceili distinguished his arms from the plain ones used by his elder brother
by adding a bend green bordered with thorns, so that his family is named Spinosa,
or de la Spina. Sylvester Petra Sancta the Italian, in his Tessera Gentilitia:, cap. 67*
De guttatis tigillis tesserarii, i. e. lambels; cap. 68. de clabula, i.. e. batton; and
cap. 69. de. limbo, the bordure: Of all which he treats, and illustrates by examples
in all their varieties, in tinctures and forms of figures, of differences, or*additional
figures, to. difference descendants, to whom I refer the curious.
In the Dukedom of MILAN it is somewhat odd that younger brothers use no differences, but carry the entire arms with their elder brothers, as by a declaration of the senate, 23d of May 1.663, which is fully set down in Jurisprudentia Heroica. And the same practice is in the country of Piedmont, where all brothers carry the same arms with their elder, except they be counts; and then they place above their arms a comital bonnet, or crown, which the younger brothers are discharged to use on their arms.
So much then for the general practice in Europe, for differencing lawful younger ons or brothers from principal families, and from one another.
But before I proceed to treat of marshalling, or quartering many coats of arms in one shield, upon several accounts and occasions in the following chapters, I shall end this with the marks used by the most polite nations, in distinguishing unlaw- ful issue, or bastards, from the lawful.
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, fcfr.
MARKS OF BASTARDY,
^CARRIED by such as are not born in lawful marriage; who are divided by law- yers, in naturales, spurios, fc? ex damnatis complexibus procreates, but by our style 11 of those go now under the general name of bastards.
With the most polite nations in Europe arms have been looked upon as sacred •:igns of families, and could not descend but to the lawful issue; so that bastards, as some say, cannot carry the name in arms of their supposed fathers, not being of the family or kindred : Nam de jure patrem demonstrate nequeunt. Therefore, see- ing the common law determines not who is their father, it were absurd that the laws of heraldry should allow them to bear any man's arms as their paternal coat : As Bartolus, " Non enim sunt de familia sive agnitione, &• hoc jure communi " verum est." And the same is said by Hopingius, " De insignium prisco &. " novo jure, cap. 7. Cum haec scilicet arma sunt praecipuum agnitionis &• fa- " miliae indicium." And it was also a received rule amongst heralds, that bastards should not bear the paternal coat, nor name of their supposed fathers, and this was strictly observed of old.
We do not find the natural sons of princes and great men to have carried the name and arms of their fathers, of old, in Britain : A few instances I shall here re- peat. WILLIAM PEVEREL, natural son of William the Conquerer, carried nothing of his father's arms (1 mean these of Normandy) however so highly dignified; neither did ROBERT, natural son of Henry I. of England, but other arms, viz. or, three chevronels gules; and the same was carried by his lawful son WILLIAM Earl of GLOUCESTER. WILLIAM LONG-ESPEE, natural son of Henry II. begot on the fair Rosamond, who was made Earl of Salisbury by King Richard I. anno 1196, car- ried for his armorial figure a long sword, as relative to his name; and his son, bnother WILLIAM LONG-ESPEE, took the arms of his mother Ela, the daughter and heir of William Fitzpatrick Earl of Salisbury, viz. azure, six lions argent, 3, 2 and i, as Sandford in his Genealogical History. Where he also tells us, that Sir JOHN CLERMONT, natural son of Thomas Duke of Clarence, (who gave France quartered with England, with a label ermine charged with cantons gules') carried parted per cheveron, gvles and azure, in chief two lions rampant gardant, and affronte or, By which bearing it seems he was the first natural son, at least I observe, in England, who began to carry arms resembling those of his father ; the lions being little different from those of England. His father, the duke, was a second son of Henry IV.
The natural sons of our kings anciently had neither name nor arms of their fa- thers, but .such as were altogether different; and these they obtained upon several accounts. As, by marriage, ROBERT, natural son of King William the Lion, having married the heiress of Lundie of that Ilk, he and his issue took upon them the name and arms of that family, and which they continued to carry, till of late they took the arms of Scotland within a bordure gobonated, argent and azure, as the natural sons of our kings, who have been in use to take such bordures since King James II. of Scotland: But what other marks of illegitimation they had before, I cannot learn. How soon the bastards of our nobility and gentry were allowed to carry the arms of their supposed fathers I cannot be positive; but , Spain, Italy, and Flanders, bastards were allowed to carry their thers' arms with some singular mark, invented to distinguish them and ssue from the lawful children and their descendants. I shall here add an e relating to bastards, from the edict or law of the Archduke Albert and :oncermng the ensigns of the nobility of the Belgians, proclaimed the I4th ot December 1616, as in Prudentia Heroica.
To repress the abuses which have fallen out with respect to bastards, and their
mdants, who have presumed to carry the surname of the lawful family, as
arms of the same, without, placing therein any mark of bastardy; so
t in process of time, the descendants of some natural or unlawful sons, come
ten to put themselves in rank with the lawful, and pretend to their successions,
and prerogatives, on account, that neither by the name, nor by the arms
can be known any difference or distinction, betwixt the lawful children
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, fc?t. ?.-
" and the descendants of bastards: We will, and expressly command, that to the " arms of bastards and unlawful children, (unless they be legitimate by letters " from us or our predecessor^) mid their descendants, shall be added a difference, " and notable special mark, to wit, to the arms of the said bustards or unlawful " children, a bar, and to that of their descendants, a remarkable note from these " used by the younger descendants of lawful children, under the pain," &-c.
The bar above mentioned, called by us the bastard bar, is well known through all Europe as a mark of legitimation. It is a traverse, which comes from the upper left corner of the shield, passing to the right corner in the lowest part; it surmounts, or comes over the essential or principal figures, and is called by the Germans barra, and with them it is somewhat broad, near almost as the bend- sinister. If it be narrow, it is called by the Latin writers filum, a line or thread: " Filum vero in eo tantum ditFert a barra, quod sit linen quarta parte ea an- " gustioi." But with us and the English, the bastard bar, or batton, is the fourth part of the bend-sinister, as Guillim and other English writers describe it, and now carried coupe ; that is, cut short, and does not touch the extremities of the shield, called by the English, button-sinister c'juped, and by the French, baton peri, be- ing very small and short with them. It is said by some to represent a cudgel; and is given to bastards, to show that they were not freemen, but liable, as slaves of old were, and servants yet are, to be beat and cudgelled. This mark of illegiti- mation is so well known, and generally practised by all nations, that I need not add examples here of domestic and foreign bearings. But to proceed to other marks of illegitimation in certain countries.
In Brabant, Flanders, and some other dominions in Germany, the bastard (if he has not the bar) is obliged to carry his father's arms in a canton dexter or sinister, and all the other part of the shield is blank. As the author of Jurisprudentia He roica, " Illegitimorum indicium, si quis in ea parte scuti, quam heraldi canton " vocant, patenuun gestet insigne, reliqua scuti parte vacua relicta;" of which practice he gives us several examples, as a remarkable note of illegitimation : But I have not met with such a practice in Britain.
Some write, that when the helmet and crest,, which timbers the shield of arms,, are turned looking to the left, it is a sign of bastardy. But this does not hold by a general practice; for when achievements of arms are hung up in churches at the sides of the altar, the helmet and crest look to the altar ; so that some look to the right, and some to the left. And the same custom is used where the sove- reign's arms are, as our above-mentioned author, whose words are, " Hoc vero non 1 ita obtiiut in Bzlgio, infmitis ubique exemplis posset verificari, &• in omnibus 1 templis ubi capitula seu commitia aurei velleris celebrata fuerunt, videntur ' galeaj equitum ab una parte versus levam ab alia versus dextram versae, sic ut 4 omnes aram sacram aspiciunt." And it does not hold in Germany, where they have many helmets and crests upon one shield ; these on the right and left look to one placed affronts in the middle betwixt them.
The bordure gobonatcd, or compone, is now a mark of bastardy in Britain, by our late practices, which I have already spoken to in this chapter. These then, being the ordinary marks of illegitimation which I have met with us, to 'distinguish un- lawful children from the lawful ones.
When there are many bastards in one family, they are obliged to carry these marks, and to difference themselves from one another, having them of different tinctures, as the five natural sons of King Charles II. JAMES Duke of MONMOUTH had over the arms of Great Britain a batton-sinister or. HENRY FITZROY Duke of GRAFTON carried the same, with his batton-sinister compone, azure and argent. CHARLES FITZROY his batton was all ermine. GEORGE FITZROY Duke of NORTHUM- BERLAND, his batton-sinister was compone, azure and ermine. And GEORGE BEAU- CLERK Duke of ST ALBANS had his batton-sinister gules. All which were placed, over the arms of Great Britain.
What were the marks that were added to the arms of the bastard and his lawful descendants, the batton being dispensed with, is difficult to give a satisfactory ac- count. By the edict above mentioned, where the lawful descendants of a bastard. :re to have remarkable notes, different from these used by the descendants of lawful progenitors, it could not be by quartering their arms with their maternal,, VOL. II. G
;6 OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, tfc.
which is a fit difference for the descendants of lawful children, except the bastard bar was placed on the paternal arms: But the bar and bordure gobonated being dis- pensed with, what could these other marks be?
[ohn Baptist* Chnstyn, author of Jurisprudentia Heroica, gives us trom bcohier five sorts of differences (besides the batton for difference) used by bastards, and their lawful descendants. I. La pointe de I"1 ecu coupee de metal au couleur, i. e. the point of the shield toupe of metal or colour.
II. Le ch-f de Cccu c,upe & d'autre metal ou couleur que les armes, 2. c. the chief of the shield coupe, and of other metal or colour than the arms.
III. La pointe de l\cu tiianglee de metal ou de couleur, i. e. the point of the shield triune-led of metal or colour.
IV. /,«• chfftaille fcf tranche, ou autrernent se blasonne escloppe a dextre et sinistre, ou deCun seal, i. >: the chief faille and tranche, or otherwise blazoned, slopping to the right or left, or of one alone, of a tranche or faille line.
V. L'assiete des armes sur Vecu en forme de chevron, i. e. the situation of the arms, or the shield, in form of a cheveron.
The reason which is given by lawyers, especially by Tiraquel, de Jure prin. Quest. 12. ver. 13. is, that it is necessary to give to the lawful children of bayards different marks, to distinguish them from children of lawful descent : For the first mentioned not being of the house and family, nor existing as successors to the grandfather, there can be no lawful consequence from an unlawful beginning of birth, and corrupt root, with those of lawful descent. What these different marks are, 1 cannot learn, nor of such a practice in Britain, or anywhere ; but that the lawful issue of bastards, keeping their fathers' or grandfathers' marks of illegi- timation, distinguish themselves to show the seniority of their births by the same marks of cadency (of which I have been speaking) used by those of lawful descent.
But to return to the above marks of illegitimation given by Scohier, which I shall explain a little, though their practice is hardly to be met with in Britain. And as to the first of them,, that is, when the under part of the shield is blank, and separate by a coupe line from the arms above. And as to the second, when the upper part of the shield is blank, and the arms below. Of the first, our cele- brated author of Prudentia Heroica, gives, for instance of such practice, the arms of CHARLES, a natural son of the Duke of BURGUNDY; his words are, Scuto nempe in- tegro, infernis fracto', and tells us, that this way of differencing is yet in use in Brabant, and there strictly observed, not only by bastards, but also by their law- ful issue : And further tells us, that a bastard of a bastard must have as many marks of illegitimation as there are illegitimate generations descending in a right line : For which he gives us the seal of arms of ANTHONY Baron of WACKKN, na- tural son of Anthony Lord Roche, of the House of Burgundy, called for his valour Le Grand Bastard. The first mentioned Anthony carried the arms of Burgundy, coupe en chef, and en pointe, that is, the upper part of the shield and the lower part was blank, and the arms of Burgundy were placed fesse-ways; so there were two marks of illegitimation in chief and base, as our author says, Sic duobus ille- gitimis discerniculis notatum, sive bis ruptum.
The bastards of the House of Burgundy differenced themselves variously, as the four bastards of Duke Philip the Good ; the first, ANTHONY Lord of ROCHE carried the arms of Burgundy with a traverse line, or bar-sinister. The second carried the arms of Burgundy in bend, (as our author) ilia in baltheo, vulgo en bend. The third the same, in fascia, vulgo en ftice, that is, in fesse, or fesse-ways. The fourth bastard had the same arms of Burgundy, in cheveron, or cheveron-ways ; and all the other parts of the shield being of gold, were void of other figures; as our author says, Scuti partibus aureis '(£ V'lcuis vulgo escloppe relictis: And their seals of arms are also given us by Olivarus Uredus .le Sigillis Comitum Flandriee', where it is also to be observed, that the lawful descendants of those bastards carried the arms of Burgundy quartered with those of their mothers, or with these of their dominions and territories ; and some of them had sinister, and some dexter traverse lines over the quarters of Burgundy.
These ways of distinguishing natural sons from lawful ones I cannot say I have met with in Britain, except that one vised by HENRY BEAUFORT Earl of SOMERSET,
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, &.- 27
and Lord HERBERT, lawful son of Charles Earl of Worcester, and Lord Herbert, \vho \v;is a natural son of henry Beaufort Duke of Somerset: which Charles car- ried the arms of his father Duke Henry, being, quarterly, France and England, within a- bordure gobonated, argent and azure, and bruised them beside \\ith a batton-sinister argent, as a mark of illegitimation : But his lawful son, the above mentioned Earl Henry, laid aside the batton-sinister, used by Ins father, and car- ried the arms of Beaufort, with a new difference, (one of them, as I observe, above- mentioned) c'jti, c en chef, and en poime, i. e. the arms i <>r fesse-waj s : And his sun .aid successor, WH.I.IAM Earl of WORCESTER, Lord HtKbERT, carried its his father, which \vt-ic so placed on his stall at Windsor, bcii!S u , of the Gar- uv. as Sandford tells us in his Genealogical History ot England, ile uas succeed- ed by his son Ei>\\r.\:to SOMERSET Earl of WORCEVF i:;<, Lord HI-'RBKRT, who was the first of the line ot Somerset that left that way of placing the arms of Beaufort in -ways, and tilled the whole shield with the arms of Beaufort, vi/.. France and England, quarterly, within a bordure gobonated, argent and azure ; and ever since are so continued by the family.
It is without controversy that there were laws made and observed through all Europe relative to nobility, and even concerning the discernicula, the brisures of la\\ful children, and the marks and distinctions given to bastards. John le Fevre Sti Rcinige Dynasta, Chief King of Arms to the Duke of Burgundy, in the year I4!>3, in a manuscript of his in French, given us by the author of Jurisprudentia .ic,!, has some general rules relating to the distinction of bastards from lawful children, \\lnch 1 here add.
None ought to carry the arms, nor the sign of another, to the prejudice of others to whom they belong.
None can sell nor alienate the arms of his family or lineage.
A bastard may carry the arms of his father with a traverse, i. e. a batton-sinister; and take his surname from the loftTship from whence his father titles himself, and not the surname of his father, unless he had such title and surname as the said arms signify.
The bastard cannot lay aside the traverse without liberty and licence from the chief of the name and arms, and from these of the family carrying the same arms, unless it be that he place them in a faux ecu, i. e. false shield ; which we take for a cartouch, of which I have treated, and given its figure in the First Part of this, System.
The sons of a bastard born and procreate in lawful marriage, if their mother is a gentlewoman, may carry the arms of their father and mother quarterly, always having the traverse in the quarter of the father's arms ; or, if otherwise they would carry them without the traverse, they must place them in a faux ecu.
If a woman be a bastard, or the daughter of one, she may carry her father's arms, with the traverse. I shall here give an instance of this rule from Sandford's Genealogical History of England : ANTIGONE, natural daughter of Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, fourth son of King Henry IV. whose arms were France and England, quarterly, within a bordure compone, argent and sable. His natural daughter, Antigone, carried the same as her father, bruised with a batton-sinister re.
Some are of opinion, that a bastard woman marrying a gentleman, is by his quality legitimate, as Guil. Benedict. " Si foemina bastarda nupserit viro legitimo, " propter qualitatem mariti, eilicitur legitima, quia capacitas viri ad uxorem por- ' rigitur." And the same says Scohier, that a female bastard married to a gen- tleman lawfully begotten, the children of such marriage shall not receive any dishonourable spot, because that by the quality of the husband she is freed, in so for as the capacity of the husband is contributed to his bastard wife.
Churchmen of the highest orders, if bastards, are obliged by the law of armories to have on their fathers' arms a mark of illegitimation, though they be impaled or quartered with the arms of their ecclesiastical dignities, and even legitimate by the Pope: Of which practice the author of Jurisprudentia Heroica gives us these two examples: JOHN, natural son of John Intrepidus Duke of Burgundy, carried the ayms of his father, with the batton-sinister, though quartered with those of the Episcopal See of Cameracensi; and the same was done by ANTHONIE, a bastard of.
28 OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES,
Burgundy, though he was legitimate by the Pope, whose legitimation qualifies the person for holy orders, yet in temporals he behoved to be legitimate by the prince, whose subject he is; and, in the letters of legitimation, there must be orders ex- pressly to remove the mark of bastardy, else it will, continue in the arms, says our author. And other lawyers tell us, as the learned Sir George Mackenzie, in his Science of Heraldry, chap. 22. of Bastards, that legitimation by the prince does not empower the person who is legitimated to bear his father's coat, except that power were expressly contained in his legitimation; " Nisi legitimatio expresse " ad delationem armorum facta fuerit," Hoppingius ds Jure Insigninm, cap. 7. Yet it is certain, that such as were once bastards, but are legitimated by subse- quent marriage, may bear the father's arms without any such diminution; for there is more reason and force in legitimation by subsequent marriage, because it is natural, than in that by the prince, inferior to nature, and only fictitious, as Hoppingius de Jure Insignium, paragraph 4. " Major merito vis legitimations " facta; per subsequens matrimonium, quam ei, qui per rescriptum principis inesse " debet, cum ilia nature; hasc a lege natura satis inferiore, proveniat; ilia ex sub- " secuto matrimonio sit vera &• propria, hiec ficta &• impropria dicatur."
OF ABATEMENTS.
SINCE I am speaking of the diminution of arms, I shall only mention here some figures, which English heralds and others call abatements of honour, lest I seem wilfully to omit any thing relating to heraldry: The figures of which abatements of honour were to be added to the arms of those that are convicted of vice, and acts of dishonour. As to those who boast in martial acts, to a coward, to him that killeth his prisoner, to an adulterer, to a liar, and to a traitor.
The figures and names of these abatements I think are not worth the pains to name, much less to engrave them ; they may be seen in English books, and repre- sented by Sir George Mackenzie in his Science of Heraldry, chap. 23. The French know no such figures; and the learned Menestrier calls them English fancies; and Sir George Mackenzie says, Who would bear such abatements? and that he never saw such borne by any : neither have I met with them anywhere.
It is true, by the custom, of Scotland, reversing of the arms of traitors is prac- tised ; for Sir George gives a distinct account in his time, that when any person is forfaulted by parliament, or Lords of Justiciary, the Lyon King at Arms, and his brethren Lyon Heralds come into these judicatures in their coats, and other for- malities, where the Lyon does publicly tear the arms of the person forfaulted : And if he be a cadet of a family, the Lyon proclaims openly, at the tearing of these arms, that it shall be without prejudice to the nobleman or chief whose arms they are. After which he and his brethren go to the cross, and there hang up the shield of arms reversed, turning the base or lowest point upwards. I know not what the custom of England has been in this point. But, of late, there was no such formality used in the pronouncing the sentence of forfaulture upon the no- bility and gentry there.
The learned Sir George, in the above-mentioned chapter adds that it is debated among lawyers, whether the children of forfaulted traitors lose' thus the arms of their predecessors? The ordinary solution is, that if the father, who was forfeited was the first that got arms, these could not be transmitted to his issue- But
h.s arms pertained formerly to his family, then his crimes do not d-bar his
postent from using them: For crimes should only infer punishment against the
comrmtter; for which our author cites several lawyers. But they advise them to
rave restitution as the safer way. With us the children of forfeited parents da
their predecessors' arms without being restored.
nf of ARMS
CHAPTER II. O
Tk* Arm of the
feudal <rrsi77ru
atom, andjpecial
tetrurt JE . ofB « chart
I Ordinary trf
and In -
a otherway-
vet- 4 Partee 6. err a. a&xpiatlpennon
es Ctilkti Enf-ee
OailtneafjBoyn.
IZf. of Prtfttrn,
ofK CreorqefR
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, tfr. 29
CHAP. II.
OF COMPOSING AND MARSHALLING OF ARMS.
HAVING given before the three ends and designs of armories, I am come now to the fourth ; which is, to illustrate persons, fami'n i ;ind communities, wi:u marks <>f n'ible descent, and other additamcnts of honour, within or without the shield. Of those within, i am to treat in this, and of those without, in the follow- ing chapters.
Tliese within the shield are added to the paternal figures, by way of composing, or marshalling.
The first is done by adding marks of honour, or some part of the arms of ano- ther family, to the paternal arms, without any distinction of quarters.
Marshalling of arms is when ensigns of ho: sour, or the entire arms of other fa- milies, are joined with the paternal ones of the bearer, by partition lines, making tl; .;inct areas or quadras in one shield.
Cj.'iiposing of arms is frequent with us, not only to chiefs, heads of families, and others, to show their alliance with other families, but also to cadets; by adding to their paternal bearings some part of their mother's arms, to show their maternal descent, and to difference themselves from other descendants of the same family : Of which 1 have treated in the former chapter.
Anciently arms were single and plain, consisting of few figures; but in later times they are not only looked upon as hereditary ensigns of honour, but as marks of noble descent, alliance, property, or right to territories and lands, offices, and other valuable things in their possession, or of their right and pretension to the same.
These arms, or marks of alliance, offices, and property, were not carried of old in one shield as now, but in different shields, using sometimes one shield of paternal arms, and another of alliance, &-c. as occasion required.
Upon their seals appended to deeds and evidents, we find several shields (which we call collateral ones) with distinct arms, to show their right and pretensions to different feoffs; which gave occasion for seals to be made with two sides, a face and a reverse, as we see the ancient seals of sovereigns and great men. The face is that where a man is represented enthroned, or on horseback with/ a shield of arms, called the royal or equestrian side or face of the shield : And on the other* side, the reverse of the seal, are ordinarily the seal of the owner's proper arms.
Upon the equestrian side of the seal a man is ordinarily represented on horse- back in his surcoat, upon which were ordinarily depicted his coat of arms. On the caparison of his horse were other arms. On the shield and buckler, which he holus by his left arm, were likewise different arms: And on the reverse of the seal, another shield of arms, accompanied with- several other shields of arms, commonly called collateral shields, because at the sides of the principal or paternal shield, which they accompany; as are to be seen on foreign coins, such as dollars, &-c! To illustrate this practice, I shall bring a few examples from Olivarius Uredus his Collections of the Seals of the Earls of Flanders, from our own country, and from Sandfbrd's Genealogical History of England.
BALDWIN Count of HAINAULT and Marquis of NAMUR, his seal of arms had two
face and reverse: on the first was a man on horseback, brandishing a sword,
ibout whose neck hung a shield of the arms of the Earldom of Hainault; and on the
reverse, was a shield of arms of the Marquis of Nainur, in the year 1178. He
having murried Margaret, sister.and heir of Philip Earl of Flanders, she bore to him
Li.vi'i Earlot Flanders, who carried on his seal the arms of Flanders, and the
of Lusitania, and those of Hannonia, indistinct shields: So it appears that the
custom of marshalling several arms in one shield was not then in use with the
Is of Flanders, till the Burgundian race, which began in Philip Duke of Eur-
a younger son of John King of France, who was observed to be the first
r quartered the arms of Burgundy modern with these of Burgundy ancient.
married Margaret the daughter and heir of Lodovick Farl of Flanders, and
impaled her arms with his own in one shield. Other great men in that country
VOL. II. H
30 OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, tfc.
\
and in the countries near thereto, in imitation, began to marshal other arms with their own in one shield.
The practice of collateral shields was also in Scotland before the use of mar- shalling was frequent, as appears by the seal of arms of WALTER LESLIE, who mar- ried Euphame Ross, eldest daughter and one of the co-heirs of William Earl of Ross, appended to a charter of his, in the year 1375, upon which were three shields of arms: That in the middle, between two collateral ones, had the arms of the Earldom of Ross, three lions rampant j that on the right side was the shield of the arms of Leslie, having a bend charged with three buckles ; and on the left . was a shield with three garbs, for Cumin, or the country of Buchan. Those three urms were quartered formally in one shield a few years after, when marshalling of arms came in use.
Another instance of collateral shields of arms with us is that one of WILLIAM KEITH, Marischal of Scotland, and Margaret Fraser his spouse, appended to a char- ter of theirs to Robert Keith their son, of the barony of Strachan, in the sheriff- dom of Kincardine, loth September 1375, which ends thus, In cujus rei testimoniiim sigiUa nostra consimiliter sunt appensa; which I caused engrave in an Essay of the Ancient and Modern Use of Armories, page 26. Upon which seal were three shields ; that on the right had a chief paly of six pieces, the arms of Keith Ma- rischal; on the second, six cinquefoils disposed 3, 2 and i, which was for his lady; and the third had more figures; but being defaced, I cannot tell upon what ac- count it was there placed.
EUPHAME Ross, second wife to King Robert II. is represented on her seal sitting in a chair of state; at her right hand, is the shield of the arms of Scotland, and at her left that of the earldom of Ross, her paternal coat.
I have also seen the seal of EUPHAME STEWART, daughter and heir of David Earl of Strathern, by his second wife, appended to a charter of the date 1389, wherein she is designed Evpham Senescal, Comitissa Palatina de Strathern : on which seal was the picture of a woman at length, holding by each hand a shield ; that in the right was charged with two cheverons, for Strathern ; upon the other, by the left, was a fesse cheque, for Stewart: Which two arms were afterwards composed to- gether in one shield by her successors of the name of Graham, Earls of Strathern and Monteith, and quartered with the arms of Graham.
The same practice of carrying different arms in distinct shields was with the
^English, as in Sandford's Genealogical History of England : There he gives the
'seal of arms of Eleanor queen to Edward I. of England, being a daughter of the
King of Castile and Leon : upon the one side of the seal was her effigies, at her
right side was a castle, and below it a lion ; and at her left side a lion, and below
it a castle, so disposed as they were marshalled in her father's arms, (the way of
marshalling not being then known in England) and upon the reverse of her seal
was the escutcheon of England.
ISABEL, daughter of Philip IV. of France, queen to Edward II. of England, had her effigies on her seal between two shields : That on the right hand had the arms of England, and the other, on the left, the arms of France, impaled with the arms of Navarre, being those of her mother Joan Queen of France, who was the daugh- ter and heir of Henry I. King of Navarre. This practice, says our author, of haying the arms of husband and wife on different shields, was before the method of impaling arms; but the practice was then in France, as by the foresaid example of France impaled with Navarre.
From the practice of collateral shields with distinct arms came the custom of carrying two shields accolle; that is, when two shields of different arms are joined together, as Plate I. fig. 3. The Kings of FRANCE have been, and are in use still to carry their arms accolle with those of the kingdom of Navarre, since the union
those two crowns in the person of Henry IV. of France : But, however, I doubt not but this method of joining two shields of arms together, of the husband and
re, proceeded from the ancient use of collateral shields, before the way of mar- shalling or impaling husband and wife came in use; of which there is a particular in- stance, in Sandford's History, "of the seal of MARGARET Dutchess of NORFOLK daughter of Edward I. and widow of two successive husbands, in the reign of her brother Edward II. Upon her seal she had her own shield of arms, being those of
OF ADDITIONAL FIGURES, fc?r. 3*
England between two other shields accollc; that on the right containing the arms of her first husband JOHN Lord SEGRAVE, viz. a lion rampant; on the other, on the left, the arms of her second husband Sir WALTER MANN\V, or, three chevcrons sable. This way of carrying husband and wife's arms accolie has been practised in France and England, as also in Scotland, on old paintings and carvings on the entries of old houses, which I have seen, though not frequently now practised.
Before 1 proceed to regular marshalling of several arms in one shield, it will not be much out of the way to give here the division of arms occasioned by the fore- said practice of carrying many coats of arms in distinct shields, upon different reasons; and thereafter marshalling many in one shield, which has given occasion to lawyers to divide arms into several kinds, as the famous Hopingius de Jure In- signium, gives nine sorts of arms, 17/75, plain arms, anna simplicia, are these which have no addition of any other figure; but being plain, as carried by the first of the family, such as these of kings, princes, and earls of old, without composition or marshalling; such as these of BURGUNDY, says our author, were of old, or, a lion rampant gules, crowned azure. The Princes of HENNEBURG carried only a hen, v> it iout the eagle as now. The Duke of BRUNSWICK, carried, of old, only one lion, but afterwards more. And the like simple or plain arms, says our author, had the nobles of Denmark and Sweden from the Goths and Vandals. The same practice was with our sovereigns and nobles. At first our kings carried only or, a lion rampant gules; but afterwards the double tressure was added by a gift of Charles the Great of France. The princely family of STEWART had only a fesse cheque, but afterwards accompanied or marshalled with other figures; and the same 1 may say of the rest of our nobility, who have some figures or other accompanying or quartering with their ancient ones; except the Earls Marischal, and Hay Earl of Errol, Constable of Scotland, who have their ancient, simple, and plain arms. Our author likewise tells us, that the ancient Celti distinguished their shields only with various colours, and the Germans arms were paly, bendy, cheque, or lozengy, without other figures which are plain arms: His words are, " Nobiles homines " apud priscos Celtos lectissimis tantum coloribus sua singulos distinxisse scuta ; " unde etiamnum ea omnium antiquissima ac maxime genuina apud Germanos " nobilitatis dicuntur insignia, quae omnium simplicissima, certis duntaxat spaciis " ac coloribus distincta, in quibus sunt ilia quae Latini, laterculos, &• virgas, &• " rhombos appellarunt:" For which he cites Limneus.
2do, Composed arms, compojita insignia, when other figures or quarters are added to plain or simple arms ; of which I have given many instances in this System first and last.
$tio, Ancient Arms, antiqua sen fumosa insignia, are those carried by old families, and transmitted down to their successors in honour and dignity ; and the longer the progression is, they are the more noble, as our author says of nobility ; " Et " quo longius procedit, eo magis augetur &• cum generis vetustate primorum orna- " mentorum conjunctim habet." The English call these perfect arms ; by which they understand these of a hereditary descent, though no further transmitted but from the first obtainer to his grandson ; which are ensigns with them of a perfect and complete nobility, begun in the grandfather, (as heralds say) growing in the son, complete in the grandson, or rather great-grandson, as some will have it : from which rises the distinction of gentlemen of coat-armour in the father and the son ; and gentlemen of blood in the grandson, or great-grandson ; and from the last descend gentlemen of ancestry.
4(0, By Imperfect Arms they do not understand irregular or defective arms in respect of tincture or figure, but of new ones granted to the first receiver, who had none before, and are but signs of imperfect nobility in the receiver ; upon which he is called a gentleman of coat-armour, being the same with the Novus Homo with the Romans ; the first obtainer of Jus Imaginum, i. e. the right of erecting his own image or statue, as a sign of begun' nobility; as the first concession of arms was afterwards with other nations. These may be likewise said to be new arms, though ancient in some families, which have been lately assumed by others, by right of adoption, marriage or disposition ; called nova insignia, qua noviter per ipsos novos whiles sunt queesita.
3, OF MARSHALLING ARMS, tie.
tto Proper or Paternal Arms, are these which are the fixed figures of the family and surname, and distinguished from additional ones : " Propria insignia," says our ai *hor, " sunt ea quai de jure pertinent ad propriam familiam vel personam."
too, Strange Arm, aliena insignia, are these belonging to another family or person, carried by those who have right to use or quarter them with their own.
•jmo, Triu- Arms, vera insignia, are these which are granted by authority, or any other legal way, upon the account of virtue and glorious efforts.
%vo, False Arms, falsa insignia, are to be understood in two respects, first, these granted or disponed by those who have no right. Secondly, These granted to one bevond his merit, nobility and dignity, fit and competent for those of higher de-Tees ; as our author, "Quod non sunt competentia, quod altiorem respiciant " ordinem, atque inde altioris ordinis insignia."
9«o, More Noble Arms, nobiiiora insignia, are not so by the nature of the figures they have (as some think) but as they fitly represent the brave actions of some of their progenitors, regularly disposed, and artfully situate in the shield, to incite posterity to imitate the virtuous actions of their predecessors ; as our author, " Nobiiiora insignia, non ex nobiliori imagine (ut vulgo creditur) sed ex rebus a " quopiam proavorurn proeclare gestis ac clypeo inscriptis, dijudicanda veniunt, ita " ut quando habeant plus artis, ingenii & efficaciie, ad animos monitu suo contuendos, " tanto excellentiora reputentur."
Sir John Feme, in his Glory of Generosity, divides arms into abstract and ter- minal ones : the first are the same with the above-mentioned perfect arms, being ;ibstracted and carried down by the heirs and representatives of the first obtainer, without alteration, diminution or addition ; and are these which we now call original, principal and paternal arms. By terminal arms, he understands these of younger sons and cadets, who have right to carry their paternal arms, terminate and differenced with congruous marks of cadency, to show the time and seniority of their descents.
There are several other sorts of arms named, from the causes of their bearing ; as these of marriage, of office, arms of alliance, arms of adoption, arms of patronage, of gratitude, of religion, concessions general and special ; arms of sovereignties, feudal ones, and pretensions to the same. All which I shall treat separately, and show the precedency due to them in their respective quarters with other arms, when marshalled together.
ARMS MARSHALLED TOGETHER IN ONE SHIELD, UPON THE ACCOUNT OF MARRIAGE
AND OFFICES.
MARRIAGE has been one of the chief causes of marshalling different coats of arms in one shield. The practice is but late ; and lawyers of old tell us that women cannot carry arms, for that is a manly and not a feminine office, they not being exercised in war, nor in the use of military instruments, upon which arms were first to be seen ; besides, they are looked upon as the end of their own family, and these married go into another family, and are incapable of the na1!^ and arms of their paternal family, as lawyers say, especially Ulpian and others ; " Sororem " etiarn dictam putat quasi seorsum nascatur ab eaque domo separetur, qua nata " est." But by the custom of nations, daughters are allowed to use the arms of their fathers: Hoppingius de Jure In.rignium, proposes a difference between daughters married and unmarried : tHe first, being incorporate in another family, do not carry their father's arms, as these unmarried, who may carry them to the effect to show their name and agnition in their father's family ; whereas those married do not carry their paternal arms to that effect, but only for ostentation of their descent, as our author, " Ad originis claritatem, antiqtiitatem generis, memoriamque inde " arguendam &- conservandam, introducfum est." Neither can their children properly carry their arms r " Matris insignia liberi regulariter deferri nequeunt." For, being in their father's family, they have their rise and surname from it, and not from their mother. " Et h;ec sunt proccipuum agnitionis &- familiae indicium :" 'Ascendants of a daughter cannot regularly carry the paternal arms of their mother, except they be heiresses, or be allowed by those of their mother's side, who
OF MARSHALLING ARMS, Vc. 33
have right to dispose of the arms by way of testament or disposition, or else they be allowed by the laws and customs of the country.
Our author citeth another lawyer, Andreas Aliciatus, who says, that a son cannot carry the arms of his mother ; yet when the nobility of his mother is more eminent than his father's, and illustrate by it, he may carry the arms of his mother with those of his father's, according to the custom of many countnes and kingdoms ; as in Italy and Spain, and I may say the same is practised in Britain. His words I shall here add, cap. II. " Quamvis Andreas Aliciatus dicat lilio matris insignia " gerere concessum non esse ; attamen cum nobilitas paterna ex nobilitate maternu " splendidior illustriorque efficiatur, consuetudine nonnullarum provinciarum &• " regnorum, turn Hispamae turn Italue, arma gentilitia, paterna ac materna, simul " colligari observatur."
By the custom of nations, wives may use the arms of their husbands ; for being in their families they have a right to the honour and privileges of the same : as Hoppingius*-/? Jure Insignium, par. 8. " Ratio, qui transit in alterius familiam, is ejus " origine, nomine &• privilegiis, gaudet, nobilitatisque &• dignitatis fit particeps, " adeo ut insignia deferendi jus transeunti denegari non posse, atqui omnis uxor " transit in familiam. mariti ;. ergo uxori jus deferendi insignia mariti recte dene- " gari non poterit."
Though the wife be ignoble and a bastard, she has right to make use of the arms of her husband ; as our author, " Non impedit, quod uxor ignobilis &- plebeia, " maritus vero nobilis extat ; similiter non refert, quod mulier spuria ; nam nulla " major unio quam conjugalis, nee negamus, quin oleum non consecratum, conse- " crato possit oleo commisceri." But it is not so with the ignoble husband who has a noble wife ; by her he is not nobilitate, nor can properly carry her arms, because wives receive honour from their husbands, but do not give it j as our author, " Vir ignobilis, ducendo uxorem nobilem, non nobilitetur per earn, cum " accipiant, non adferant nubentes mulieres dignitatem."
After the husband's decease the widow may continue to have the arms of her husband upon all her utensils ; but if she proves vicious or unchaste, she loses the honours of her husband, says our author ; and if she marry again, she must follow the condition of her second husband, and cannot use the arms of her first husband, especially when she marries again one of an inferior quality to her first husband, whose honour she loses ; which holds with us, and in England ; as Sir George Mackenzie in his Precedency, " Yet sometimes the king allows her the same pre- " cedency and honours of her first husband, or these of her father, by a letter ; as " he does also to the daughters of dukes and others, who have lost their honour by " marriage : which letters or warrants are directed to the Herald Office, and regis- " trate there."
Having shown the right women have to carry arms, I shall now proceed to show in what form and manner they have been in use to carry them.
When arms came to be hereditary to all the issue of great men, as tesseras, and marks of a noble descent, women then began to make use of those of their fathers, on their habits, and to have them in square figures, called lozenges, orfusilc shields, to show their descent, and at length to join them with those of their husbands.
The practice seems to be ancient, by women placing their paternal arms upon their habits, such as mantles and kirtles, as may be seen in old illuminate books of heraldry, and other paintings. Eminent ladies are there represented with arms on their mantles and kirtles : and heralds tell us, when the same arms are both on mantle and kirtle, they are then the arms of their fathers ; but when there are arms on the mantle different from these on the under habit, the kirtle, she is then mar- ried. These on the mantle belong to her husband, who is as a cloak or mantle to shroud the wife from all violence ; and the other arms on the kirtle belong to her lather; for women have 'no proper arms of their own, but these of their fathers : yet, in later times, we meet with some concessions of arms granted by sovereigns to virtuous ladies : of which afterwards.
By the universal practice of Europe, unmarried women must, place their pater- nal arms in lozenges or fusile shields, and cannot place them in formal triangular shields as men do, except they be sovereign queens or princesses, £>nia naturam nobilioris sexus participant, says Sir John Feme in his Glory of Generosity; and that
VOL. II. I
34 OF MARSHALLING ARMS, Vc.
sovereign princesses may trim their shield of arms with all the exterior ornaments belonging to a king or sovereign prince : as MARY, Queen of SCOTLAND, carried the royal achievement of that kingdom entire ; and the same did Queen ELIZABETH that of England. Queen ,dowagers, it seems, are not allowed to carry the sovereign arms, though impaled with their own, but in a lozenge : for an instance 1 shall mention the seal of arms of JEAN, Queen Dowager of King James I. mother of King James II. a daughter of John Earl of Somerset, appended to an indenture betwixt her and Sir Alexander Livingston of Callendar, anent the delivery of her son, the young king, to be kept by the said Sir Alexander in the castle of Stirling, of date the 4th September 1439. ^n ^er sea^ was a l°zenge shield, with the arms of Scotland on the right, impaled with her own on the left side, having France and England quarterly within a border gobonated.
Custom, in some countries, has allowed wives to place their arms within a formal shield, provided it be close joined on the left of their husband's ; which way is called accolle, or impaled with the arms of their husband in one formal shield, either by dimidiation or impalement, or by way of escutcheon over the husband's arms, while the husband is in life.
The way of carrying husband and wife's arms accelle has been practised in France, though not frequently, as Menestrier observes, and very seldom to be met with among us.
The impaling of husband and wife's arms in one shield is more frequent ; which is done two ways, the first by dimidiation, the second by an entire impalement. Dimidiation is when the wife's entire arms are placed upon the left half of the husband's arms ; as by the seal of arms of PHILIP the Bold, Duke of BURGUNDY, in the year 1381, who carried quarterly, Burgundy, modern and ancient. Upon his marriage with the daughter and heiress of Lodovick Earl of Flanders, his arms were dimidiate with his wife's, being argent, a lion rampant sable ; which were placed upon the left half of her husband's quartered arms, so that the second and fourth quarters were absconded, and the first and third quarters of the husband's only seen; which I have caused engrave in aa essay of armories, Plate II. fig. 2. MARY, Queen of SCOTLAND, when married to Francis II. of France, on her great seal had the arms of Scotland and France dimidiate ; the arms of Scotland lying on the left half of the French arms, being azure, three flower-de-luces or, two in chief, and one in base ; so that the flower-de-luce in the sinister chief point, and half of the flower-de-luce in base, are absconded by the arms of Scotland. Many other instances of this practice I have given in a former essay.
Entire impalement is by dividing the field of arms into two equal parts by a paler line or purfle of a pencil. The husband's arms are entire on the right, and the wife's so on the left, which make an entire whole ; and these are called by the English baron andfem?ne. By, this way of impaling, which is now frequently used no figure is absconded or cut off, except sometimes that side of the border of the husband's or wife's arms that is next to the paler or dividing line.
The English, as Guillim, make a distinction of marriage, single and hereditary • the one bring off no hereditary possessions, the other do, being married with heiresses: the first has these forms above mentioned of marshalling; but their children shall have no further to do with the mother's coat (says our author) than . set up the same in their house pale-ways, after the foresaid manner, so to conti- nue the memorial of their father's match with such a family. But, as I have said fore, the children of the single match have right to take a part of their mother's compose with their paternal figures, to show their descent, and difference .selves from other branches of the family. The hereditary marriage (savs our hor) has a prerogative which the former has not: that the baron, having re- ssue from the femme, it is in his choice whether he will bear her coat by ement or else in an escutcheon upon his own ; and the heir of these two in- entos shall bear these two hereditary coats of his father and mother to himself leirs quarterly, to show that the inheritance as well of the possession, as of t arms, are invested in them and their posterity
three rules observed in impaling the arms of husband and wife • First
that the husband's arms are always placed on the right, as baron and these of the
fcmmc on the left side. Secondly, Heralds tell us that no husband can impale his
OF MARSHALLING ARMS, fcfr. 35
wife's arms with his own on the surcoat of his arms, ensigns and banners, upon the account of baron and fcmme only ; but when they are the arms of dignified feus, to which he has right by his wife, he may then use them on such utensils • as arms of pretension, and of feudal ones. Thirdly, when the husband impales the wife's arms with his own, he cannot surround the shield with his royal order of knight- hood, as that of the thistle and garter, &c. as Sandford observes : for this reason, though a husband may give the equal halt of his escutcheon and hereditary honour, yet he cannot share his temporary order of knighthood with her; so that the knights-companions of any sovereign order cannot, by the practice of heraldry, surround their shield of arms with collars of sovereign orders, when their wives' arms are impaled with them, merely upon account of barm and femme. Yet, in my opinion, the collar may be placed at the side of the husband's part of the shield, for his honour, except they be sovereigns of these orders, who have an here- ditary right, v.hether male or female. The kings of England and Scotland have been in use to surround their arms impaled with their queens, with their respective orders of knighthood, of which they were sovereigns. 1. have seen the arms of FRANCIS King of FRANCE, impaled with those of his Queen, MARY of SCOTLAND, surrounded with the collar of the Order of St Michael, and also her arms alone, surrounded with the Order of the Thistle, of which she was sovereign ; and are so engraven on the boxing of the chimney in the great hall of the palace of Seaton, (called palace in our kings' charters to the Earls of Winton), and on the other side are the arms of George Lord Seaton, surrounded with the collar of the Order of St Andrew or Thistle.^
MARY Queen of ENGLAND had her arms impaled; with those. of her husband, PHILIP of SPAIN, surrounded with the Order of the Garter. Those instances cannot be a precedent for any less concerned ; for Francis and Mary were sovereigns of orders, and Philip only a knight of the last. It seems by this practice that the widows of sovereigns, though their arms continue impaled with their deceased prin- ces's, are not surrounded with, the collars of their orders : for, as 1 observed, albeit the Archduke of AUSTRIA, and Duke of BURGUNDY, sovereign of the Order. of the Golden Fleece, having married Isabel Infanta, daughter and heir of Philip II. of Spain, marshalled her arms with his own, and surrounded them with the collar of the Golden Fleece, when alive, being sovereign of that order ; but after his death, his princess carried the arms of her deceased husband impaled with her own, and, instead of being surrounded with the foresaid collar, it was only with a cordelier, as on her seal, in Olivarius Uredus's Collections. Since I am speaking of Isabel Infanta of Spain, and the fashion of her armorial bearing when a wife, and a widow, I think it not improper here to show her shield of arms when a maid, being some- thing singular to us, though ordinary in her own country. She had on her seal of arms, while unmarried, a lozenge shield, parted per pale; on the left half the arms of her father, for her own ; and the right side was blank, (without arms for a hus- band) called arms of expectation ; which, it seems, was then a custom, in Spain for young ladies that were resolved to marry : which shield of Isabel, Olivarius Ure- dus gives in his Collections, with these words : " In Isabellas insignibus dextram " scuti latus vacuum, quod expectativum vocant, indicat Isabellam adhuc innuptam, . " & in illo insignia- mariti expectantem, sinistrum autem aucupant insignia patris " ejus Philippi secundi." Here it is to be observed that the wife gives always the right hand in the shield to the husband, though she does not know what quality he may be of.
When one marries an heiress, he may either impale or quarter her paternal coat with his own, or place her arms, by way of an escutcheon, over his own arms; as Sir THOMAS BRAND, Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod of the most ancient Order of the Thistle, places in the centre of his quartered coat an escutcheon of his wife's arms, gironne of eight, ermine and g ules, within a bordure ingrailed of the last, for Campbell of Lundie, whose daughter, (it seems an heiress) he married. For which see Plate XXII. in the First Part of this System.
It is a frequent custom with the English of late to place the arms of the wife, heiress or not heiress, in an inescutcheon, in the centre of the husband's arms, which they call an escutcheon of pretence, because he pretendeth right to that coat upon marrying an heiress: As Guillim says, in his Display of Heraldry, where he
36 OF MARSHALLING ARMS, We.
gives several examples, to which I refer the reader: But how to call that on the husband's coat, who has not married an heiress, I know not.
When a husband has had two wives, heiresses or not heiresses, and would have their arms marshalled with his own, the husband's shield may be then tierced in pale, »'. e. divided into three equal parts perpendicularly; the husband's arms placed in the middle area, and the wives' two coats on the right and left areas : Or they may be otherwise disposed thus, parti mi-coupe to the sinister, i. e. the shield being- divided in two equal halfs by a paler line, the husband's arms on the right side, and the left side divided by a horizontal line ; above and below are placed the arms of the two wives, as frequently practised with us upon funeral escutcheons ; of which partitions I have treated in the 7th chapter of the First Part of this Sys- tem, and illustrated by examples in my Essay on the Ancient and Modern Use of Armories.
When a wife would have the arms of her two husbands represented in one shield with her own, then it is divided thus, parti mi-coupe to the dexter; of which I have given examples in my last mentioned book.
Mr Kent, in his Grammar of Heraldry, says, if a man do marry three wives, the first two shall have, the chief part, and the third all the base : So the husband's arms is in the middle, or fesse part; and if he have a fourth wife, she must, says he, participate of the base with the third wife : And Guillim, in his Display of Heraldry, gives us an example of the arms of a gentleman of the name of CLIFTON, impaled in the middle with the arms of his seven wives; four on the dexter side, and three on the sinister, all bar-ways, that is to say, the shield is tierced, i. e. divided into three equal parts perpendicular, the first part on" the right is coupe three, which make four areas, where the first four wives' arms are placed one above another ; in the second part, which is the middle, are only the arms of Clifton the husband ; the third part, on the left hand, is coupe two, which makes three areas, in which are his other three wives' arms, one above another ; for which see our author. And these are the ways of marshalling many wives and husband to- gether.
Besides impaling by way of baron and femme, the husband, by a frequent cus-
tom with us, quarters the wife's coat with his own, upon the account that she is
an heiress; i. e. by dividing of the shield into four equal parts, which makes four
areas : In the first and fourth are the husband's arms, in the second and third are
the wife's. But this custom is not so frequent in other countries as with us of late:
For the husband, in that condition, properly placed his wife's arms by way of sur-
tout over his own, that is, an inescutcheon in the centre of his own, which I have
said above, to be an escutcheon of pretence ; because he pretendeth to bear the
arms of his wife, and his right to her inheritance, which his issue should enjoy,
that their successors may freely quarter their paternal and maternal coats to-
gether. As for the custom of the husband quartering his wife's arms with his
own, I shall add the instance of the Right Honourable WILLIAM JOHNSTON Marquis
of ANNANDALE, Earl of Hartfield, and Lord Johnston, chief of his name who car-
d argtnt, a saltier sable, on a chief gules, three cushions or: But upon his mar-
2 with the heiress of Craigiehall of the name of Fairholme, he quartered her
irms with his own, being or, an anchor in pale^a/w: And the same is still carried
by their son and heir, the present Marquis of Annandale.
Sir JAMES DALRYMPLE, President of the Session, and afterwards advanced to the
ity ot Viscount ot Stair, quartered the coat of his lady with his own, who was
garet eldest daughter and co-heir of James Ross of Balnall and Carsecreuch,
air Glenluce m Galloway (as ,„ our New Register of Arms) carried, quarterly
mt or, on a saltier azure, nine lozenges of the first; second or, a cheveron cheJe,
Their eldest son Sir JOHN DALRYMPLE Earl of STAIR, married Elizabeth Dun- das, heiress ot Newhston, and placed her arms, arg£nt\ a lion rampan gules on an inescutcheon over h,s father's quartered arms, af above. He was created Eaii of Stair, V«count of Dalrymple, and Lord Newliston, anno 1703. His son again
*8 ' marShaUS ^ '
these of
OF MARSHALLING ARMS, tfc. 37
It is to be observed, that when a gentleman marries a gentlewoman, whose fa- ther did bear any marks of cadency in his coat, the same ought to be continued in the impalement and quartering of the daughter's arms with her husband's, which is just and reasonable: For, by the mark of cadency of her father, she will be known from what branch of the stem of the principal house she is come of. 1 have shown before, when a coat of arms, surrounded with a bordure, is marshalled pale- ways with another, then that part of the bordure which is next to the other coat impaled with it, must be exempted, and not seen. Again, it is to be ob- served, if a bordured coat be marshalled with other coats quarterly, then shall no part of the bordure be omitted, but the bordure shall environ the same rounck Having treated, 1 think, sufficiently of the several ways of marshalling husband's and wife's arms, I shall now proceed to treat of the method of marshalling arms of offices.
MARSHALLING ARMS UPON THE ACCOUNT OF OFFICES AND EMPLOYMENTS.
AMONGST the several causes and occasions of assuming arms, lawyers, and writer* on the science of armories, give offices for one, as well used by ecclesiastics as laics.
1 gave out before, page 20. that the Romish churchmen are not obliged to bruise their paternal arms with marks of cadency, although younger sons, or de- scendants of such, because they are not allowed to marry, and so have no lawful succession: And some lawyers of this opinion tell us, that the end and design of marks of cadency, to bruise the principal bearing, was to difference the descendants of younger sons; so that there is no need of brisurcs in the arms of ecclesiastics, since they can have no issue. Secondly, They s:ty, that churchmen have no need of additional figures to bruise their paternal bearings; for their arms are suffi- ciently distinguished from the laics, being only adorned with cherubims, or angels, and not timbred with a military dress, which are marks of greatness and pride, sucli as the helmet, mantlings, wreaths, and crests.
But more rightly others reason with Scohier, in his Compartment of Arms, cap. 17. " That differences or brisures were not invented by law and custom to dis- " tinguish the descendants of younger brothers, but to difference brothers them- " selves." The words of our author, with these of Jurisprudentia Heroica, in an- swer to the former two reasons, are, " Nee obstat prima, nee secunda ratio, quan- " doquidem discerni colorum usus non solum sit inventus, ad ipsos descendentes " ex diversis fratribus dignoscendos, verum etiam ad ipsos inter se discernendos." Neither can churchmen be said to be the end of the family; because, by the Pope's dispensation, they may marry, whose issue may begin and continue their family; so that they must have differencing figures added to the principal or pLiin arms of the principal family, which only belong to the primogeniture. And as for the other reason, that ecclesiastics are sufficiently distinguished from the luics, in not having their arms timbred with helmet, volets, and crests; yet when they fall into noble feus and jurisdictions they then timbre their shields, as was found in the Council of Brabant; as our author, " Nee obstet alia ratio, quia illud ' discerniculum, non ipsa arma aut insignia, sed exteriora ornamenta afficit, quan- ' quam etiam ab ecclesiasticis, praesertim nobilibus, &. jurisdictione aliqua imbutis, ' thymbrum militarem fastum adhiberi vidimus. Et hanc opinionem nuper sum- ' mum Brabantiie concilium amplexum est." When a churchman marshals the arms of" a dignified feu, or these of his office, I mean those of the church, with his paternal arms, he needs no other brisure: And this is the general practice in Eu- rope, of which I proceed to give some examples.
Cardinals, bishops, abbots, priors, and other church officers, in imitation of the
la'.cs, when marshalling was in use, began to tjke some remarkable figures of
their offices, and to compose or marshal them with their paternal arms, after
order or method now in use, parti, coupt, and quarterly: Of which I shall add
i few instances of the practice of prelates abroad, and then return to those in
iin.
VOL. II. K i
,
38 OF MARSHALLING ARMS, ISc.
The first way mentioned, parti, which the English call parted per pale, is by impalement, as before, of husband and wife's arms ; but with this difference, the arms of office are placed on the right side of the shield parti, with the paternal arms of those in office. And though a bishop, or any other prelate, be called muritus ecclesiae, the husband of the church, by the canon law, yet he is but one, in a figurative speech; and the church's arms take place as the more noble, as also do those of secular offices.
The second method of prelates marshalling their arms by way of coupe, that is, parted per fesse, by dividing the shield into two equal parts horizontally, is by placing the coat of the office above, and that of the incumbent below; a frequent practice in Italy.
The third method by quartering, is done by a palar, and horizontal line divid- ing the shield into four quarters; which way is frequently used by the French and Germans; especially when those high churchmen are temporal princes, as the ecclesiastic peers of France. The Archbishop and Duke of RHEIMS, for his office, carries azure, seme flower-de-luces or, a cross gules. The Bishop and Duke of LANGRES, azure, seme flower-de-luces or, a saltier gules. The Bishop of LAON, seme of France, a crosier in pale gules. The Bishop Count of BEAUVAIS, or, a cross gules, cantoned with four keys of the last. Which arms of offices are placed in the first and fourth quarters, with the paternal ones of those in office.
The three Archbishops, Electors of the Empire, do also marshal their arms of offices with their paternal ones, which are sometimes placed by way of surtout, upon the account of many coats of offices, which they marshal together.
The Archbishop and Elector of MAYENCE, or MENTZ, Great Chancellor of the Empire in Germany, carries, quarterly, first and fourth gules, a wheel with white spokes or, for his Episcopal See ; second and third, the paternal arms of the bishop ,in possession. The wheel is storied to have been at first assumed by one WILLIGIS, who was chosen archbishop for his eminent piety; and he, out of humility, be- ing the son of a wheelwright, took the wheel, which his successors have con- tinued for the arms of that See. This Willigis (says Hoppingius de Jure Insignhnri) to show his humility, caused paint on all the rooms of his house the wheel of a waggon, with this pentameter, " Willigis recolas, quis es, &- unde venis," i. e. Willigis, consider what you are, and whence you came. " Haec rota postea, ' insigne successorum in hoc archiepiscopatu permansit, confirmante illud Henrico' " imperatore."
The Archbishops of TREVES, Great Chancellors of the Empire in France, and > Electors, have been in use to. carry four coats of offices, thus, (as by Jacob Imhoff) quarterly, first argent, a cross gules, for the Arch-See of Treves; second gules, a paschal lamb, proper, standing upon a mount in base vert, carrying a flag over its shoulder, as abbot of Pruym; third gules, a castle argent, masoned sable, sur- mounted of a crosier in pale, and below, a crown or, as prepositor and overseer of Weissenburg; fourth azure, a cross argent, as Bishop of Spires; and over all, by way of surtout, an escutcheon of the paternal arms of the archbishop for 'the time
But to come home to Britain with some observes of the ancient and modern practice of our prelates in Scotland, in carrying of their arms on their seals of flice, and on other places, I observe, of old, they neither did compose, impale nor quarter their ensigns of office with their paternal ones till after the Reforma- ts trom the church of Rome; for before, their seals of arms were formed after fashion of oblong ovals, upon which are only to be seen the frontispieces of churches, with the image of their patron-saints standing in the porches, or in fine ved mches; and below them small triangular shields, with the incumbent pre- rms, sometimes adorned with mitre, crosier, or cross-staff: Of which I shall here add some instances.
I have seen several seals of the archbishops of St Andrews, which have the .mage of St Andrew with his cross, standing in the porch of a church, and below ttle shield, with the paternal arms of the archbishop thereon; as especially that of WILUAM Archbishop of that See, in the reign of Robert the Bruce, who has on his shield three cinquefoils, or frasiers, bein| of the name of Iraser, and the shield timbred with a mitre below the feet of St Andrew
OF MARSHALLING ARMS, &c. 39
1 have seen the seal of JOHN Bishop of GLASGOW, which had upon it the image of St Mungo standing in the portico of the church, and below his feet the shield of arms of that prelate, charged with three bars, to show he was of the name of Ca- meron, timbred with a mitre; and at the. sides of the shield were two salmons with rings in their mouths, and on the legend round the seal, Sigillum Joannis Episcopi Glasguen. Which seal is appended to an indenture or agreement betwixt Jean Dowager Queen of Scotland, mother of King James II. and Sir Alexander Livingston of Calder, anent the delivery of the young king's person: which in- denture I have mentioned before with the queen's seal.
The seal of JOHN Bishop of Ross had on it the figure of a bishop, with a mitre on his head, standing in a portico of a church; and, at his feet, a shield charged with a bull's head cabossed, being the paternal figure of the name of Turnbull. Besides these, I have seen several other bishops' seals after the same form, with their shields of arms below images of saints, or mitred bishops, supported by angels, and adorned with mitres and crosiers.
ANDREW, Commendator of Jedburgh, upon his seal appended to several evident:;, which 1 have seen, had the image of a saint standing in a fine carved nich ; at the foot of which is his shield of arms, quarterly, first and fourth a lion rampant, second and third three papingoes, he being of the name of Home; and behind the shield, a crosier turned to the right.
Upon the buildings of several churches, we find the paternal arms of bishops and abbots only adorned with mitres and crosiers; as these of GAVIN DUNBAK. Archbishop of Glasgow, having only three cushions within a double tressure counter-flowered, adorned with a mitre, for the name of D unbar N descended of D unbar of Westficld.
On the wall that surrounds the castle of Glasgow, on several places there, as I am informed, are the arms of JAMES BEATON, the last Romish Bishop of that See, being these of Beaton quartered with Balfour, as a nephew of Beaton of Balfour; and below these arms is a salmon, with a ring in his mouth, which some of his predecessors carried also, to perpetuate a miracle said to be performed by St Mungo, patron saint of the church of Glasgow.
Upon the beautiful abbey of Paisley, as I am informed, are the arms of the Abbot GEORGE SHAW, a brother of Shaw of Sauchie, carrying, his arms, three covered cups ; and, to show his ecclesiastical dignity, a crosier behind the shields.
On the abbacy of Holyroodhouse are to be seen the arms of ARCHIBALD CRAW- FORD, treasurer to King James III. He was a brother of Crawfurd of Henning, where are only his paternal bearing, viz. a fesse ermine, with a star in chief, and the shield adorned on the top with a mitre.
I find none of our Romish prelates ever marshalled the figures of their respective sees (I mean the images of their patron saints, their crosses, crosiers, mitres, or such remarkable things belonging to them) with their paternal bearings, by impaling or quartering of them in one shield, though they have adorned the outer sides of their shields with such figures. And I am of opinion that the custom with us of mar- shalling arms of episcopal sees, ^and other ecclesiastical offices, with the paternal arms of the incumbents, is not much older than the Reformation from the Romish, church ; and the figures of which they are now formed and made up of are taken from the old seals ; such as the images of saints and bishops, their crosses, mitres, crosiers, pastoral staffs, and other such things, which will appear to the curious by their blazons : a few of which I shall here give.
The arms now used for the ARCHIEPISCOPAL SEE of St ANDREWS, azure, a St Andrew's Gross (2. e. a saltier) argent, taken from the old seal of that See, before described, which have been impaled with the arms of those that have been in office.
The ARCHIEPISCOPAL SEE of the Church of GLASGOW has for arms, argent, a tree growing out of a mount vert, with a bell hanging on a branch, and a salmon lying tesse-ways thwart the trunk of the tree, with a ring in its mouth, proper. The salmon, as I observed before, was carried by the Romish prelates, at the sides, and below their shield of arms. ALEXANDER CAIRNCROSS, by divine providence, Arch- bishop of Glasgow, had on his seal of office the above blazon, impaled on the right,
4o 'OF MARSHALLING ARMS, fc?<r.
with his paternal coat on the left, viz. argent, a stag's head erased with a cross puteejitcbe, between his attire, gules.
The BISHOPRICK of GALLOWAY has for arms, the image of St Ninian, holding in his right hand a cross.
The BISHOPRICK or' DUMBLANE, a saltier ingrailed.
The BISHOPRICK of ARGYLE, azure, two crosiers in saltier adosse, and in chief a mitre or.
The arms of the BISHOPRICK of Ross are two men, the one on the right hand, representing St Boniface in a white habit, his hands lying cross on his breast ; the other a bishop pointing to St Boniface with his right hand, and by his left holding a crosier or, with a mitre on his head.
The arms of these bishopricks are impaled with the arms of those who have pos- sessed these offices.
The BISHOPRICK of EDINBURGH was erected out of the Bishoprick of St Andrews by King Charles I. anno 1633 ; so that that See has almost the same arms with St Andrews, and in chief a mitre or ; which were impaled with the arms of the incumbents.
I shall add no more of them here to incumber my reader, but proceed to a few v such bearings of those in England.
The ARCHIEPISCOPAL SEE of CANTERBURY has, azure, a pastoral staff in pale argent, topped with a cross patee or, and surmounted of an episcopal pall, (i. e. an episcopal ornament, and not an armorial pale), of the second, edged and fringed of the third, charged with four crosses fitched sable.
The ARCHIEPISCOPAL SEE of YORK, gules, two keys adosse argent ; and in chief an imperial crown or.
The BISHOPRICK of LONDON, gules, two swords in saltier, points upward, proper, iked and pommelled or.
The EPISCOPAL SEE of WORCESTER, ten torteauxes sable, 4, 3, 2, and i. CARLISLE, argent on a cross sable, a mitre with labels or.
The EPISCOPAL SEE of St ASAPH, sable, a key in bend sinister, and a crosier in bend dexter argent.
The SEE of SALISBURY, azure, the Virgin Mary (being dedicate to her) crowned, holding the holy babe in her right arm, and a sceptre with her left hand, all gold.
All which ensigns are impaled on the right side of the shields, with the paternal arms of those in office on the leftside. For more ecclesiastical arms the reader n,ay see the British Compendium of Arms lately published in taille douce.
As for these orders of knighthood, which are both spiritual and temporal, such as the Knights Templars and Hospitallers, and others of such institution, they com- pose, impale, or quarter the arms of their respective orders with their paternal ones ; as do at present the Grand Masters of the KNIGHTS of MALTA ; who quarter, in the first place, the arms of that order, being gules, a cross argent, with their proper but the rest of the knights of that order, in distinction from the Grand Master, do not quarter but compose them with> their own, by placing them in chief, or on a chief, which has occasioned one coat of arms to have two chiefs, the ene above the other. So much then for ecclesiastical arms. I shall now proceed to the arms of secular offices ; some of which I shall here mention.
Seculars, who enjoy high offices, military or civil, sometimes impale or quarter the arms of their offices with their own. The electoral princes of the empire ter in their shields of arms, the arms or badges of their offices being the igures of the regalia they carry before the emperor, by virtue of their high posts :ckmannus says, dissert, cap. 5. " In insignibus suis seculares clinodium istud 1 inserunt, cui ratione officii portando destinati sunt."
The KING of BOHEMIA, as principal cup-bearer to the Emperor, charged the breast of his lion with a cup.
The DUKE of SAXONY, as one of the electors of the empire, carried over his a- levement of many quarters, by way of surtout, an escutcheon parted per fesse, and sable, two swords in saltier gules, hiked and pommelled or, as Elector Manscnal or the empire.
OF MARSHALLING ARMS, Vc. 41
The Duke of BAVARIA and PALATINE carries three shields tied together, the ilr.t on the right side, sable, a lion rampant or, aimed and langued gules contour/it-, (i. e. looking to the other's shield on the left)tbr the Palatinate ; the second shield, fusile in bend, argent and azure, of twenty-one pieces, for Bavaria; the third shield, below the above two, jfitle.t, charged with the imperial mond or, which he carries in solemnity before the emperor.
The Elector PAI.ATINI; of the RHINE carries parted per pale, first the Palatinate, second Bavaria, and in base a point gules, as third Elector. See book Jcu D\!> • mories d»s Sovereigns.
The Duke and Marquis of BRANDENBURG, (now King of Prussia) as Elector, car- ries over his achievement of many quarters, by way of surtout, azure, a sceptre pale-ways or.
The Duke of BRUNSWICK, (now King of Great Britain) as Elector of the Empire, carries over the fourth quarter of his majesty's arms, an inescutcheon, Charlemagne's crown; of whose imperial achievement afterwards.
Other nobles in the empire, upon account of their employments or offices, carried figures to represent them ; as the Earls of OLDENBURG, principal architects in the empire, carried in one of the quarters of their arms two beams of wood, blazoned bars. The Earls of SFIGELBERG, as master-hunters, carry a hart, proper. And the Earls of WERNEGERODA, as master-fishers, carry in their achievement a fish; as Hoppingius de Jure Imignium: so that offices and employments are not only the causes of obtaining arms at first, but also of multiplying several arms in one shield ; which was a practice with the Romans, Germans, French, English, &c. In France those who had offices of the crown, of old, under the first, second, and third races of the Kings of France, not only took their names 'from their offices, but their arms, as Hoppingius de 'jure Insignium, cap. 4. " In Gallia, omnes offi- " ciales coronte Franciie sub regibus, imae, 2dae &. 3tiae generationis, non assume- ' bant aliunde cognomina & insignia, quam ab officio quod gerebant ; cujus me- " moriam suis liberis &. descendentibus reliquerunt, qui eadem insignia &. cogno- " mina retinebant." And, for example, he gives the family of MUSSINI, who, of old, were Earls of SENLIS, and chief butlers of France, for which they carried, to. perpetuate their office, a shield quarterly, or and gules; the first to represent the king's gold cup, and the second the wine; so that the family had the name of Butlers of Senlis. To please some curious, I shall add our author's words, " In ' cujus rei memoriam (Pincernae) portaverunt pro insignibus clypeum divisum in ' quadras, ex auro & colore rubro, quod representabat poculum &. cantherium ' regis, &t colore rubro, vinum hacque de causa appellati sunt Pincernae Silvanec- " tini, i. e. Bauteliers de Senlis."
In England, another ancient family descended of ARGENTIUS, and BRIONINI a Norman, became chief butlers in the reign of William II. of England, and took for arms, gules, three cups or, to show their office, and introduced it as a surname to their posterity. The words of our author are, " Hi, a Davido Argentinio Nor- ' mano viro militari, qui sub Gulielmo Secundo meruit, &• nomen £• stemma duxe- runt;^ £• in hujus rei testimonium tribus scyphis argenteis in rubro clypeo usi sunt:" Which coat of office is quartered with their paternal coat, viz. or, a chief indented azure. From this noble stock of worthies, in a direct line, was descend- ed JAMES BUTLER Marquis of ORMOND,. and Earl of OSSORY in Ireland, of which he was Lord Lieutenant, and by King Charles II. created a peer of England, by the title of Lord Butler of Lanthony, and Earl of Brecknock, and the I3th year of that king's reign, Duke of Ormond in Ireland, and also a Knight of the Garter: He married the Lady Elizabeth Preston, daughter to Richard Lord Dingvvall in Scotland, and Earl of Desmond in Ireland, by whom he had three sons, Thomas Earl of Ossory, Richard Earl of ARRAN, and John. Richard died without issue, Thomas was summoned to the English Parliament by the title of Lord Butler of Moot-park, and was also a Knight of the Garter, and Rear- Admiral of his Majesty's Fleet : He married Lady Amelia Nassau, daughter to Lewis de Nassau, son to Maurke Prince of Orange, and Coirnt of Nassau; by whom he had issue three sons, James Duke of Ormond in England, Charles Earl of Arran, created Lord Butler of Weston m England, who carries the above quartered arms, with a crescent for dif- ference; and another, James, who died young. VOL. II.
42 OF MARSHALLING ARMS, tfc.
CARNEGIE Earl of SOUTHESK, whose arms are or, an eagle displayed azure, beak- ed, membred; and armed gules ; his predecessors, CARNEGIE of Kinnaird, were cup- bearers to our kings, for which, of old, they carried a gold cup on the breast of their eagle, to show their office.
Many civil and politia offices, which have symbols and badges, are not placed within the shield of arms of those in office, as those above mentioned, but at the back, sides, or foot of the shield ; such as the marischal's battons, the constable's swords, the admiral's anchors, the master-household's battons, the chamberlain's keys, &c. Of which more fully in the Treatise of Exterior Ornaments.
To put an end to this section, I shall mention here the arms of the Herald Offices in Scotland and England. Those of SCOTLAND are now argent, a lion seiant, full-faced gules, (being the crest of the royal achievement of Scotland) holding in his dexter paw a thistle slipped vert; in the sinister, an escutcheon of the second, and on a chief azure a St Andrew's cross of the first. Which arms are impaled on the right side with the paternal bearing of Sir ALEXANDER ERSK.INE of Cambo, the present Lyon King at Arms, being these of the Earl of Marr, with a crescent for difference, as a cadet of the family. This seal of office is no older than himself; for his father, Sir Charles, also Lyon King at Arms, had on his seal appended to patents ofarms given out by him, only his paternal arms; and any particular seal or badge our principal heralds had before, was the sovereign achievement of the kingdom, (called by other nations resmai/) which was hung by a chain of gold about the neck of the principal herald, and on the breast of his brethren heralds and pursuivants, by a ribbon, as their cognizance and badge : And the same, as I read, was practised by the heralds in England.
The principal heralds in ENGLAND, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and especially the Garter King at Arms, wore a badge of gold daily, whereon were enamelled only the sovereign's arms; as Ashmole, in his Institution of the Garter, page 208, and 253, and had no proper seal for the office, till Sir EDWARD WALKER, then Gar- ter King at Arms, obtained a licence from the Queen to distinguish himself from the other Kings at Arms, to impale St George's arms, viz. argent, a cross gules on the right side, with those of the sovereign's on the left: And about that time the seal of the office was formed thus, argent, a cross gules, and, on a chief azure, a crown imperial, environed with a garter, buckled and nuved, betwixt a lion passant gardant, and a flower-de-luce or, which were impaled' with the arms of Sir Edward Walker, as they were afterwards with those of his successors in that office.
The heralds in Germany, Flanders, and elsewhere, have the arms of their so- vereigns, enamelled or depicted on gold, affixed to their breasts : But I take them to be principal and learned heralds, by royal authority, and not such, as with us, who know nothing of the matter. As Sir John Baptista Chrystin, Chan- cellor of Brabant, in his curious book entitled Jurisprudentia Heroica, sive de jure Belgarum, circa nobilitatem et insignia, whose words are those, in the Spanish Flanders, from paragraph 8. after he had given an account of those of Germany and France, viz. " Quaslibet deinde provincia apud Belgas suum habet ' fecialem, ejus titulo celebrem, qui tesseram sive laminam insignibus ejusdem ' decoratam (vulgo 1'esmail d'office) pectori assutam gerit, & in festivo ' quovis ' apparatu ejusdem provincial rege armorum tunica indutus (vuigo la cottee ' d'arms du roy) dextra caduceum gestans assistit." But more of this afterwards, when I come to speak of the Rise, Nature, and Office of Heralds.
ARMS OF ALLIANCES.
BESIDES the arms of offices, as I said before, there are other causes of marshalling
:oats of arms in one shield, given us by eminent lawyers and heralds which
1 aimulatio, or msltipiicatio insignium. As Hoppingius de Jure Insignium,
De quarterns sive sectionibus, campis sive areis," called with us mar-
illed or quartered arms; and are marks of honour and greatness, esteemed by all
i upon many accounts, especially upon honourable alliances, and succession
feus: A practice frequent with the French; as Hoppingius, » EfFectus
lujus accumulations, sive conjunctionis insignium est augere dignitatem ;
OF MARSHALLING ARMS, tie. 43
a etenim hie mos &• usus, maxime receptus est Gallis, quo sciant &• intelligant his 41 mutationibus jure naturae, regnique legibus non derogari, sed augmentum esse " nobilitatis."
A quartered coat of arms is when the shield is divided into four quarters, or areas, by a perpendicular and horizontal line cutting the centre; and sometimes again these quarters or areas are also divided into as many quadras by the same lines, and are filled up with the arms of different families upon several occasions by heralds and lawyers called cumulatio armorum, of old latined scutum quarteria- titm, and of late, scutum quadnpartitum: But Mr Gibbon, an English herald, for quartered arms, says, scutum in quatuvr paries, lineis ad crucis modum duct is, secturn ; after some old heralds, who blazoned a quartered shield, parted per cross.
Heralds who write in Latin, call one of these quarters quarter la-., Chiffletius and Uredus make use of the word quadrant ; Jacob ImhotF the German, the word quadra; and others say area, for a quarter.
Sir John Feme, in his Glory of Generosity, gives us three sorts of quartered coats of arms ; the first he calls a plain quartered coat, the second a quartered coat, and the third a quarterly qu irtered coat: Which 1 shall explain, and give examples by whom carried with us, and other nations.
As to the first, a plain quartered coat is when the superficies or field • divided into four quarters or areas; and when the first and fourth quarters contain one coat of arms, the second and third another: so that there are but two different coats of arms twice repeated in a quartered shield ; which, says our author, is a suitable disposition of the arms of the son and heir of a gentleman who had to wife an heiress: the father's arms are placed in the first and fourth quarters, and the mother's in the second and third.
It is to be observed, that in marshalling arms with others, upon the account of alliance, and if both houses be cadets, their marks of cadencies must be continued upon both their coats.
Alliances then by marriages has occasioned the multiplication of many arms in one shield, not only almost by all the princes in Europe, but even by nobles high and low, to show their noble descent; and especially by the issue of those who have married heiresses, to show the right they have to territories and lands.
I shall begin with one of the ancientest examples of this kind I have met with in my reading. About the year 1117, FERDINANDUS, eldest son of Sanctius, to- named the Great King of NAVARRE, and Elivira, daughter of Ferdinand the VI. and last Earl of Castile, being the first that was honoured with the title of King of CASTILE, married Sanctia, daughter of Alphonsus King of Leon, sister and heir of Beremond who died without issue.
This Ferdinand, upon account of his wife Sanctia, got the kingdom of Leon; so that he became both King of Castile and Leon about the year 1160, and quar- tered the arms of those kingdoms thus; first and fourth gules, a castie triple, towered and embattled or, masoned sable, for the kingdom of Castile; second and third argent, a lion rampant gules, armed or, for the kingdom of Leon. Thus blazoned by Hoppingius, " Reges Castelline & Legionis, m insignibus, ferunt scutum " in parte superiori dextra, & in inferior! sinistra Castellum auteum in campo " rubeo; in parte superiori sinistra &- inferiori dextra, leonem fulvum in campo " albo exhibens."
The kingdom of Leon was a more ancient kingdom than Castile for many ages; for when Pelagias took that country and town from the Moors, about the year 722, it was always called a kingdom; and he took for his arms a lion, because it is said to be the King of Beasts: As our author, " Pelagius Legionis rex primus, circa " annum 722, eripiens Legionem civitatem a Mauris, leonem pro insigniis assumpsit, " quia leo est, &• interpretatur, rex omnium bestiarum."
Many are of opinion, that the arms of Leon, being those of the ancientest king- dom, should be placed in the first and fourth quarters ; and so to have the pre- cedency of the arms of Castile. Ludovicus Molina, a famous lawyer, defends the method of marshalling, as above blazoned, imo, That the greatest kingdom should be preferred to the ancientest. 2^0, Ferdinand was King of Castile by right of his father, and got Leon by right of his wife, nomine dotis ; and that in his titles he was named first King of Castile and Leon, preferring the title of the man
44 OF MARSHALLING ARMS,
to the woman, and the mother's titles ought to follow the father's : His words are, " Turn quod virilis stirpis imperiiim prcel'erri debuit foemineo, maternaque insig- " nia paternis insignibus cedere debuerunt."
The like practice was used in England by EDWARD III. the first of that kingdom, who quartered his arms with those of France. He placed France in the second and third quarters, as arms or" alliance, upon the account of his mother Isabel, daughter and heir of Philip IV. of France, and of her brothers, Charles IV. Philip V. and Lewis XI. successive kings of France, who died without any issue. Their cousin-gcrman Philip de Valois, as heir-male, ascended the throne : and, as Ed- ward Howes tell us, in his History of England, King Edward's ambassadors, who came to congratulate his accession to the crown, were questioned, Why the King of England placed the leopards of that kingdom in the first quarter before the lilies of France in the second ? To which Sir John Shorditch, the ambassador, made answer, That it was the custom of the times to set the title and arms of the fathers bd'ore those of the mothers ; which their king had, in reason and duty, done. From which it is to be observed, that arms of alliance, upon the account of ma- ternal descent, were then quartered with the paternal, which had the precedency of the maternal ; and which is yet the ordinary custom in Europe, excepting for some special reasons, as that of the same King Edward III. who, upon no other account, at first, quartered the arms of France, but upon the reason of his alliance: yet afterwards, in the i4th year of his reign, when he was encouraged by his allies, to claim the kingdom of France in right of his mother, he .placed those of France, as arms of dominion and pretension, in the first quarter, before the arm's of England ; which his predecessors have continued.
About the latter end of this king's reign, the English nobility began, .in imita- tion of him, to quarter with their own arms coats of alliances. JOHN HASTINGS, i'arl of PEMBROKE, who married Margaret, youngest daughter of Edward III. was the first subject in England, (says Sandford, in his genealogical History of that kingdom) who, in imitation of his king, had quartered arms, viz. first and fourth or, a manche gules ; second and third barry of twelve pieces, argent and azure, with eight martlets orle-ways gules, as arms of alliance with the family of Val- lance : which quartered coat he impaled with the arms of his countess, being then the same with her father's, France and England quarterly.
With us our great families did not all begin at one time to quarter their arms with other coats, upon account of alliance, and other considerations. The first practice of quartering I have met with upon seals, was in the reign of King Ro- bert II. who was crowned in Scoon the lyth of March 1371, as I have observed before. His sons, then, and Leslie, who married the heiress of Ross, with others, began to marshal their arms with those of other families ; of which, in the first part of this system. As also did DAVID LINDSAY, first Earl of Crawford, assume the coat of Abernethy, and quartered it with his own, upon the account he was descended of that family by the mother's side : for his grandfather, Sir David Lindsay, in the reign of King Robert I. married one of the three co-heiresses of Alexander Lord Abernethy ; whose arms wei'e or, a lion rampant gules, bruised with a ribbon sabls, quartered with his paternal, gules, a fesse cheque, argent and azure . Which figures were upon David first Earl of Crawford his seal ; and ever since have been continued by the family.
A long time after, the Earls of DOUGLAS and ROTHES being descended of the other two co-heiresses of the above Alexander Lord Abernethy, marshalled the arms of Abernethy with their own.
The great and illustrious house of Douglas, for what I have seen, had no quar- tered coats before William, the first Earl or Douglas, married Margaret, daughter of Donald, sister and sole heir, at last, to her brother Thomas, Earl of Marr : for, before this match, he had only his single paternal coat on his seal of arms, which I have seen appended to a charter of his, of the church of Meikle Cavers' to the abbacy of Melrose ; but after the marriage with Margaret Marr, countess and heiress of Marr, he quartered his paternal coat with that of Marr, viz. first and fourth argent, a man's heart gules, (not ensigned with a crown as now) and, on a chief azure , three stars of the first ; second and third azure, a bend betwixt six cross croslets fitched or, for Marr : which arms I have seen, on his seal, appended-
OF MARSHALLING ARMS, Vc . 45
to his charter, dated at the Castle of Kildrummy, the 22d of" July 1377, wherein he is designed Earl of Douglas and Marr, of the lands of Easter-Foulis, lying in the Earldom of Marr, and shire of Aberdeen, granted to James Mowat. Theii shield of arms on the seal was couche, and quartered, as 1 have said, with Douglas and Marr, supported by one lion seiant, holding up the shield, his head in a helmet, crested with a plume of feathers ; and, at each side of the shield, is a tree growing out of a mount, as a compartment, seme of cross croilets, and upon the compart- ment the right side of the shield rests. His son James, Earl of DOUGLAS and MARR, carried the same arms as his father, as is evident by his seals. He could not have carried Marr if he had not been the son of Margaret, Countess of Marr. It was this valiant Earl that overthrew Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur, in a combat at Newcastle ; and again defeat him in the battle of Otterburn, which wa.> fought the 3ist of July 1388. After the battle, this noble Earl James died in his tent. He had no issue but two natural sons ; and was succeeded by his half- brother Archibald, Lord of Galloway, in the earldom of Douglas ; and by his full sister Isabel Douglas, in the Earldom of Marr.
ARCHIBALD Earl of DOUGLAS and GALLOWAY carried three coats quarterly, first azure, a lion rampant argent, being the feudal arms of Galloway ; second, the arms of Douglas as above for his paternal coat ; third azure, three mullets argent, the arms of Elizabeth his wife, daughter and heir of Sir Thomas Murray, Lord of Eoihwdl, pa?iitarius Scotia, with whom he got the lordship of Bothwell ; and the fourth quarter as the first. It is to be observed, that this Earl and his father Earl William, quartered their wives' arms, being heiresses, with their own ; which it seems was our ancient practice, as well as to marshal them, as by impalement, or by way of inescutcheon. This Earl had nothing of the arms of Marr, so that they entirely belonged to Isabel Countess of Marr.
Lady Isabel Douglas Countess of Marr, married Alexander Stewart, natural son of Alexander Stewart of Badenoch, Earl of Buchan, fourth son of King Robert II. He is nevertheless called the eldest son of the Earl of Buchan, in a charter granted to him anno 1404, by his lady Isabel Douglas Countess of Marr : by which charter she gives him the Earldom of Marr and Lordship of Garioch, in consideration of the marriage : and no doubt it was also in consideration of that marriage that he is said to be the eldest son of his father ; which does not follow that he was not a bastard : For if he had been a lawful son, he had certainly succeeded his father in the earldom of Buchan, which earldom went to John Earl of Buchan, a younger son of Robert Duke of Albany. ALEXANDER STEWART Earl of MARR, by right of his wife, as said is, carried for arms on his seal, which I have seen, quarterly, first and fourth or, a fesse cheque (for Stewart), between three open crowns gules, which were the figures of the lordship of Garioch, and in these quarters he had no mark of illegitimation ; second and third, the arms of Marr as before, azure, a bend betwixt six cross croslets fitched or : He was commander in chief at the battle of Harlaw anno 1411, a man of great honour, an ornament to his country, and died without issue anno 1426. The earldom afterwards fell into the king's hands, and the sons of the royal family were afterwards designed Earls of Marr.
Many of our ancient families, since the reign of King Robert II. have been in use to quarter the arms of other families with their own, upon account of alliances and other considerations. Many of our ancient and principal families, as Keith Earl Marischal, Hay Earl of Errol, Ogilvie Earl of Airhe, Carnegie Earl of South- esk, Forbes Lord Forbes, and many great barons too numerous here to mention, have only been in use, and to this day, to carry their single paternal coats. Perhaps many of them have had no occasion to marshal their arms with others, and some of them have had good right to quarter the arms of other families, upon the ac- count of alliances and other considerations ; but upon what reason they have forborne them I cannot pretend to know. Perhaps, upon the mistaken notion, that the more single and plain the coat of arms be, it is the more honourable, and shows a principal family. But what does it lose of that appearance of honour, when marshalled plain and simple with other arms, upon the account of an ho- nourable alliance, noble feus, and other additaments of honour ? Since it has been, for many ages, the general practice of kings, princes, and nobles, to marshal other
VOL. II. M
46 OF MARSHALLING ARMS,
arms with their own, as rather an additament of honour than a diminution of it, and which does not in the least alter the quality of the bearer, according to the opinion of lawyers ; as Hoppingius de Jure Insignium, cap n. •' Cumulatio insig- " mum est argumentum aucti honoris; insignium siquidem auctione, honor et •' dignitas persona: superveniens, ejus qualitatem nunquam mutat aut extin- " guit."
That some of our ancient families, as I just now said, have had right to quarter the arms of other families with their own, upon the account of marriage, and have not clone it till of late, appears from what follows.
The ancient and noble family of MAULE, who carry, for their paternal arms, parti, argent and gules, a bordure charged with eight escalops, all counter-changed of the same, is originally French ; and have their name from the Lordship of Maule, near Paris, their first and original lands, in latter times erected into a mar- quisate. [Description of the Generality of Paris.]
ANSOLD .Lord of MAULE, and Rectrude his wife, made a donation to the priory of St Martine des Camps, at Paris, in the year 1015, mentioned by Laboureur in his History of Chamont ; and his son Guarin Lord of Maule, with Hersende his wife, is named in a charter of Robert King of France, to William abbot of St Germains, before the year 1031. (History of Montmorency by Du Chesne.) He was succeeded by his son Ansold, called by Ordericus Vitalis, forxhis great riches, Dives Parisiensis ; who left Peter, his heir, and Stephen, grandfather to Grimald de Maule, who, says Ordericus, was at the taking of Jerusalem in 1098, with Godfrey of Boulogne. Peter, next Lord of Maule, made a very great figure, with consent of his proceres et milites, says the above author, who lived near that time. He founded a priory at his town of Maule, for Benedictine monks of St Euvroul, to whom he gave his churches of St Mary, St Germain, and St Vincent, with many lands ; by his charter dated in the 1077, printed at length in the Historic Normunnonim Scriptures, p. 587 ; and in the year 1098 he was general of the French army against King William II. of England, who had invaded France, and obliged that Prince to raise the siege of Mountfort, and conclude a truce and re- turn to England. (Du Moulin's History of Normandy, page 267.) By Guindes- moth his wife, of a noble family in Champagne, he had four sons and as many daughters. Of the last, one was married to Baudry Count of Dreux, son to Baudry Constable of France ; another to Gaudier Lord of Poissy, whose descen- dants were heritable Pantriers of Normandy ; and a third to Hugh Lord Voisins, pre- decessor to the Seneschals of Toulouse. Ansold Lord of Maule, his eldest son, was a great captain, and famous in the wars of Italy and Greece : he was with Robert Duke of Apulia at the siege of Durrazzo, and distinguished himself at that great battle where Alexis Emperor of Constantinople was overthrown, anno 1106. He confirmed his father's donations to the priory of Maule, in presence of his barons and knights, whom he caused do homage to his eldest son Peter. (Orderi- cus Vitalis, page 589, 590.) He married Odeline Mauvoisine, daughter to Ra- dulph Lord of Rony, Governor of Mante, and died anno 1118. His son Peter de Maule, was one of the powerfullest lords of that time ; he was one of the French generals at the battle of Brenville, fought in 1119 against King Henry I. of Eng- land, and, in the year 1138, he went to the siege of Breteuil, accompanied with iorty knights; but, his power rendering him suspected, King Lewis le Gros came and demolished his strong castle of Maule. (Ordericus and Du Moulin.) He married Ade daughter to the Earl of Guines, and niece to the Lord of Montmo- ency, and was succeeded by his son Roger, who married Idone daughter to Wa- lon Viscount of Chaumont, and Matilde de Montmorency his wife. She is men- tioned with him in an agreement he made with the Chapter of Paris in the 119^ Grand Pastoral of Paris.) He had Peter, Robert, and Simon de Maule, abbot of Jomville. (Galha Christiana). Peter III. of that name gave certain vineyard* lying in his Lordship of Maule to the abbacy of Joinville, by his charter in the year 1224. Ot which I have seen an attested copy from the writs of that abbacy having his seal appended to it, which is very large; and thereon a shield of hi< , being a parti, with a bordure of nine escalops, and the legend Sif ilium Petti He is also mentioned by De la Rocque in his treatise Du Ban et .drnereban, among the Seigneurs of France summoned to attend the King in his
OF MARSHALLING ARMS, L 4 7
wars £««« I23^> arul again in 1242. He was succeeded by his brother Robert, who was in the expedition to the holy land with the Duke of Brittany and many French lords anno 1237, where he was taken prisoner by the Turks ; and, at hi-, return, founded the priory of St Leonard, in his barony of Panmuir, which lie-, • •ontiguou*. to Maule. His arms are done in ancient painting in the church of \laule ; the shield couche, parti, argent and gates, within a b< >rdu re sa hie, of twelve escalops of the first, v.'ith helmet, mantling, and wreath; upon which are three ostrich feathers or, for crest, and supported by two savages, proper, wreathed about the middle ; which ancient arms are cut in the Plate of Achievements. Below the arms is this inscription in old French : " Mes^ire Robert de Maule, lequel fut " prisonnier en Turquie, St a son re tour fonda le perieure de St Leonard, assis dan- " la Baronnie de Panmor, comme ill se veoit par les lettres de la fondation dudit " prieure datte' de 1'an mil. "
The arms of his son Bartholomew Lord of Maule, are also painted in the church, differing nothing from his father's, save that the supporters are two lions, proper ; and below are the following words :
" Messieur Bartholemy de Maule, filx de Robert, lequel dona aux religieux de " Joyenval le fief de Andeleu, assis en cette Baronnie, comme il se veoit par la " Chartre de don en L'Abbaye dudit Joyenval, datte de 1' an mil deux cent."
He died in anno 1248, according to the obituary of the abbey of Joinville, and was succeeded by his son William, who to a deed in favours of that abbey, dated 1263, appends his seal, of which I have seen a copy, being a shield a parti, as be- fore, and a bordure of eight escalops ; the fixed number now born by the family of Panmure, and the legend, S. Guill. de Maule Armigeri :\ He married Sidelene, daughter to John Lord of Torotte, Governor and hereditary Butler of Champagne, by whom he had Hugh, father to Peter Lord of Maule, who gives a charter to the priory of Maule, dated anno 1306 ; and has his arms also painted in the church, with lions for supporters, attended with an ancient inscription, such as those al- ready given. Another Peter, his grandson, married Julietta des Essars, daughter to the