AGAMANUSANDHANA SAM1TI. 7 A, Chaltabagan, Calcutta. * The object of the Society is the preservation and promulgation of a knowledge of the Agama by the publication of Texts and other works on the Sh&stra, by the copying and suitable distribution of Texts and other works dealing with the Agamas. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Vol. I. Tantr&bhidh&na with Bljanighantu and Mudranighantu.—k Tantrik Dictionary. (Revised and enlarged 2nd Ed. In preparation, ) Vol. II. Shatchakranirupana. — A work on Ku«ialiniyoga with two lucid Commentaries. Padukapinchaka— with Commentary. Edited by Taranatha Vidyaratna. Introduction by Arthur Avalon. 2nd Ed. thoroughly revised with variant readings ... ... 3 0 Vol . III. Prapanchasara Tantra.— h Tantrik Compendium by ShamkarAcharya. 2nd Ed. with the Commentary of Padmap&da and a gloss thereon. The book contains the general rules applicable to all the different forms of Tantrik Sadhana and worship as also a summary of eacu of the different systems ( nearly ready ) ... Vol. IV. Ktilachiidamaninigama. Introduction by AkrAaya Kumara Maitra, c.i.e., k.i.h. ... ••• ••• ••• 2 0 Vol. V. Kularnava Tantra. The most authoritative work on Kula Dharma. Edited by Taranatha Vidyaratna. Introduction by Arthur Avalon ... ••• ••• ••• ••• 4 0 Vol. VI. KaltUvildsa Tantra.— Edited by Mahamahopadhyaya Parvati Chara«a Tarkatlrtha. Introduction by Arthur Avalon ... 20 Vol. VII. Shrichakrasambhara.— Edited by Kazi Dawasamdup. A Buddhist Tibetan Tantra. Foreword on the Vajrajana by Arthur Avalon — {out of pr' c nt) ... ••• ••• ••• Vol. VIII. Tantraraja ( Kadimata ). Part I. Commentary by Subhaga- nanda-natha. Edited by Mahamahopadhyaya Lak^mawa Shastri This along with vol. XII gives a detailed account of Kadimata, one of three schools into which Shaktas of tne Shrlkula are divided. Full Summary ( 37 pages ) in English by Arthur Avalon ... 4 o Vol. IX. KarpUradi-stotra. The famous hymn to Kali by Mahakala. Text, with Introduction and Commentary containing the esoteric interpretation of the hymn by Vimalananda-Svaml. Translated by and with notes of Arthur Avalon ... .,.40 [ ii ] Vol X. Kdmaka lav Has a . Commentary by Na/ananandanatha. Edited by Mahamahopadhyaya Sadashiva Mishra. Complete translation by and notes of Arthur Avalon. This is a poetic description by Pu/syanda of the unfolding of the Divine creative impulse ... 4 o Vol XI Kaulopanishad , Tripuramopanishad , Bhcivanopanishad. Commen- taries on these and the Prayoga on the Bhavana by Bhaskararaya. Bahvrichopanishad , Arunopanishad , with Commentary ; Kdlikopan - ishad. Introduction by Arthur Avalon. Edited by Sltarama Shastrl. The Prayoga by Bhaskara shows how UpanL/zadik teachings can and ought to be imbibed ... ... ... 4 o Vol. XII. Tantraraja . Part II. Commentary by Subhaganandanatha. Edited by Mahamahopadhaya Sadashiva Mishra. Summary ( 74 pages ) in English by Arthur Avalon. This part gives the philosophy of Tantrik rituals. It also contains a description of the four stages of uttered sound. The student of astronomy will find much of interest in Ch. 25. ... ... ... ... 6 0 Vol. XIII. Mahanirvdna Tantra , with the Commentary of Hari- harananda Bharatl. Printed from Mss. of Raja Rammohun Roy... 7 8 Vol. XIV. Kauldvalmirnaya. By Jnanananda Paramahamsa. A com- pilation from various original Tantras. It gives an account of the rituals of Kula Dharma and also contains an account of the three classes into which mankind is divided and other important parti- culars necessary for an adequate knowledge of the Sampradaya ... 4 o Vol XV. Brahmasamhild with the commentary of Jiva GosvamI and Vishnusahasranama with the commentary of Shamkaracharya. Both these are highly venerated by Vai^avas. The Brahma Samhita was greatly valued by Shrl-Chaitanyadeva the founder of the present- day Bengal Vai^wavism. Jlva Gosvami wrote the commentary in compliance with the desire of Chaitanyadeva. These books show that there can be no conflict between the VaiVtova Tantras and those of other schools ... ... ... ### Vols. XVI 1 XVII. Sharadatilaka Tantra : By Lak^ma^adeshikendra. Commentary by Raghavabhatfa named Padartkadarsha— with a Summary ( 72 pages) in English. This is similar in character to the Prapanchasara. The text and the commentary which is very lucid and exhaustive will be of help for a proper understanding of also the Prapanchasara the language of which is at times rather involved. An alphabetical index of the verses is appended to the book ... 120 Dr. VVinternitz, in his History of Indian Literature, says “It is Sir John Woodroffe ( under the pseudonym of Arthur Avalon ) who by a series of essays and the publication of the most important Tantra texts has enabled us to form a just judgment and an objective historical idea of this relegion andjts literature” [ in ] WORKS ON TANTRA BY ARTHUR AYALON The Great Liberation . ( Mahanirva/^atantra). A Translation from the Sanskrit, 2nd Ed. revised with copious additional notes ... 150 Principles of Tantra ( Tantratattva ). Vols. I and II— ( out of print ) The Serpent power ( Shatchakranir upana ). A translatian of Vol. II Tantrik Texts with Introduction and copious notes by Arthur Avalon and colour plates of the Chakras. 3rd Ed. Contains the Text as in Vol. II Tantrik Texts ... ... ... 20 o Wave of Bliss . ( Anandalahari ) 2nd Ed. ... ... ... 1 8 Greatness of Shiva, ( Mahimnastava ). 2nd Ed. ... ... 1 8 BY ARTHUR & ELLEN AVALON Hymns to the Goddess ( from the Tantras and the Stotras of Shangkar- acharya )— ( out of print ) WORKS BY SIR JOHN WOODROFFE Creation according to Tantra •i. ... ... I 0 Shakti 6° Shakta. 3rd Ed. Studies in Kaula doctrine and ritual ... 12 8 Garland of Letters, Studies in the Mantra Shastra • • • ... 7 8 Is India Civilised T 3rd Ed. ... • t • ... 2 8 The Seed of Race, Thoughts on Education. 2nd Ed. ... 1 0 Bharata Shakti Addresses on Indian Culture 3rd Ed. ... 1 I The World as Power Reality in ... 2 0 Ditto Life in ... 2 0 Ditto Mind in 2 8 With Prof. P. N. Mukhop£dhyaya. Ditto Matter ... ... 2 8 Ditto Causality • M ... 2 0 Ditto Mdhamdya • •• — 5 0 TANTRIK TEXTS - EMERALD -PRINTING WORKS ^ _ 9t Nanda Kumar Chaudhuri 2nd Lane, Calcutta. TANTRIK TEXTS Edited by ARTHUR AVALON VOL. XVI 5 H A R A D ATI LA KATA NTRA/A PART. I. Chapters I — VII. Published for the AGAMANUSANDHANA SAMITI BY The Sanskrit Press Depository, 30, Cormvallis Street, CALCUTTA* 1933 EMERALD PRINTING WORKS, CALCUTTA, INTRODUCTION. The text alone of this book was first published by Rasikamohana Cha^/opadhyaya, who brought out so many Tantrik works, from Calcutta, in the Bengali year 1285 ( A. D. 1880 ), and it was printed in the Bengali character. Shortly thereafter Pandit Jlvananda Vidyasagara brought out an edition in Devanagara character. The first edition printed (in Benares) along with the commentary of Raghavabha//a was in the Samvat era 1953 (A. D. 1886 ). This book was also published along with a commentary named Gurt%arthadlpika by Madhavabha//a in the Samvat era 1941. This latter commentary is older than that of Raghavabha/z'a, for Raghava in some places cites it and controverts its interpretation. Raghava says that he wrote his commentary in the Samvat year 1551 (A D. 1484). The present edition is published in compliance with the desire of His Highness the late Maharajadhiraja Rameshwar Singh of Darbhanga, the President of the Agamanusandhana- samiti. His knowledge of, and reverence for, the Brahmanik scriptures were very great, and being a great admirer of Raghava’s commentary he felt that a better presentment of the book was desirable. The Benares edition was evidently based on a single manuscript, and suffers in consequence. We have had the advantage of consulting the following manuscripts : — (1) Manuscript loaned by the Asiatic Society of Bengal through the courtesy of its erudite Secretary Mr. Johan van Manen, C.I.E. (2) Manuscript loaned by Kumar Sharat Kumara Roy, M.A., of Dighapatia, Founder and President of the Varendra Research Society, Rajshahi, Bengal. (3) A summary of Raghava’s commentary presented to us by Rai Ishvari Prasad of Kallyasthana, Patna. (4) A manuscript belonging to Pandit Amiilya Chara^a Vidyabhu^awa, a copy of which was obtained. 2 INTRODUCTION (5) A Press Copy of the first eight chapters of the book prepared by the late Pandit Satlsh Chandra Siddhantabhuj*a*a. 1 here are several other commentaries on the Sharada which have not been published. There is one such named Shabdartha-chintamam in the Sanskrit College Library, Calcutta, by Premanidhi Pantha a well-known authority on Tantra Shastra. His wife Prawamanjari wrote a commentary on the Tantraraja an abstruse Tantrik work published as Vols. VIII & XII of the present series. ^^Nothing much about hakshmana Deshikendra the author > 6 ( the Sharadatilaka is known. At the end of his book he says that his father was Shnkrishna, his grand-father was Acharya Yandlta and his great-grand-father was Mahabala. All of them, he says, were men of great piety and erudition and enjoyed great reputation for the same. We are not aware if he wrote any other book. Raghava places him on a very high pedestal and gives us the further information that Laks/imaua was the disciple of Utpalacharya and in the line of his Gurus are Utpalacharya, Somananda, Vasumat and Shnkantha. He further says that hakshmana was impelled to write the book because of his compassion for men who wanted to know something about all the different forms of worship, but could not do so by reason of the voluminousness of the different Tantras, each of which dealt with a single form of worship, and also because of the abstruse character of the same. These Tantras the majority of men of his time were unable to master, as they were of limited intelligence and short-lived. Of Raghava we get the following particulars. His family belonged to Maharashtra and the name of the village is Janasthana (Nasik). His grand-father was Rameshvara Bha/Za and his father P^thvldhara. Both of them were famed for their great learning. Pmhvldhara migrated to Varanasi ( Benares ) and died there. The son was instructed in and became a master of the Vedanta and all other forms of Nyaya, BhaZZanaya, Gamta (Mathematics) in all its forms, Sahitya (Belles Lettres)’ Ayurveda, the ICalas ( Fine Arts ), Kamashastra ( Science of Introduction 3 Love ) and Artha-shastra ( Science of Polity and Political Government ). He had a profound knowledge of the Vedas, and was proficient in vocal and instrumental music. The commentary bears ample testimony to the many-sidedness and the encyclopaedic nature of his learning. He is the author, among others, of a commentary on the Lllavatl and on Kalidasa’s Shakuntala. The commentary on the Sharada gives an adequate idea of not merely the greatness of the spiritual culture of India but shows the great progress that had been made in every sphere of human activity. In expounding the text he has cited passages not from Mantrashastra alone, but has drawn his materials from mathematical and astro- nomical works, the Ayurveda, the Vedas and the Upani^ads, the Purawas and the Samhitas, the Shrauta Sutras and the Grzhya Sutras, the Brahmawas and the Shulvashastras, the Darshanas, the Chhandas, the Pancharatras, and a whole host of other authorities named and unnamed. The Prapanchasara is one of the books most frequently cited in support of his own interpretations, more so when he differs from that of other people ; and not merely has the text of the Prapanchasara been utilised for the purpose but in several places Padmapadacharya’s commentary thereon has also been cited as authority. In the majority of instances a text from the Prapanchasara has been cited as that of the great Acharya, the expression being always in the honorific plural. Padmapada’s name is also cited in the plural number. This is almost conclusive evidence that the Prapanchasara is the work of the great rnonist Shamkaracharya. There is a tendency among some scholars to cast a doubt about the authorship of the Prapanchasara. But in the face of the testimony of Raghavabha^a and other eminent commentatators such as Bhaskararaya, Lakj^mldhara, Nilaka^Ma and others, it is hard to agree with them. Both the Prapanchasara and the Sharadatilaka contain descriptive. accounts of the various aspects of the Brahmanik faith prevalent in India, and in both works the different forms 4 INTRODUCTION of faith are dealt with in a manner which shows a complete freedom from bias, a characteristic which is peculiarly that of Brahmanik India. That is so because they recognise that all the different forms of faith in the world lead to one goal, as it has been beautifully put by PuMpadanta in his Mahimna-stotra ( see Arthur Avalon’s ‘Greatness of Shiva’ ). It is perhaps not known that the Guru if he is wise, very seldom, if ever, initiates the disciple into his own form of worship. A disciple is initiated into that form alone for which he is competent. He is not even initiated into the form which was that of his ancestors. It is held that the man who has attained Siddhi in one particular form of worship becomes an adept in every other form and is able to understand fully these other forms. Shamkaracharya, for instance, was a Vai^/zava ; but his soul-stirring hymn to the Devi in the eleventh chapter of the Prapanchasara would lead any one to believe that he was a Shakta. His hymns to other aspects of the Supreme Brahman such as Shiva and others are just as soulfully worded. It is on this account that one belonging to the Brahmanik faith is enjoined not to speak slightingly of any other Shastra. We have become accustomed these days to hear of the various forms of worship being in conflict with one another. But in reality there is no conflict. It is only in the early stages of Sadhana, during, so to say, the period of probation, that the Sadhakas of the different forms of faith devote themselves exclusively to the forms into which they have been severally initiated. Ignorance of this and similar facts has in many instances led to very disastrous and discreditable results on the part of our present-day “scientific” researchers into Indian philosophy and culture generally. The Sharadatilaka is divided into 25 Chapters, twentyfive being the number of the Samkhyan Tattvas. The first chapter, says Raghava (under verse 87 Chapter XXV), is Prakmi as it deals with Creation. The twenty-three Chapters which follow demonstrate Prakrzti-Vik/'zti, and the last chapter which is devoted to Yoga demonstrates Purujv£a which is beyond INTRODUCTION 5 Prakrzti and Vikrzti. It may incidentally be noted that the Prapanchasara as also the Tantraraja are divided into thirty-six Chapters which is the number of the Shaiva Tattvas. CHAPTER I. The first verse of the Sharada is an adoration of the Supreme Being, Who is named Maha*. This Maha/i may be interpreted to mean the Supreme in either Its Male or Female aspect. This is dealt in detail in Chapters XXIII and XXV. Its body is ever-enduring Bliss. By the fifty letters of the Alphabet which are constantly emanating from that Maha^, is this universe of moving and motionless objects, of sound and the meaning thereof, pervaded. Men who are masters of the Vedanta call It Shabda- Brahman which is the inner Chaitanya ( stress towards particu- larized conciousness ) which abides in all. The moon adorns Its forehead, and It is the Lord of Speech. The verse as it stands, it will be noted, refers to the Maha/z (Radiant Energy) in the neuter gender. Raghava shows how this can be in- terpreted to apply either to Shiva or Shakti. In doing so, he also shows how the Shiva and the Shakti aspects are intimately connected with one another. The connection is that of A-vinabhava, i. e., that the one cannot be without the other, like heat and fire, a word and its meaning, and so forth. This Chapter, as has already been stated, deals with Creation. From this, ascending step by step, the Sadhaka reaches to an appre- hension of the formless and attributeless Brahman, the first glimpse of which is given in Chapter 23 and which is more fully dealt with in Chapter 25 and of which it is said that any expressions we use with regard to it are merely indicative (Laks^aka) and not attributive (Vachaka). Raghava discusses how this attributeless Mahai, as associated with Shakti, is competent to create. Verse 2 is an adoration of the consort of the Maha/l of the first verse. The third verse is an adoration of the Gurus. 6 INTRODUCTION Raghava cites texts which say that the Guru is not to be looked upon as a mortal. He who does so can never attain Siddhi by the repetition of Mantras and worship of Devatas. The reason for this is that the human Guru is but the channel through whom Grace descends, and is the material embodiment of the supreme Shiva or Brahman who is the Guru. Raghava cites texts from Shruti, Smnti and Agama which show the necessity of a Guru. In verses 4 and 5 the Author says that he shall in this book give the essential parts of the Tantras which are helpful in the attainment of the fourfold aims of human existence, viz., Dharma, Artha, Kama and Mokj/fca. He also speaks of the Creation of the Word and of the Meaning thereof, and of Muni, Chhanda/6, Devata and the rules relating to Yantras and Mantras. The word Sharada is capable of different interpretations. One of these is She who grants the fruit of one’s Karma and at the same time destroys the same as Chit-shakti and leads to Libera- tion. He defines the Muni of a Mantra to mean the sage who discovered the Mantra. Chhanda/2 is that which envelops and thereby protects the Deva who is concealed therein. Devata is that which is revealed by the Mantra. The Prayoga of a Mantra is the use of it, according to the injunction of the Shastras, for the attainment of Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. He next cites texts from Ar^eya Brahmawa, Katyayana Shrauta-sutra and Yajnavalkya Smnti which speak of the absolute necessity for a person practising a Mantra of knowing these. All these however, says RaghavabhaZ/a, are for those who worship Devatas in their gross form. He then quotes some verses from the Tantraraja ( Chapter 35 ) which say that one’s own Atma is the Devata. It pervades the universe. Nyasa, Japa, Puja, Horna and other rites are useful for the realisation of this. The author next proceeds to describe creation - this has been dealt with by Sir John Woodroffe in his paper ‘Creation in the Tantra’, which has been reprinted in his book ‘Shakti and Shakta’. INTRODUCTION 7 Up to verse 1 3 the author speaks of creative Sound in its ara state, and this is followed by a description of the work- ings of PashyantI and Madhyama. Having spoken of Shiva in Its two-fold aspect of Nir- guna. (Attributeless) and Sa-gu^a ( Endowed with attributes ) an of the manifestation of Shakti, Nada and Bindu and of the emanation of Bindu, Nada and Blja from the firs! indu, the author proceeds to say that from the second Bindu originated Raudri and from Nada originated ]yesktka and from ija originated Varna and from these three emanated Rudra I ? T- r d .y^ U - They are res P ectiveI y Jnana ( wisdom ) hchha ( will ), Kriya ( action ) and correspond with Vahni ( Fire X Indu ( Moon ), Arka ( Sun ). When the first Bindu ursts and divides itself into two, there arises a volume of sound in which the letters of the alphabet are indiscernible. his sound is Shabda-Brahman. Some define Shabda-Brahman to mean mere external spoken sound ; others speak of it as inner sound ( Antara-Shabda ). Both these interpretations are erroneous ; for Shabda-Brahman, says Ubhasa, is some- nng inert ( Jatfa ) but is the Chaitanya in all beings i e it is the stress towards articulate sound. This is the Pars stage of thTf 4 Th, l Sh o b , da ' Brahman ’ H is Said in verse > 4 , assumes the form of Kumfall and manifests itself in the form of letters in all animate creatures. In verses 15 and 16 it is said that from Shambhu who is Bindu, (Bind vatma) and 0116 with Kala ( Kalatma ) and co-eval with Kala ( Time ) originated Sadashiva who is the allpervading witness of the world. From Sadashiva emanated isha from him Rudra, then Vi^u and then Brahma. ava sa y s that the eternalness ascribed to Prakmi and Kala is Apek^aka ( consequential ). Puru^a alone is by his very nature eternal, for when every ting isappears, Pururia endures. Raghava cites a text (which also occurs in Kramadipika which is a Vaisfeava work) wherein the process of dissolution is described. In verse ,7 the author begins to speak of the creation of the Tattvas and says that when 8 INTRODUCTION there is a change in the unmanifest Prakmi — the Supreme Substance and the root of all — there emanates therefrom Mahat- tattva which is the aggregate of the three Guzzas (Sattva, Rajas and Tamas) and is one with Buddhi, Ahamkara and Chitta. The Shaivas identify Mahat-tattva with Buddhi-tattva. The Ahamkara here spoken of is of three kinds, viz., Vaikarika, Taijasa and Bhutadi. From the first which is Sattvika emanate the ten Devas, viz., Dik ( Space, Ether ), Vata ( Air ), Arka (Sun), Prachetas ( Varuzza, Water ), the Ashvins (Herbs), Vahni ( Fire ), Indra ( Ruler), Upendra ( Vi^zzu, Protective principle ), Mitra ( Sun ) and Ka ( Brahma, Creative principle ). From Taijasa Ahamkara which is Rajasika emanate besides Manas, the ten organs of sense, namely, five of perception and five of action. And from Bhutadi Ahamkara which is Tamasika originated the five elements, viz. Ether, Air, Fire, Water and Earth in the order of the Tanmatras which first originated. From Sound (Shabda-tanmatra) originated Ether ; from Touch ( Sparsha-tanmatra ), Air ; from Form ( Rupa-tanmatra ), Fire ; from Liquidity (Rasa-tanmatra), Water ; and from Smell ( Gandha-tanmatra ), Earth. The text proceeds to say that Ether is transparent ; Air is black ; Fire, red ; Water, white ; Earth, yellow. The region of Ether is circular, that of Air is hexagonal, of Fire is triangular, of Water is of the form of a half-moon with a lotus therein and that of Earth is square in shape. These have been fully dealt with in the ‘Serpent Power’ for the English reader. In the Devl-bhagavata, ( Book 3 chapter 4 ), these have been described in greater detail and in a popular form ; and though there is some difference in minor particulars, a study of that will greatly help in understanding the scheme. The great commentator Nllaka«/^a in commen- ting on the text of the Devi-bhagavata has cited these verses from the Sharada. Verses 25 and 26 say that the regions or Mazzz/alas of the five Bhutas contain the letters which belong to the different Bhutas. It may be noted here that the letters are classified into five classes according to the number of the introduction 9 Bhutas. This is described in greater detail in Chapter VI. It is here also stated that the five Bhutas originate from the five Kalas, — Nivmti, VraXisktha., Vidya, Shanti and Shantyatlta which in their turn have' originated from Nada. Verse 27 says that this universe of moving and motionless objects is composed of the five Bhutas. Motionless objects are divided into countless forms such as mountains, trees and the like. Moving objects (V. 28 ) are of three kinds, viz., (1) Moisture-born ( Sveda-ja ), (2) Egg-born ( Arcafa-ja ) and (3) Womb-born (Jarayu-ja). Moisture produces worms and the like, from eggs are born serpents and the like, and from the womb ( V. 29 ) are born human beings and the like. Then the text goes on describing how out of the union of 'Mian and woman conception takes place and explains the cause of the birth of a male, female and hermaphrodite. In verse 31 it is said that some disembodied soul bound by its own actions ( Karma ) enters into the foetus and animates it. In this connection Raghava cites another text which des- cribes the birth of a tree from its seed, the process being somewhat similar to Maithuna Sriskt'u Verses 32 to 38 describe the gradual growth, day after day, month after month, of this foetus ; how from a tiny gelatinous lump it grows into full human shape with all its senses. Raghava cites among others a text from Adhyatma- viveka which describes this process of growth and says that the Ojo-dhatu ( Ojas ) comes into the foetus in the eighth month and is then in a constant state of restlessness, now moving into the mother, now returning to the child. This Ojas is of a transparent yellowish red ( Shuddham a-pita- raktam ), and is the immediate cause ( Nimitta ) of vitality. In verse 39 the author says that the body born partakes of the nature of Fire and Moon or the Sun and the Moon. The right side is Sun, the left side is Moon. In verse 40, the text speaks of the principal Naafts and in Verse 43 it says that the Naate are countless. Verse 44 speaks of the ten airs, viz., Pra«a, Apana, Samana, Vyana and Udana ; 2 IO INTRODUCTION also Naga, Kurma, Krzkara, Devadatta and Dhananjaya. Raghava says that according to some there are fourteen Vayus ( airs ), the names of the other four being Vairambhazza, Pradyota, Praknta and Sthanamukhya. They function in different ways in the body and are named accordingly. The names of the ten- Fires are in the same way given by Raghava and they are, he says, named differently by different authors. In verse 47 it is said that the nerves ( Snayu ), bones ( Asthi ) and marrow ( Majja ) are derived from the father ; and the skin (Tvak), flesh (Mangsa) and blood ( Asra ) from the mother. Raghava cites an authority who differs from this view. Verses 48 and 49 describe how the child remains in the womb and its birth. The text proceeds to say ( Vv. 51—57) that thereafter Ku«a!alinl Shakti who is Chaitanya-rupa ( Consciousness-em- bodied ), all-pervading and lightning-like, who is in all Tattvas and all Devas, subtler than the subtle and is Shabda- Brahman, manifests herself in the child at the time of its birth. The text then proceeds to describe ( Vv. 58-107 ) how Kuttdfalinl is in the Mantras, Yantras arid every thing else. Verses 108 and 109 say that Kurcdalinl who is Shabda- Brahman and all-pervading brings forth Shakti, then Dhvani, therefrom Nada, Nirodhika, Ardhendu, Bindu, one from the other. From Bindu comes Para sound and thereafter PashyantI, Madhyama and Vaikharl sounds. Raghava, in commenting on these, cites texts from the Tantraraja ( Ch. XX VL ) which describe the process by which Para changes into PashyantI, PashyantI into Madhyama and this last into Vaikharl. He also quotes from the i?zgveda ( 1,164,45 ) which shows th^t the three different stages preceding articulate sound are recognised in Shruti also. In verse 112 it is said that Nirodhika is Fire, Ardhendu ( Half-moon ) is Moon and Arka ( Sun ) is the union of the two ; as the letters originated from Bindu, they therefore partake of the nature of Shiva and Shakti, because the Sun is both Shiva and Shakti. INTRODUCTION II CHAPTER IT. In this chapter the author speaks of the Vaikhari Srisht\ } i. e. creation manifest as the spoken word. The letters of the alphabet, it is said ( Vv. 1-6 ), are pushed along the channel of the Suj^umna and articulated with the help of the throat and other vocal organs. Of these articulate letters the vowels are called lunar ( Saumya ), and the consonants solar (Saura) and the Vyapakas, letters from Ya ( q ) to K^a (qf), are fiery ( Agneya ). There are 16 vowels, 25 consonants and 10 Vyapakas. Of the consonants 24 are the 24 Tattvas, the letter M (*j) being the Puru^a. The first of each couple of vowels is short and the second is long. The four vowels in the middle ( i. e. 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th ) are neuter. In verse 8 it is said that without the vowels the consonants can not be articulated, It is on this account that the letters are called united Shiva and Shakti (Shiva-Shakti-maya). The vowel which helps the articulation being Shakti ( power ) and the portion articulated being Shiva. The attention of the reader is drawn to V. 1. of the famous poem by Shamkara- charya called the Ananda-lahari ( The Wave of Bliss ), In verses 9 and 10 it is said that as the letters of the alphabet have originated from the Bindu from which the five Bhutas ( Elements ) have emanated, the letters fall under five heads, and belong to one or other of the five Elements. The commentary says A (q), A (qi), E (q), Ka (qf), Cha (q), 7 a (z), Ta (cf). Pa (q), Ya (q), Sh a (q), are aerial ; I (f), I (t), Ai (q), Kha ( to rule. His carrier is Vrisha. which means Dharma. Shiva’s rule is based on Dharma. Vrisha. is commonly translated to mean a bull, which it also means. In verse 2 is given his Mantra of six letters. Verses 3-6 describe Nyasa. The commentator cites a verse which says that the six limbs ( Skadanga ) of Shiva are, — All-knowingness, Content- ment, Limitless knowledge, Self-dependence, Imperishability and Limitless power. The text proceeds to give ( Vv. 7-12 ) Golaka Nyasa. Verse 13 contains the Dhyana of Shiva : — He is lustrous like a mountain of silver with the beautifully shining moon on his forehead. He is adorned with gems and carries in each of his four hands a battle-axe, a deer and the gestures of granting boons and dispelling fear. He is gracious of mien, seated on a lotus, raimented with a tiger-skin and 46 INTRODUCTION surrounded by all the Devas who are singing his praise. He is the source of the universe. His form is the universe. He dispels all fears. He has five faces with three eyes in each. This is followed by ( Vv. 14-31 ) rules of Purashchara#a and other rites. Verses 32-33 contain a Mantra of eight letters and rules relating there to. Verse 34 contains the Dhyana of Shiva as the Deva of the Mantra : — He is red like the Bandhuka flower and has three eyes. A digit of the moon is on his forehead. He has a smiling face and in each of his hands is held, a trident, a skull and the gestures of granting boons and dispelling fear. On his left knee is seated his beloved, holding in her left hand a beautiful red lotus and with the other hand embracing him. She is adorned with gem-studded ornaments. Verses 35-48 contain rules of Purashchararaa and other rites. Verse 49 contains the Prasada Mantra and this is followed by ( Vv. 5°*55 ) rules relating to Nyasa and so forth. The commentator here cites the Vedik Rtks of Ishana, 1 at-puruj^a, Aghora, Vama deva and Sadyo-jata. Verses 56-84 describe how Nyasa is to be done with the ^?fks. Verse 85 contains the Dhyana of Sadashiva : — He is the Lord whose five faces are, respectively, the colour of pearl, yellow, rain-cloud, mother of pearl and hibiscus flower. He has three eyes in each face. He is of the efful- gence of millions of fullmoons. In each of his ten hands he has a trident, a battle-axe, a sword, the thunderbolt, the fire, a great serpent, a bell, a goad, a noose and the gesture of dispelling fear. He is adorned with priceless gems. This is followed by rules relating to Purashchara^a and other rites. Verse 98 contains the Prasada Mantra of eight letters. Verse 100 contains the Dhyana of the Deva : — I adore him who is of the colour of vermilion. On his INTRODUCTION 47 head is a gem-studded crown and the Moon. On his forehead is shining his third eye. His lotus face is illumined with a smile. The gems and ornaments he is wearing are of celestial excellence. On his left knee is placed the right hand of his beloved who, with the other hand, is holding a red water-lily. One of his hands is on the rounded and high breast of his beloved and with the others he holds the Veda, a battle- axe and the gesture of granting boons. Verses 101-104 contain rules of Purashchararca and rituals. Verse 105 contains the Mantra of Shiva as Mmyunjaya ( Conqueror of Death ) and verse 108 his Dhyana His three eyes are the Moon, the Sun and the Fire. He has a smiling face. He is seated on a lotus and another lotus is above him. He is of the effulgence of the moon. One of his hands is held in the gesture of Jnana-mudra, and in each of the others is a noose, a deer and a rosary of kkska. beads. The nectar flowing from the Moon in his matted hair, bathes his body. He is wearing garlands and other gems. His beauty charms the universe. He is the Lord of creatures and the Conqueror of Death. Verses 109-124 contain rules relating to Purashcharawa and so forth. Verse 125 says that, he, the Lord of Uma, should be meditated upon in the heart for the alleviation of all pain. Verses 126-128 contain some more ritualistic rules and verse 129 gives his Yantra. CHAPTER XIX. Verses 2 and 3 give the Mantra of Dak^ma-murti. This is followed by the usual particulars about the name of the Rish\ and so forth. Verses 10-18 contain a description of the place where he is, and as his subtle ( Suk^ma ) form is ineffable, the Dhyana in verse 19 is of his gross ( Sthula ) form : — 1 adore him who is like the Mount Kailasa. On his matted locks is the crescent moon. His gaze is fixed on the tip of his nose. He is three-eyed and is seated in the Vira posture 48 INTRODUCTION ( Vfrasana ). He is gracious of mien carrying in three of his hands the Jnana-mudra, a battle-axe and a deer and one hand is placed on his thigh. Serpents encircle his waist. He is surrounded by the Munis. It may be noted that all the Dhyanas given in the book are of the Sthula forms only for the help of the Sadhaka towards that which words cannot describe. This is followed by rules relating to Purashchara«a and so forth. Verses 25 and 26 contain directions regarding a method of making of Brahmlglm'ta by Sadhakas of this Mantra. Verses 27, 28 give another Mantra and this is followed by, as usual, the name of the Rishx and so forth. Verse 31 contains the Dhyana of Daks^i«a-murti as the Deva of this Mantra : — I adore him who is three-eyed and is of the colour of crystalline silver. In two of his hands are a rosary of pearls and a jar of nectar, and with the other two he is making the gestures of Vidya and Jnana. On his forehead is the Moon. He is adorned with many kinds of ornament. Serpents encircle his waist. Verses 32-41 deal with Purashchara«a and rituals. Verses 42, 43 contain the Mantra of Shiva as NilakawMa ( Blue-throated ) and verse 48 is his Dhyana : — He is seated on a lotus. His effulgence is that of ten thousand young suns. On his matted locks is a digit of the moon. He is raimented with tiger-skins and great serpents are his adornment. He is beautiful and has five faces with three eyes in each. In each hand of his is held a rosary, a trident, a skullcup and a skull-mounted staff. Verses 49-54 describe Purashchara^a and other rites. Verse 55 gives the Chintamam Mantra Verse 58 contains the Dhyana which is that of Ardhanarishvara. Verses 59-82 describe Purashchara«a, rituals and Yantras. Verse 83 contains the Tumburu Bija. INTRODUCTION 49 Verse 90 gives the Dhyana : — He is red and has four faces with three eyes to each. His noses are flat. The crescent moon adorns his head. He is decked with priceless adornment. He is smeared with red unguent and his raiment is red. He is decked with red flowers. In his hands are a skull-mounted staff ( Kha/vanga ), a noose, a goad and a white skull -cup. Verses 91-108 contain Purashcharawa and rituals and 109 the Yantra. Verses no, hi contain Khaafga-ravarca Mantra. Verse 120 gives the Dhyana : — He has five faces and ten hands, is red in colour and his raiment is red. This is followed ( Vv. 1 21-132 ) by Purashchara#a and rituals. CHAPTER XX. Verses 2-4 give the Aghorastra Mantra of 51 letters. Verse 10 gives the Dhyana of Aghora : — He is dark like the heavily laden rain-clouds. He has three eyes and terrific fangs. His raiment is red, so also is the unguent on his body. In his hands are a battle-axe, a Z?amaru ( small drum ), a sword, a shield, a bow, an arrow, a trident and a human skull. Serpents circle round him. He is to be meditated upon as of different hue for different Prayogas ; such as, black for Abhichara, white for Moksz&a and so on. Verses 12-21 deal with Purashchara«a, rituals and Prayogas. Verses 22 and 23 describe two Yantras. Verse 25 gives the Pashupatastra Mantra of six letters. Verse 27 gives the Dhyana of Pashupati. This as also Aghora are fearsome aspects. Verses 28-31 deal with Purashcharawa and other rites. Verse 32 contains the Mantra of K^etrapala and verse 34 the Dhyana : — He is dark like a mountain of dark blue collyrium. His hair is of a tawny hue. He is raimented with space, 7 INTRODUCTION $ Serpents are his adornment. His eyes are round and angry. In his hands are a mace and a skull. He has terrific fangs. His body is wonderful. I bow to him. Verses 35-40 deal with Purashcharawa, rituals and Prayogas. Verses 44-45 contain Apaduddharawa ( rescuing from danger ) Mantra of Vaifuka. It is of 21 letters. Verse 50 gives the Dhyana of Va/uka in his Sattvika aspect : — He is a boy, bright and white like crystal. He has three eyes and his face is cheerful and charming with its curly hair. He is decked with ornaments of great beauty, set with nine kinds of gem. His raiment is white. In his two hands he is holding a trident and a stick. Verse 52 gives the Rajasa Dhyana of VaAika : — He is in colour like the rising sun, three-eyed and is smeared with red unguent and wearing a red garland. He has a smiling face. With two of his hands he is making the gestures of granting boons and dispelling fear and in each of his other two hands is held a skull and a trident. His throat is blue. He is decked with hundreds of rich ornaments. On his head is shining the moon. His raiment is of the redness of the Bandhuka flower. Verse 53 gives the Tamasa Dhyana : — He is of the colour of a blue mountain. He has a digit of the moon on his head, fear-inspiring fangs and three eyes. He has tawny hair and the points of the compass are his raiment. Serpents adorn him and he is wearing a garland of heads and on his feet are toe-rings set with gems. In his hands he holds a serpent, a bell, a skull, a small drum, a goad, a sword, a noose and the fear-dispelling gesture. Sattvika Dhyana is for those who wish to avoid accidental death, seeks happy long life and Liberation ( Moksha ). Rajasa Dhyana is for those who seek Dharma, Artha and Kama and Tamasa for such as seek to injure their enemies and counteract evil influences. Verses 55-131 deal with Purashchara^a, and Prayoga. v introduction 51 Verses 132-134 give the Yantra for averting danger. Verses 135-136 contain the Cha«^a Mantra of 3 letters. Verse 139 gives the Dhyana of Chazz^a : — He is red, three-eyed, garbed in red and on his head is the Moon. He has in each of his hands a battle-axe, a trident, a rosary of crystals, and a Kamazzz&du. Verses 140-148 give rules of Purashcharazza, and so forth. Verses 149-159 is a hymn to Shiva : — Thou art the form of Earth, Water, Fire, Air, Ether, the Sacrificer, the Moon and the Sun. Thou art beneficent and abidest in all that is : Obeisance to Thee ! Thou abidest in the Upanij/zads, Thou art Shruti, Shruti owes her birth to Thee. Thou art beyond the senses. Thou art the eternal Maha^ : To Thee Obeisance again and again. Thou art neither gross nor subtle. Thou art good ( Shambhu ). Thou destroyest the ills of this world. Obeisance to Thee, O Bhava ! Thou art far beyond all polemics. All-knowing Thou art and grantest the fruits of penance, And the fourfold aims of human life. Obeisance to Thee and again obeisance t Thou hast no beginning, no middle and no end. Thou dispellest all fear. Attributeless art Thou and great. Yogins alone can meditate on Thee : To Thee obeisance and again obeisance ! Thou art the Universe, and beyond thought. Thou destroyest the pride of Kama. Thou annihilatest Time. On Thy forehead shines the Moon. To Thee obeisance again and again ! 52 INTRODUCTION Thou eatest poison and Art seated on the constantly moving Vrisha. The flowing waters of Ganga holds like a string Thy matted locks in place : To Thee obeisance ! Pure Thou art and purifiest, Thou art the innermost Atma of the pure. Thou art the destroyer of Tripura. Thou art all and Thy name purifies : To Thee obeisance ! Thou grantest Enjoyment and Liberation to Thy votaries, And art to them devoted. Thou hast no home, no cloth to cover Thyself, Yet art Thou the Ruler of the Universe : To Thee obeisance again and again ! Thou art the root of the Three ( Brahma, Vishnu, Rudra ). Thou hast three eyes. Obeisance to Thee ! Thou art the Light of the three Lights ( Sun, Moon, Fire ). Thou destroyest rebirth : To Thee obeisance ! The gems in the diadems of Devas and Asuras tint, With a rosy tint, Thy feet. Charming and beloved Thou art, And hast to Thy beloved given half Thine own body : Obeisance to Thee again and yet again ! CHAPTER XXL After having described the rituals of the five classes of worshippers ( Panchopasakas ) commonly known as Tantrikas the author here begins to speak of Vedik Mantras. In this chapter he first speaks of the Gayatrl Mantra which makes the Sach-chid-ananda Brahman manifest. The twenty-four letters of the Gayatrl ( V. i ) are the twenty-four Tattvas. Raghava cites a long passage from the Prapanchasara ( Ch. XXX ) which shows how the Vyahntis and the Gayatrl point towards the Brahman. Introduction 53 Verses 2*8 give the names of the Risk is of the Vyahntis and of the Gayatrl, the Chhanda/fc, the Devatas and so forth. The Mantra itself being Vedik has not been given. Verses 9*14 speak of the different forms of Nyasa to be done. Raghava cites a long passage from the Kalpantara which shows how each single letter of the Gayatrl has to be placed when doing Nyasa. Verse 15 gives the Dhyana of the Devi Gayatrl : — She has five faces which are of the colour of pearl, coral, gold, and blue and white respectively. Each face has three eyes. Her gem-set crown has the Moon on it. The twenty-four letters of the Mantra compose her body. Two of her hands are held in the gestures of granting boons and dispelling fear and in each of the other hands she holds a goad, a whip, a white skull, a noose, a conchshell, a discus and two lotuses. Raghava cites texts which shows the different ways the Devi is to be meditated upon in three different times of the day, namely, morning, midday, evening. The Mahanirvawa-tantra also gives the three Dhyanas. ( See Avalon’s ‘Great Liberation Ch. V. ). Verses 16-31 give directions about Purashcharawa and so forth. Raghava here gives the fourth part of the Gayatrl, of which use is made by those who seek Liberation. Verse 32 speaks of the TrisMip Mantra. The Mantra is given by Raghava in his commentary and he says that being a very wellknown Mantra in the /?zgveda it has not been given by the author. It is of 44 letters. Verses 33-38 contain information about Risk i, Chhandai, Devata and so forth and the rules of Nyasa. Verse 39 gives the Dhyana of Durga as AnalatmikS ( Fire ) : — She is of the effulgence of streaks of lightning and is seated on a lion. She is terrific of aspect and surrounded by young virgins who are carrying swords and 54 INTRODUCTION shields. She has three eyes and has the Moon on her forehead She has in each of her hands a discus, a conchshell, a sword, a shield, a bow, an arrow, a trident and the Tarjanl-mudra ( Chiding gesture ). Verses 40-56 give rules of Purashchararca, ritualistic worship, Prayoga and information about articles to be used in, and the proper time and place for doing, the rites. Inverse 57 it is said that the previous Mantra becomes, if reversed ( Vilomapa^ita ), the Agneyastra Mantra. The Dhyana of the Devata of the Mantra it is said ( V. 59 ) has to be learnt frnm the Guru. With verse 60 begins a description of how Vedik Mantras made up of parts of the Trij///up Mantra are to be used for gaining worldly advantages, injuring enemies and so forth. In describing these rites the Mantras of Durga in her different aspects are given. These forms are Atidurga Garn- durga, Vishva-durga, Sindhu-durga, and Agni-durga. Verse 146 gives the Yantra. CHAPTER XXII. In verse 2 it is said that the Ati durga Mantra is called Dinastra and ( V. 3 ) if it is reversed it is called Kmyastra. Verses 3-88 contain injunctions relating to the different purposes for which these Mantras may be used. Verses 89-97 give the Lavaca Mantra and the name of the Risk i and other particulars. Agni, Ratri, Durga and Bhadrakali are the Devatas of the Mantra. Verses 100, 101 give the Chi/i Mantra of 24 letters. Verse 102 gives the Dhyana of Agni, 103 of Ratri, 104 of Durga and 105, of Bhadrakali. Verses 106-164 contain rules relating to Purashchara«a worship and the manner the Mantra is to be used for the attainment of the object desired. INTRODUCTION 55 CHAPTER XXIII. This chapter speaks of the Traiyambaka or Anu^/up Mantra. It is of 32 letters. The Mantra which is Vedik is not given in the text but Raghava supplies it from the ^fgveda. Verses 2-8 give the name of the Risk i, Chhanda^ and so forth and direction regarding Nyasa. Verse 9 gives the Dhyana : — I adore Shiva. He is seated on a lotus of transparent whiteness. He is beautiful like Mount Kailasa. He has three eyes. On his diadem is the digit of the moon. With two of his hands he is bathing his head with nectar out of two jars held in two other hands. In two of his other hands are held a deer and a rosary. On two hands resting on the body are placed two jars. Verses 10-33 £P ve rules relating to Purashcharawa, worship and the way the Mantra is to be used in Prayoga. Verse 34 says that the Mantra of 100 letters is made up of the letters of the Mantras of Gayatri ( 24 ), Trisktup ( 44 ) and Anm^/up ( 32 ). Verse 3 7 gives the Dhyana : — I adore the great Maha^ who is Truth and im- measurable, the Source of the words of Shruti, Cause of the Universe, spread over the moving and the motionless, the object of meditation of those Munis who have restrained their senses. He is the Sun, Fire and Moon. The hundred letters of the Mantra form his body. He is the Prawava, all-spreading Nityananda ( Enduring Bliss ) and beyond the three Gumis ( Sattva, Rajas, Tamas ). Raghava interprets this verse with illustrations from Shruti and gives an alternative interpretation whereby the Dhyana becomes applicable to Kum/alini Shakti. This shows the relation of in-separateness ( A-vina- bhava ) between Shiva and Shakti. Verses 38-51 contain Purashcharami and other particulars. Verse 52 speaks of the Varum Rik. 56 INTRODUCTION The Rik which is in .ftfgveda is supplied by Raghava. Verse 57 gives the Dhyana of Varuwa : — He is seated on a lotus and is lustrous like the moon. Gracious of aspect he is holding in two of his hands a noose and a goad and with the other two, making the gestures of dispelling fear and granting boons. He is adorned with pearls. This is followed by ( Vv. 58-70 ) rules of Purashcharawa worship and so forth. In verse 71 the author says “I now speak of the rules of Prawapratfo^Ma ( Life-infusing ) Mantra whereby the Mantras previously mentioned become quick with Life*” Verses 72-75 describe the Mantra. This is followed by the name of its Ristn and so forth. Verse 85 gives the Dhyana of the Devi of the Mantra : — She is red and is seated on a red boat in a red ocean. She has three eyes. In each of her hands is held a noose, a goad, a bow, an arrow, a trident and a skull. Verses 86-103 give rules of Purashcharawa and so forth. Verse 104 gives the Yantra. Verses 105- 1 14 describe different kinds of Mudra. Verses 1 15-120 describe different kinds of rosary and the benefits that are respectively derived therefrom. Verses 1 21-135 speak of .S^a^karma, that is, the different rites for attaining the six objects, such as, Shanti ( Peace ), Stambhana ( Paralysing ) and so forth. Some of the technological expressions used in the book are also explained ( Vv. 136-145 ). Raghava has further illustrated this by citing texts from various authorities. CHAPTER XXIV. This chapter ( Vv. 1-86 ) describes thirty-six different kinds of Yantras. They are to be worn for averting evil influences, curing fever, averting the effect of Abhichara employed by an enemy, controlling a recalcitrant wife and various other purposes. INTRODUCTION 57 Verses 87-110 is a hymn to the Devi Anandamayl ( Bliss ) who is Shabda Brahman and Cause of the Universe. The hymn begins by saying “O Mother ! I sing Thy praise so that thereby my words may be purified. Thou art the primordial Mother of all. Thou hast created the bodies of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva and Thou dost create, maintain and withdraw into Thyself the three worlds.” Again the hymn says (V. 91 ) that though the Devi is the first of all ( preceded creation ) yet She is in the first flush of Her youth ; though She is the daughter of the rocky Mountain ( Himalaya ) yet is She soft ( kind ) ; though She is the Mother of the Vedas, She is not seen by them ; though meditated upon, She is beyond the scope of the mind. It is again said ( V. 102 ) that Shiva not satisfied with looking at and admiring Her with two eyes created in the excess of his adoration a third eye on his forehead the more fully to see the beauty of Her thighs. CHAPTER XXV. This chapter deals with Yoga. It begins by saying ( Vv. x — 3 ) that according to Vedanta the union of Jlva and Atma is Yoga ; according to the Shaivas, the knowledge of the oneness of Shiva and Atma is Yoga ; according to the Uttaramnaya the realisation of the inseprateness of Shiva and Shakti is Yoga. The dualistic Vais^zavas and others say that the knowledge of the Purawapuru^a is Yoga. Pura#apurui/&a, according to the dualistic Vai^wava, is Purm^ottama ; Sankhya says it is Puru^a ; Naiyayikas say it is Ishvara. The first thing, the aspirant for Yoga has to do, is ( V.4 ) to conquer the six enemies, namely, Kama ( Desire for sexual and other enjoyment), Krodha (Urge to injure), Lobha ( Thirst for wealth and the like ), Moha ( Ignorance of the Real, the Tattva ), Mada ( Pride of birth, wealth, learning and the like ), Matsara ( Envy ). These can be conquered by ( V. 5 ) the eight limbs 8 58 INTRODUCTION ( Angas ) of Yoga. These are Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pra- wayama, Pratyahara, Dhararca, Dhyana and Samadhi. Yama, it is said ( V. 7. ), consists of Ahimsa ( Disin- clination to injure ), Satya (Avoidance of untruth ), Asteya ( isinchnation to steal ), Brahmacharya ( Disinclination for sexual enjoyment ), IOz'pa ( Compassion ), Arjava ( Guileless- ness ), K^ama ( Absence of anger towards an aggressor ), nti ( Imperturbability ), Mitahara ( Restriction of food to just what is needed for the preservation of the body ), Shaucha ( External purity leading to purity of disposition ). Raghava cites texts which explain these more fully. He says that by Ahimsa and Brahmacharya, Kama is vanquished • and by Knpa. and Mama, Krodha. By the practice of Asteya, Satya and Arjava, Lobha is killed. Mitahara and Shaucha destroy Moha. By Mama and Arjava is Mada Matsara^ AhlmS *’ Kri &> Arjava and Mama destroy Niyama comprises ( V. 8. ) Tapas ( Penance ), Santoiia ( Contentment ), Astikya ( Belief in a future life leading to the practice of Dharma ), Dana ( Charity according to one’s means for discharging debts due to the Devas Pitre and MaiMyas ), Devapujana ( Worship of the I^a-devata * Form of the Brahman adopted by the Sadhaka ), Siddhanta- shrava«a ( Listening to the teachings of the UpanMads and other Shastras ), Hri (Aversion towards low and wicked pursuits), Mati (Discrimination), Japa (Recitation of Mantra with concentration in manner enjoined by the Guru ) and Homa. '* Verses 9 to 15 describe the five Asanas, namely, Padma Svastika, Vajra, Bhadra and Vlra. Verses 16-22 describe Pra«ayama and its different stages. Verses 23 defines Pratyahara to be the restraint of the senses from the objects thereof. Verses 24 and 25 describe Dhara«a. Shortly it means the restraint of the vital air ( Pratta-vayu ) in different part of the Sadhaka’s system. introduction 59 This is fully explained by Raghava by citing a text from Vashis^^a Samhita. Dhyana means (V. 26 ) meditation on the Sadhaka’s own Is/£/a-devata as the Atma, with mind unperturbed and immersed in his own Chaitanya. Samadhi (V. 27 ) is the constant realisation ol the oneness of the Jivatma and the Paramatma. After saying ( V. 28. ) that the length of a man’s body is 96 fingers’ width of his own fingers and that in the human frame are both Shiva and Shakti or as some say both Fire and Moon or as others say both Semen and Blood, the text proceeds to describe Kuwdalinl Yoga. The Na^is and Chakras are ( Vv. 29—32 ) described as in the .S/kaA:hakra-nirupa«a ( vide Arthur Avalon’s ‘Serpent Power* ). In speaking of the Chakras or Adharas the author says ( V. 33. ) that there is a difference of opinion as to the number of the same. Verse 34 speaks of the Naafe. Raghava states that some say that there are twelve Chakras, others that there are sixteen and others again, that they are many. He cites some texts in support of this. Verses 35-38 say that KundaYmi abides in the Muladhara and resting on the Hamsa^ unites with the Paramatma. Hamsa^ rests on vital breath ( Pra«a-vayu ). Verses 39-47 describe how and when the Sadhaka should sit and begin his practices and how he should proceed. Particular attention is drawn to the necessity for the Yog! to know which of the Bhutas ( Elements ) is dominant in his system at the time. Verses 48, 49 speak of the manifestation in the inner consciousness of the Yog! of the ten kinds of Dvani ( Sound ). The different sounds are the same as in the HamsopanE/Jat cited by Raghava. Verses 50-53 speak of the origin of the Pra#ava. It is here shown how the Pra«ava is immanent in the Ajapa 6 o INTRODUCTION ( Hamsa^ ) Mantra which is both male and female — Ham being male ( Pum ) and Sa/£, female ( Praknti ). Verse 54 describes Pra^ava. It is supreme Bliss and ever is. It is Chaitanya or Jnana and inseparate from Atma. Verses 55-57 speak of the ineffable Ku^astha Brahman. He is far beyond the word of the Vedas. From him emanate the Shastras. He is self-manifest, Bliss itself and Light itself. He is Truth and beyond all arguments, the source of the Vedas, the Cause of the Universe, spread over all that is moving and motionless and without compare. He is the inner- most Chaitanya. The Sun, Fire and Moon are his body as He is Light ( Prakasha ). He is seen by the Yogis whose senses are controlled. He is realised by the seven parts of the Prawava. He is immeasurable. The Upani^ads lead up to Him. He is Samvit all-spreading, unchanging and imperish- able. He is the transcendent Tejas the massive nectar of Bliss. [ The text has the neuter pronoun ]. All that has here been said of the Ku/astha or Nirgu^a Brahman do not describe but merely point towards him. For the benefit of those who cannot apprehend and worship the Nirgu^a or attributeless Brahman, verses 58-61 speak of the worship of the Brahman in his creative and other aspects as preparatory steps towards it. As such He is Hira^ya-garbha, variegated Light, Source of the three ( Brahma, Vxsknu and Shiva ), the Seed of the Vedas and other Shastras, the Chaitanya in the region of the Sun, the Puru,y/£a no bigger than the thumb ( Angu^Ma-matra Purus^a ). He is again described as resting on the Great serpent Ananta ( Bhujanga-bhoga ) in the ocean of milk. He is united with Kamala ( Lak^mi ), dark like collyrium with lotus-like eyes, the bridge between Dharma and Adharma ( Dvivararca ) and so on. Meditation on the Pra«ava as one with the body of Shiva is the highest form of image worship. The inner meaning of Bhujanga bhoga or Ananta-bhoga is different from what is popularly understood. Bhujanga or Introduction 6i Atlanta means the Brahman who is endless. He who enjoys ( Bhungkte ) this Ananta is Ananta-bhoga. The sense is that the Brahman with attributes emanates from and rests on the attributeless Brahman. Verses 62, 63 speak first of Sabija Yoga. It is said that YLunddiWm is Yinda. which means lumped up, A. U. M. and is therefore the Pra^ava. She is Shiva ( Shivatma ). Hamsa^, the inner self ( Antaratma ) of all, is her place ( Pada ). Bindu is the form ( Rupa ) of limitless lustre. The union of Shiva and Shakti is beyond form. Sadhakas when they go beyond this world of forms to the apprehension of the Union of KuWalini with Shiva attain Sayujya Mukti. When every- thing is dissolved in Shiva who ever is, and nothing is desired, it is Nirblja Yoga. This is Sarupya Mukti. Verses 64-79 describe Raja Yoga which is effected by meditation on KuwofalinI whereby the Atrna is realised. Ku«^alinl ( V. 64 ), when she wakes up and moves from the Muladhara upward like a flash of lightning along the channel of Sus/Jumna, pierces the six Chakras as she goes upward and when she reaches the Sahasrara, she unites with her Lord, Para Shiva. Then she returns to her own abode in the Muladhara. Verses 65-72 give some attributes indicative of the subtle and transcendent nature of Kuwafalini and a description of her progress to the Sahasrara and end by saying that though, for the purposes of Sadhana, she is endowed with attributes she cannot be known by them, she can only be meditated upon ( Dhyeya na vedya gundJxh ). Verses 73-76 contain a hymn to Ku«afalinl intended further to stimulate the Sadhaka’s earnestness for Yoga. It is said (V. 73 ) when she goes up shining like lightning the lotuses on her path put on a smiling appearance gladdened by the charm of her presence. Verses 77-82 contains a Dhyana of Ku«^alinl. In this further details of her progress upward is given. Verse 77 says that the letters of the alphabet, as also the 62 INTRODUCTION Sliaktis, Z?akini and others, the Devas, Brahma and others are in the six Chakras. Verse 78 says that when Kuwafalinl moves up like a streak of lightning, she unites with the three Shivas, Svayambhu in the Muladhara, Vawa in the Anahata and Itara in the Ajna Chakra. The three coils of Ku«^alini are the three Guwas, — Sattva, Rajas, Tamas. In Verse 82 it is said that the Yog! gets the fruit of Yoga when with his senses perfectly controlled and his Dhl ( higher unerring mind ) absolutely immobile, he places his own Atma in the Parashiva who is the void not limited by space and time, the mere Chaitanya and in whom the five Karawas are dissolved. The five Karawas or causes of any action, Raghava says, are, — Upadana, Samavayi, Nimitta, Prayojaka, Sahakari. The proofs were in part read by Sj. Haridasa Mitra, m.a. and partly by Sj. Panchanana Sankhya-Vyakararcatlrtha. April 1933 A.S. Note on the first Chapter by Sj. Jnanendra Lai Majumdar. “I shall speak the beneficial Saradatilaka which is the essence of the Tantras, the first cause for the attainment of Dharma, Artha, Kama and Mokra ( religious merit, wealth, desire and liberation )”. With this introduction ( x. 4 ), the author, Lakxma«a, begins the book, a compendium of Tantras extant in his time, and in 25 chapters deals with the theory and practice of Tantrik worship. As the Tantra Shastra is preeminently a practical Shastra dealing with Upasana or worship of the Deity with rites, Mantras and Yoga, the author has devoted only a small chapter, tne first, to the philosophy underlying the practice. The philosophy of the Tantra. 2. “Eternal Shiva should be known as Nirgu«a and Sagu«a. Nirgu«a is dissociated from Praknti and Sagu«a is associated with Prak^/ti” ( 1. 6 ). Thus, in the beginning, there were two ultimate principles, Shiva and Praknti, the principle of consciousness and the principle of unconsciousness. This looks like Sankhya dualism, but it is not so. For in Sankhya unconscious Praknti is the Cause and there is no room for God or Ishvara. Nor is it the dualism of the Yoga system of Patanjali, for therein an individual, enjoying freedom from the troubles of the world, is the Ishvara, and Praknti is the cause. Here ( *• 7 )> however, “the supreme Ishvara who is rich in the wealth of Sat ( Existence )-Chit ( Consciousness )-Ananda ( Bliss ) jand associated with Praknti”, is the cause. ( Light is a better rendering of Chit than Consciousness, and perhaps Life is a better word for Sat than Existence. ) It is, therefore, a form of monism in which Shiva is dissociated from and associated with Praknti ( mrgun&h sagu«ashcha ). This Shiva cannot be the ultimate principle of absolute consciousness as conceived in Shankara’s monism in which the principle of consciousness or Brahma is the only reality, Praknti and its products being really unreal, and even Ishvara or creator God vanishes in moksha or ultimate dissolution ( “ishvarastur!yagrasa^”-Nnsimhata- pani Upanuad ). Verse I speaks of one Shiva, and not two Shivas, dissociated from and associated with Praknti. Hence he cannot be identified with Brahma of Shankara’s philosophy who is never associated with Praknti, the unreality. It cannot also be said that the association of Brahma with Praknti is the view-point of the ignorant Jiva, for here the author is enunciating the first principle in his system of philosophy and presenting an ideal for attainment 6 4 INTRODUCTION by Tantrik Sadhakas. At least in the absence of farther elucidation by the author himself we cannot be justified in identifying his Saguwa-Nirgu^a Shiva with the Nirgu^a Brahma of Shankara’s philosophy. Moreover, it should be considered that Tantra being preeminently an upasana shastra cannot hold up Nirgu^a Brahma, who is in no way associated with the Action of creation, as the object of upasana. Upasana must, somehow, be theistic. 3. The authority for such a view of monism may be found in such texts of Shruti as, — “te dhyanayoganugata apashyan devatmashakting svagu«aimigthf/&am” ( Shvetashvatara Upaniiad 1, 3 ) — Rapt in meditative concentration they saw the self-energy ( atma-shakti ) of the Divinity hidden by its potencies ( gurcas ) ; “m&yang tu praknting vidyan mayinang tu maheshvaram” ( I bid IV, 10 ) — Maya should be known as Prak^/ti and the May! [ the lord of of Maya ) as Maheshvara ( great Ishvara ) ; “sa vishvaWdvishvavidatmayonirjna^ kalakala gu«i sarvavit” (I bid VI, 16) — He is the maker of the universe, the knower of the universe, Himself His own cause, the sentient, the death of Death ( or time ), the possessor of gu«as ( potencies ), the cogniser of all. 4. The association of the Divinity with Prakr/ti or Maya is pithily put fprth in the Gita, — “daivl hyesa gu«amayl mama maya duratyaya” ( Bhagavad- Glta VII, 14 ) — this Divine Maya of mine, consisting of gu^as ( potencies ), is difficult to surpass. 5. Indeed all sects of Upasakas, the treaders of the path of Bhakti princi- pally, seem to have idealised a form of Divinity in which the Supreme, who is all consciousness, is associated with unconscious creative energy for the purpose of creation which is His sport ( Ilia ), maintaining at the same time His own purity and blissfulness. According to the dualistic VaL/savas, He is ever sagu^a, possessed of infinite inscrutable potencies, the nirguwa aspect being only a passive phase in His creative manifestation or emanation. He is the infinite God with infinite expansion out of whom an infinite number of atomic Jlvas have been flung out as pawns in His divine Sport of Love, ever remaining distinct from Him but finding their summum bonum in their service of Him in His kingdom of Heaven. According to the Shaktas He is sagu«a as the Creator and nirguwa as the Liberator, all Jlvas being, on liberation, merged in the infinitude of His eternal Being. He is both sagu^a and nirgu^a, neither sagu^a nor nirgu«a, beyond all gu^as but still of them. Between Him, the Shiva, and the Jlva, there is only the bar of the bonds of individuality ( Jlvahood ). The Jlva, when he has thrown off this bondage, becomes Shiva, “P^shabaddho bhavejj'iva^ pashamukto maheshvara^”. 6. Sagurca Shiva, “rich in the wealth of Existence or Being, Consciousness and Bliss”, is the Self-sufficient ( svatantra, svayampur/za ) energised conscious Being out of whom creation is evolved. He is both the material and the efficient cause of the creation. The first steps of the evolution are as follows — INTRODUCTION 65 Sagu«a Shiva ( energised consciousness ) Shakti ( conscious energy ) Nada ( conscious energy in undifferentiated vibration ) Para Bindu or Shabda— Brahma ( conscious energy in undiffer- entiated consolidation ) Table I ( verses 7-16 ) I Bindu ( differentiated conscious energy = Shiva ) 1 Rudra = Ichchhashakti ( volition energy ) called Fire, representing Tamas gurca. Blja ( differentiated conscious energy = Shakti, the seed of creation ) .1 Visnu = Jnana Shakti ( cognition energy ) called Sun, representing Sattva gutfa. 1 Nada ( the resultant conscious energy in vibration due to the coalescence of Bindu and Blja ) 1 Brahma ■= Kriya Shakti ( action energy ) called Moon, representing Rajas gutfa. 7. This is a creative evolution, without any vikara or diversifying change, in Sagu^a Shiva, caused by His will ( Ishvara-chodita ). In Him, the infinite energised conscious Being, there awakes, first of all, conscious energy, the Shakti or Maham&ya who is the Mother of the world and with whom He is one. This Shakti or, rather, Shiva-Shakti, rouses in Herself a cosmic creative vibra- tion, not yet gathered in diversified centres, and is called Nada. This infinite undifferentiated conscious vibratory energy becomes next somewhat consoli- dated ( ghanlbhuta ), that is, attains a state of imminent differentiation ( vyakara^onmukhata ).. This is called Para ( supreme ) Bindu. He is more significantly called Shabda-Brahma, the universal conscious sound, the cosmic toll in which shape Sagurca Shiva, the Parameshvara, rings out the creation as an endless diversity of conscious energy. ( It should be remembered that mass and energy are interchangeable according to modern science ). In the individual living being it is the Ku^alin! energy. Shabda — Brahma is the first creative aspect of the Great God out of which evolve the differentiations of conscious energy in three forms, namely Bindu, the parent of will or volition, Blja, the parent of perception or cognition, and Nada, the parent of action which springs out of a combination of cognition and volition. ( Cf. Parasya shaktirvividhaiva shruyate SvabhavikI jnanavalakriya cha. Shvetashvatara Up. VI. 8 ). In volition there is the play of desire, born of ignorance. In it, therefore, Tamas, that is, the blinding potency ( gurca ) of Praknti, pre- 9 66 INTRODUCTION dominates. In cognition there is the light of knowledge. In it Sattva* the revealing or enlightening potency of Prakriti, predominates. And in action Rajas, the active or exciting potency of Prakriti, predominates. They represent Rudra, Vi^rn and Brahma, the Destroyer, the Preserver and the Creator, of Hindu theology, the differentiated triple aspect of Parama Shiva or Mahamaya or Shabda-Brahma who are one. 8. Out of Para Bindu or Shabda-Brahma evolves the endless diversified creation, with which we are acquainted, from the subtlest conscious energy, Mahat or intelligence, to the grossest energy constituting the physical world which seems to be entirely devoid of consciousness, though we have no right to say that it is really so. The following table ( Table II ) gives the order ; Table II ve rses 17 — 26) Para Bindu or Shabda — Brahma Mahat ( intelligence ) I Ahangk&ra ( egoism ; I— sense ) (The 10 senses— 5 senses of perception and 5 senses of action — are consi- dered as conscious energies, their consciousness aspects being the presiding deities of their unconsci- ous energy aspects, the sense or nerve powers which are the kara«as or instruments of their presiding deities. ) The Tanm&tras, 5 in number, which are the subtle princi- ples of solidity, fluidity, luminosity, vitality and spatiality. The deities presiding over the senses, 10 in number ( sattvika ) The senses ( indriyas ), 10 in number Shabda Tanmatra Akasha ( sound or spatiality ) ( space ) ( life or vital air ) Vayu Sparsha Tanmatra ( touch or vitality ) ( fire or light ) Tejas Rupa Tanmatra ( form or luminosity ) Apa ( the waters, liquid and gaseous fluids ) Rasa Tanmatra ( taste or fluidity ) Kriti ( earth ) Gandha Tanm&tra ( smell or solidity ) INTRODUCTION 6 7 The original ( verse 18 ) speaks of io presiding deities, but Raghava Bha//a, following the Sankhya classification, explains Ka as referring to both PrajSLpati, the deity presiding over the sexual organs, and Moon ( Chandra ), the deity presiding over mind, thus making the number of deities and of the senses eleven, with mind as the nth sense. But as the text runs, we should rather include mind in Mahat as a phase of the inner sense ( Anta/£kara;za, verse 17 ). 9. From Shabda-Brahma or the conscious cosmic sound, the conscious cosmic energy stirred up to the point of diversifying creative potentiality, evolves Mahat or cosmic intelligence, from the Mahat, Ahangk&ra or cosmic feeling as I, one universal ego out of which the diversified world of subjects and objects is to evolve, the samaj/i Puruja comprehending in Himself the world of subjects and objects. The fulfilment of the “I” — sense, necessitated by the creative urge, comes from the evolution, out of it, of the subject as the cogniser and actor, the object as the cognised and the instruments of cognition and action. Hence evolve the universal deities presiding over the universal indriyas for the cognition of the universal objects, the sense-gods, the senses and the objects of the senses, all out of the universal Ahangkara. As regards the objects of the senses, Hindu Philosophy has never recognised any essential differences between them. They are all of the same origin, differing only in the degree of cohesion or consolidation and thus giving rise to different distinctive properties cognised by the different senses. They are all manifestations of energy and in their subtle forms are characters rather than matters with characters and are hence called Tanmatras or Tanm&tras ( tat- that, matra- only ), things in their essential character. The subtlest of the Tanmatras is Shabda ( sound ), a mere vibration or pulsation of energy. From it evolves, in the grosser scale, Akasha or space, the seat of all material vibrations. The next of the Tanmatras, evolving out of Shabda, is Sparsha ( touch ), the character which constitutes the root of all perceptions, for all perceptions are primarily the feelings of touch of the per- ceiver with the objects perceived. It is the vitality or life-principle underlying all perceptions. Out of it evolves, in the grosser field, Vayu, or vital airs, which in the material body, constitutes its life. 10. The word Vayu is generally taken to mean the physical air, probably because the presence of air is generally proved by sparsha or touch only. But it is doubtful whether even the ancients could consider the physical air as a subtler matter than light or heat. Moreover, the Rig Veda speaks of the apa ( the waters, as they are usually but perhaps incorrectly translated ) as being both water and air. For, the heavenly bodies, the sun and the moon are said to be moving in currents of ipa, certainly meaning thereby currents of physical air which, they thought, pervaded all space ( 1 ). The sun is called apangnapat, ( I ) Cf. Rigveda I, 23, 17 ; VII, 49, 4 ; VII, 85, 3 ; II, 35, 4 ; VII, 30, 4 Where celestial waters are spoken of. 68 INTRODUCTION that is, the son of apa ( 2 ). Hence apa would include all fluids, both liquid and gaseous. From such considerations I have taken Vayu to mean the vital airs, the life-principle of the senses which function through sparsha or touch. In the Upanirads the senses or indrlyas are called pra«as ( modes of life ), and Vjyu is pra«a, The indriyas are the shaktis of perception, the prjwas underlying it, and Vayu constitutes these shaktis or pra«as. Again, the Chhando- gya Upanuad speaks of the physical world as constituted of tejas, apa and anna (fire, the waters and food or earth )( 3 ). This tripartite (trirnt) constitution of the physical world can never be complete without air, for even a barbarian will say that air is a necessary constituent of it. Commentators, therefore, who consider Vayu to mean air, have been obliged to consider the Chhandogya statement as incomplete and seek to supplement it by statements from the Bnhadara«yaka and other Upanisads which speak of the creation of Akasha and Vayu before the creation of Tejas. But the proper view should, I think, be to divide the five -Akasha, Vayu, Tejas, Apa and Kriti— into two groups, placing Akasha and Vayu in one group, and Tejas, Apa and Ksiti in the other, so that the principles of space and vitality may be separated from the principles of heat, light, fluidity and solidity of which the material world, as we call it, is constituted. And this is what the Chhandogya Upaniiad seems to have done. 11. From the Sparsha-Tanmatra evolves the Rupa Tanmatra, the principle of visibility or luminosity, which gives the visible appearance ( rupa ) to objects, and from it evolves, in the grosser scale, heat and light ( tejas ). The next in order is Rasa-Tanmatra or the principle of fluidity which gives to every object its distinctive rasa or taste and from which evolve all liquids and gases. The last is the Gandha-Tanmatra, the principle of solidity which has the distinctive characteristic of smell, it was supposed, and out of which the solid earth is evolved. 12. These five, Bhutas ( existents ) as they are called, are forms of Shakti or energy. The energy in Akasha ( space ) is called Shantyatita, the Very Quiescent. The energy in Vayu ( vital air ) is Shanti, the Quiescent. That in Tejas ( heat & light ) is Vidya, the Enlightener. That in Apa ( the fluids ) is Prattf// 5 a, the Stay. And that in Ksiti ( Earth ) is called Niwtti, the F inal. All these evolve from Nada, the conscious energy in vibration which is personi- fied in Brahma, the Creator or Kriyashakti ( action-energy ) who is the result- ant of the coalescence of Rudra, the Ichchha-shakti ( volition-energy ), and Vir«u, the Jnana-shakti ( cognition-energy ). See Table I. 13. Here ends the order of universal creative evolution by the will of God- The involution is in the reverse order, says Raghava Bhatfa. 14. All this world, c onsisting of moving and non-moving things, is v v V ' 35 ; l > 22 > 6 : VI > 5 °> *3 i VII, 34, i S ; VII, 9, 3 i a> 2, 7 ; x, 30, 4. ( 3 ) Chhandogya Up. VI, 2, 3-4. INTRODUCTION 69 composed of the five Bhutas ( existents, Ksiti, Apa, Tejas, V&yu and Akasha ). Many are the forms into which non-moving things are divided such as rocks, plants and so forth. Moving things, however, are divided into three classes, namely, those which are born out of secretions or heat (svedaja), those which are born out of eggs (aw^aja) and those which are born out of the womb ( jariyuja ). Man belongs to this last class of jarayujas ( uterines ).” ( Verses 27-29 ). It should be noted that things are divided into moving and non-moving things and not into living and non-living things. The Hindus have always known plants to be living although non-moving and have always been averse to classify any objects as absolutely non-living. They have rather the idea that there is life or sensation in every thing, however much obscure or crude it may be. Everything in the universe, they suppose, is made up of a conscious factor and an unconscious factor, the conscious factor manifesting itself as the living subject capable of sensation and the unconscious factor manifesting itself as the object of sensation through sight, touch and so forth. This point has been tersely put by Hindu philosophers as “d/ishyatvat jadatvam”, the fact of being unconscious comes from the fact of being an object of perception. Thus such parts of a man as are capable of being seen, heard, touched, tasted or smelt, or becoming in any way objects of perception make up the unconscious factor in him and the part of him which can perceive the sensations of sight and so forth is his conscious factor. And it is the blending of these two, the conscious factor and the unconscious factor, which constitutes life. The world is evolved out of energised consciousness, Sagu^a or Sakala Shiva, that is, consciousness in intimate association with Gu«a or Praknti or unconsciousness. Hence no part of it is absolutely devoid of consciousness, as no part of it is absolutely devoid of unconsciousness. And through this intimate association of the two there is life or sensibility everywhere, whether we detect it or not. 15. Into the womb enters a Bindu ( drop ) which is male, female or neuter and a combination of ovum and sperm, “and then an atma controlled by the chain of nescience in consonance with previous karma assumes jlvahood ( the state of individualised existence ) therein ( in the Bindu )” ( verse 31 ). The Bindu is surely not the spirit that inhabits it. But the question is, how did the spirit come to inhabit it ? Was the spirit in the sperm or was it in the ovum or was it in neither but came later to the body built in the womb ? The Shruti leans to the idea that it was in the sperm ( vide Panchagnividya, the science of Five Fires, in Chhandogya and B/ ihadarawyaka Upani^ads ). But the author here seems to hold the idea that it is after the sperm and the ovum have combined to form a Bindu or drop-like substance, the blastosphere, or cytula ( as Haeckel calls it ), of physiology, that the spirit comes to reside in it. But what again is this spirit ( atma ) that comes to reside in the Bindu that enters into the womb to develop into the future body of the individual ? Is it the 3-tma who is consciousness itself and eternal and with whom there is no such thing as being born or dying ? Or, is it the jiv^tma, the consciousness ;o INTRODUCTION of life, that is, the conciousness that illumines the mind or subtle body which re-incarnates from gross body to gross body, thus suffering life and death ? Raghava Bha//a, the commentator, thinks that here the appearance of an eternal atma has been spoken of in accordance with the Sankhya conception of multiplicity of eternal atmas, and considers such an atma “as entering a body as one enters a house”. But an eternal atma, though one of many such atmas according to Sankhya, is infinite and inactive f'nukriyaj at the same time. Hence it is almost meaningless to say that such an atma enters a body and assumes jivahood therein, if he was not already a jiva there. More probably what the author here means to say is that the jlvatma, who was, according to Shruti, sleeping in the sperm in the father’s body, awakes, in the mother’s womb, to assume the burdens jivahood in the fertilised egg. 1 6. In the womb the Bindu is nourished by the food taken by the mother and grows into a body complete with all necessary paraphernalia, and at last the child is bom into sunlight. It is the belief of all Hindus, a belief that has come down from the days of the Upanijads, that the jiva in the matured foetus is enlightened about his past karma, sorely grieves for the karma that binds him to the wheel of life and death and makes up his mind to undo this karma by meritorious karma in his present life on earth. But the pain of birth makes him unconscious and brings about a total forgetfulness of all this. The author here also echoes this idea. 17. It has been said before that Para Bindu or Shabda-Brahma, the undiversified infinite conscious energy, out of whom evolves the diversified world of subjects and objects, appears in the individual body as Ku/^falinl shakti or conscious spiral energy. She is the concious creative energy, the Mother of all things that constitute the individual, the world of Shabda and Artha in him. Shabda is the vibration which gradually becomes language and ultimately issues out of the vocal organs as articulate sound. 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