OF SCIENCE AND ARTS. CONDUCTED BY PROFESSORS B. SILLIMAN, B. SILLIMAN, Jr, AND JAMES D. DANA, IN CONNECTION WITH PROF. ASA GRAY, or CAMBRIDGE, PROF. LOUIS AGASSIZ, or CAMBRIDGE, DR. WOLCOTT GIBBS, or NEW YORK. SECOND SERIES. VOL. XXII.—NOVEMBER, 1856. WITH THREE PLATES AND A MAP. NEW HAVEN: EDITORS. NEW YORK: G. P, PUTNAM & CO. eee eee 'B. HAYES, PRINTER, MameauR! BOTANICAL GaReEn LIBRARY we . ii Baie oe i me, CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXII. NUMBER LXIV. Art. I. Notice of Microscopic Forms found in the soundings of the Sea of Kamtschatka—with a plate ; by Prof. J. W. Barney, II. Examination of two Sugars (Panoche and Pine ee from California ; by Samuet W. Jounson, - III. On the Composition of the Muscles in the pee Serie by MM. Vatenciennes and Frémy, - - : IV. A Review of the Classification of Crustacea with velerawes to certain principles of Classification; by James D. Dana, - V. On the Mode of testing Building Materials, and an account of the Marble used in the Extension of the United States = itol; by Professor Josepn Henry, - - VI. On the Occurrence of the Ores of Iron in the ree a ace : by J. D. Wuirney, - : - : VII. Obituary of Professor Zadock Kbatjobes - wih sped VIII. On the Influence of the Solar Radiation on the Vital Powers of Plants growing under different Atmospheric ier by J. H. Giapsronsg, Ph.D., F.R.S., - - - IX. Reports of Explorations and Surveys to ascertain ihe most practicable and economical route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, - X. Five New Mineral Species; by Prof. Cuartes v. damien XI. Correspondence of M. Jerome Nicxtis—Report on the his- tory of the manufacture of Artificial Soda, 99.—Manufac- ture of Chinese Porcelain, 101.—Peculiar arrangement of a Voltaic Battery : The natural state of Hippuric Acid, 102.— Astronomical news, 103.—Equatorial Telescope: Zenith Telescope: Stereoscopic experiment: Use of brine in food, 104 1 i @ lv CONTENTS. SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE. gemvod ew Physics.—On the production of very high temperatures, 105.—On a new ming ether and its homulogues: On the equivalent of antimony: On the — detection * phosphorus in cases of ens! 107. Sirreme = = Specific —— of —— = nitrogen p om ts and selenium, 108. n Earthquakes in California from 1812 to 1855, by J. B. Trasx, 110.—Geo- covered by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the Lands of the Judith me Nebraska Terri- tory, by Joszrpu Lerpy, M.D., 118.—Notice of a new Fossil G belon siti to the family Blastoidea, from the Devonian strata near Louisville, iy. fe es B. F. Saumarp, .D., and L. P. Yanpexu, M.D., 120.—Reptilian Remains in the New Red Sandstone of Pennsylvania, by I. Lea, 122.—On the composition of the Water of the Delaware River, by Henry Wurrz, 124.--On the successive changes of the kbemwp of Serapis, Sir Cuarxtes LYELL, a 126.—A Geological Reconnoissance of the State of . Tennessee, by James M. Sarrorp, 129.—Fossil Fishes of the Carboniferous Strata of Ohio “Cheabeces Fossils of Neividbar 133. Botany and Zoology.—Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, London, 134. —Origin of the Embryo in Plants, 135.—Sexual reproduction in Alge, 136.—Martius : i '7.—Prof. W Dinornis, 138.—A new species of turkey from Mexico, 139 Astronomy.—New Planets: Elements of the Planet Letitia, 140. iscellaneous Intelligence —Ozone, 140.—On Ozone in the Atmosphere, by W. B.RocEers, 141—The Tides at Ponape, or Ascension Island of the Pacific Occan, by L. Guuick, _ D., 142.—On a peculiar case of Color Blindness, by J. Tynpau, F.R.S., 143.— _ Infirinaiton to Students visiting Europe, 146.—Geographical Society at Paris, 148—A — Table showing the times of opening and closing of the Mississippi River, by T. S. Par- vin: Chemical Technology or Chemistry in its application to Arts and Manufactures, by Dr. Epmunp Ronaxps and Dr. ens Ricuarpson, 149.—Western Academy 0 iattiral Sciences, Cincinnati, O.: American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence: Mantell’s Medals of Creation : *isAbabtlons of the Connecticut State Agricul- tural Society, for the year 1855: The Art of Perfumery, and Method of obtaining the Odors of Plants, by G. W. Septimus Presse, 150.—Obituary.—Death of Dr. James G. Percival, 150.—The late Dr. John C. Warren, 151.—Daniel Sharpe, Esq., 152. NUMBER LXV. Arr. XII. On the Measurement of the Pressure of Fired Gun- ee powder in its Practical apcieesae - Witiiam E. Woop- BRIDGE, M.D., . - - XIII. Description of the Sis ceone process saskieea for the Photo-Meteorographic Registrations at the Radcliffe Obser- vatory ; by Wituiam Crookes, Esq., - - 16 CONTENTS. v XIV. On a Zeolitic mineral (allied to Stilbite) from the Isle er Skye, Scotland; by J. W. Matter, Ph.D., - - : XV. On the Application of the Mechanical est of Heat to the Steam Engine; by R. Crausivus, ee 180 XVI. Statistics of the Flora of the Northern United States; by Asa Gray, - a XVII. Letter on the it ai of Practical Geology of “Gi Britain ; by Sir Ropericx I. Murcuison, XVIII. Remarks on the Genus Tetradium, with shoot ct fe Species found in Middle igen by Prof. J. M. Sar- ForD, A.M., - - “ - : - 236 | XIX. A new Fossil Shell in = eae 68 River Sandstone ; by E. Hitcncock, Jr, - 239 XX. On the Eruption at Hawaii; by Bi, Tivs Oeil - - 240 XXI. On the Purification of ee pepacaticl ; by M. Er- nest NickLés, - 244 XXII. Third Supplement to Dana’ s ‘isiaidays ; by the Ait, 246 XXII[. Correspondence of M. Jerome Nickuis—Academy of Sciences—Death of M. Binet: Agricultural Universal Exhi- bition: Fecula of the Horse-chestnut, 264.—Astronomy : View of a part of the surface of the Moon, 265.—Meteor- ological System of France, 266.—Inundations : Electricity : —Substitute for the copper wire in the construction of He- s lices, 267.—Effects with Ruhmkorff’s Apparatus of Induc- : tion: Electric Chronometers: Gas and Steam Manometer Alarm: On a Cause of Atmospheric Electricity, 268.— Bibliography, 269. — SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE. Chemistry and Physics.—Some experiments in Electro physiology, by Prof. MatrTrvcct, 270.—Selenium : Iodine, 271 veined and Geology.—Meteoric Iron of Thuringia, 271. —Meteoric Iron of Cape of Good Hope: Meteoric Stone of Mezé-Madaras in Siebenburg: On the Volcanoes of aehain Italy, 272.—On the Isthmus of Suez, by M Renavp, 273.—On the Mines of Mineral Coal in Peru, by M. E. pe Rivero, 274.--Waters of Lake Ooroomiah, by Heney Wirt, 276 —On the Koh-i-Noor Diamond, 278.—On the origin of Greensand and its furmation in the Ocean of the present epoch, by Prof. J. W. BarLey, 230. — [See also, p. 296.] - Botany and Zoology.—Wild Potatoes in New Mexico and Western Texas, 284.—Notes alved Entomostraca: Cum eee 235 eorgtee Maderensia, or Insects ” of the Maderian Group, by T. Vernon Woutastos, M.A., F.R.S.: On the Variation | of Species with especial reference to the mes, pea ba an inquiry into the Na- , © ture of Genera, by the same, 236..--On e Fresh water Entomostraca of South : America, by Joun Lussock, Esq., F.Z.S on Paleozoic Biv vi CONTENTS. stron Stats of August 10, 1856.—Astronomical Observatory at the — University of 5 alae 290. Miscellaneous {ntelligence.—Observations on the climates of California, by GEORGE BaRTLETT, —Apparatus for taking specific gravity, b sts. ECKFELDT and Dusors, 294.—Discovery of Paleozoic Fossils in Eastern Massachusetts, by Professor Rogers, 296.--Hailstorm in Guilford County, N. C., 298.—Monks Island or Colombian Guano, by Dr. A. S. Prego, 299.—On the Monks Island Guano, by Dr. Es, 300.—Neo-Macropia: Artificial light for taking photographs, 300.—Wa- ters of the Dead Sea: Density of the a of the Caspian Sea, by A. Morrrz: raphy, by J. P. Lesuey, se Son A Treatise on Land Surveying, by Professor W. M. a Givvesriz, A.M.: Annals of the peccitaaiad Observatory of Harvard College, 302. --Manual of Blowpipe. ‘lay sis, for the use of Students, by Prof. Winuiam Ex- : pErHorst: Notices of new Publications, 303. i NUMBER LXVI. Page. Art. XXIV. On American Geological History : Address before the American Association for the Advancement of eae August, 1855, by James D. Dana, - 30) j XXV. On the Plan of Development in the Geological Hisibey of "a North America, with a map; by James D. Dana, - - 335 XXVI-° Re-determination of the Atomic Mei of Lithium ; by Prof. J. W. Mayet, - - XXVII. On the Relations of the Fossil Fishes of he Bacctton of Connecticut and other Atlantic States to the Liassic and Oolitic Periods; by W, C, Reprrexp, - - XXVIII. On the Application of the Mechanical Theory of Heat to the Steam Engine; by R. Crausivs, - XXIX. Examination of the Meteoric Iron from Kivi, Maen : by W. J. Tayor, - - . : XXX. On the Heat in the Sun’s ae ; “ cn roid - S172 XXXI. Circumstances 2d the Heat of the Sun’s Rays; by Eunice Foorr, — - - - XXXII. Review of a portion of the Geologist oe of the United States and British Provinces Y Jules Marcou ; “2 WILtiam P, Buake,~ - XXXII. On New Fossil Corals pote North Guatigg, by E. Emmons, - é ” CONTENTS, vii XXXIV. Description of an Isopod Crustacean from the Antarctic Seas, with Observations on the New South Shetlands; PY James Eteuts.—With two plates, - 391 XXXV. Description of a large Bowlder in the Drift of Kabiseit Massachusetts, with parallel strie upon four sides; by Pro- fessor Epwarp Hircncocx, - . . : - 397 ae SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE, Chemistry and Physics.—On the wave lengths of the most refrangible rays of light in the Interference Spectrum, 400.——On the connection between the theorem of the equiva- pra of formic fi cat the determination of chlorine by titri- among Solutions, and the means of representing them, by Dr. GuapsTonr, 412.—On : several new methods of detecting Strychnia and Brucia, by T. Horsxey, 413 Geology.—On the Spongeous Origin of the Siliceous Bodies of the Chalk Formation, by J.S. Bowersank: On some Paleozoic Star fishes, compared with Living Forms, by J. W. aeerens age —On - nichts ee - we Earth, by Prof. Hennessy, 416. the I ies, by J. W. Sate —On 417.—On the Bone Beds of the Upper: Ludlow Rock, and the base of the Old Red Sand- stone URCHISON, 418. sil Mammal (Stereognathus ooliticus) from the Stonesfield Slate, by Prof. Owrn, ti —On the Dichodon cuspidatus, Upper Eocene of the Isle of Wight and Hordwell, Hants, by P Nn, 420.—On a range of Volcanic Islets to the Southeast of Japan, A. G. Finpuay, 421.—On the n _ New Red Sandstone Formation of Pennsylvania, vd Isaac Lea, 422.—Descriptions of : New as of Acephala and Gasteropoda, from the Tertiary SobeumtSocte of Nebraska tory, with some general remarks on the cacy of the Pagel about the sources *y he Missouri River, by F. B. Meek and F. V. ponange M.D., and —AlIph. DeCandolle hi se, ou Exposition des Faites ‘cfg et des Lois concernant fe. Distribution Gsiieaphique des ne de l’'Epoque Actuelle, 429.—Origin of the Embryo in Plants, 432—Bentham, Note Loganiacee, 433.—The Flowers of the Pea-Nut, 435—Martius, Flora Diatienais: : L R. Tulasne, Monographia Monimiacearum, 436.—Chloris oe Essai d’une Flore de la Region Alpine des Cordilléres de Padecigle du Sud, par H. A. Weppe.t, M.D. :; Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, by Prof. Asa Gray, 437.--Report on the present state of our knowledge of the Mollusca of California, by Rev. P. Car- PENTER, 438.—On the Vital Powers of the Spongiade, by Mr. Bowersanx, 439.— Gar-pikes, 440. “ara —New Planets, Harmonia, 440,—Daphne : Isis, 441, Bae Se ae Miscellaneous Intelligence —American Association for the Advancement of Science, 441. = Meteor of July 8th, by W. Sprtuman, 448.—-Sulphuric Acid Barometer: Can- Obi : British Selina, 449,--Geology of the Pacific and other regions visited by the U. S. Explor- _ing Expedition under C. Wilkes, U. S. N., in the years 1838-1842, by James D. Dana: viii CONTENTS. A Chronological Table of Cyclonic Hurricanes, by ANDRES Rents 452,——! of some Remains of Fishes from the Carboniferous and Devo n Formations of the” mutes — by J. J. eices ae M.A., F.R.S.: Fossils of pase Carolina, by sti Reicheenstlt, bidNopiewske Darstellung der Sisinkohlen-foration in sachaok® i H Das Normal Verhiiltniss der chemischen und morphologischen Proportionen, von ADOLF ZEIs1NG, 154.—Principles of Chemistry, by Prof. Joun A. Porter, M.A., M.D., 455. List of Works, 455. Index, 456. ERRATA. _P. 1, line 2 from bottom, for *Dictyopyxis read Dictyopyxis; 1. 4 from bottom, for Dicla- — read *Dicladia : p- 2, ‘lines | and 2 from top, for *Coscinodiscus, read Cos cinodiseus 5 ‘ 2 Eg ey for Rhizosolenia, read *Rhizosolenia ; 1. + from top, for Diffloga, read * Dif- 16 from top, for Eucyrtidium, read *Eucyrtidium, in both c [SECOND SERIES.] XIL—On the Measurement of the powder in its Practical Applications; ‘brine, ee 154 WL. We vbr idge on the Pressure of Fired Gunpowder. a othe, iM a oem aga ete _sive rupture to time are but imperfectly known. ’ The following experiment seems to show that the extreme — force of gunpowder fired in small quantities does not exceed ~ 6200 atmospheres. I enclosed in a hollow cylinder of cast-steel — 14 inch in exterior diameter and 4 inch in diameter interiorly, — 20 grains of Hazzard’s Kentucky rifle powder, which filled, — loosely, the cavity. This was fired by a flash of powder péne- — trating through the aperture of a valve (of steel) opening inward, ~ but designed to prevent the escape of gas outward. ‘The cylin- ~ der was not ruptured, and being put under water, no gas wai found to escape. (The weight of the instrument was too to test the loss of gas by my scales.) On pressing in the valve by means of a screw, an abundance of gas escaped, carryin with it the odor of sulphuretted hydrogen. The seat of the valve was found to remain eat a fact which when compared wi calculated strength of the cylinder would be equal to an inte ressure of about 93000 lbs. per square inch, or 6200 atm _ which od pressure was restrained, a piezometer* which by regis- = e compression of the oil which it contained, should indicate the pressure ,to which it was exposed. The piezometer used in the experiments is a small cylindrical vessel of steel, inclosing a quantity of oil which receives the pressure of the fluid by which it may be surrounded seer the medium of a point, which, when the mri is ee makes a.line on ie he the stem, equal in length to the distance through which the pis- “ partial rotation of the piston, after the adjustment of the quantity of oil, inscribes a transverse line on the stem, from which to measure the one denoting the compression. The len ngth of the mark is measured under the microscope by means of a rule divi- ded into ;,';zths of an inch. The details of the construction of at and graduated tube. The scale upon the tube was ; marked ed ym means of a ere -machine, and the capacities of ' re equal, so far as determined by a careful exam- umns of sehen, of different lengths. The capac oe vision was equal to one part in 3762-2 of the ‘ Yolupes of the oil at 60° Fahr. To the bore of the tube (0:038 diameter) was fitted an iron piston, packed by a ring of ercny occupying -a groove turned in its edge. This arrange- ent was found to hee accurate observation, wg to answer its irpose well in all respects. The instrument was enclosed in a strong tubular receiver, having windows of athay throng which it could be inspected. The windows are truncated cones, having their bases inward, and are fitted to conical cavities in opposite of the receiver. A rack and pinion, worked by a little assing through the side of the receiver, serve to bring : He use of the sabe piezometer to say iia Brrr Foskowe the measurement of W. E. Woodbridge on the Pressure of Fired Gunpowder. 155 oe W. E. Woodbridge on the Pressure of Fired Gunpowder. 157 due to the elevation of temperature mentioned, than that pro- duced by the same force slowly applied. The actual amount of this difference has not been ascertained, but data which lack the recision necessary to exact results, indicate that the correction ue to this cause, which increases with both depression of tem- perature, and increase of pressure, is not unimportant. No attempt has been made however, to introduce this correction into he results subsequently presented of the experiments with the piezometer. The subject has been reserved in hope of future ments, for which apparatus has been partially prepared. . the fall of 1852 a piezometer was constructed on the plan . which has been described, and was used, to test its working, for a few firings, in a4 pdr. gun at Perth Ambo 1853, assistance was granted me from the . 8. Ordnance De- partment for testin my plan, and the subject was referred to ajor Alfred Mordecai, with whom I had the pleasure and honor to be associated in making the experiments thus author- ized, which, however, on account of various hindrances, were not undertaken until the winter of 1854-5. i, ee" ae ah ee to Ae it Jape on. ‘ied pereton the explosion, was attached b screwing to the bottom of the bore of the gun, occupying a _ place in the centre of the charge, but the screw was twice bro- en o * and this mode of _— the instrument, which was orig- inally adopted to avoid injuring the gun so as to render it un- serviceable, was exchang near the Ho man The new elec was e ollow plug of steel : ed into th of the sud so that the cavity of the plug “shaban ee with the bore of the gun. A lea ther case sur- rounded the instrument to protect it against injury from the ‘shock of firing, and the remaining space within the nig: of the plug was filled with oil, which was retained b cork or leather loosely closing the communication wi the en This arrangement was used in all the subsequent firing with _eannon, and was entirely satisfactory. The length of the pie- - Zometer was 2°5 inches, jts diameter 0:7 inch, and the diameter of its piston 0°252 in, "The adjustment of the quantity of oil in 158 W. E. Woodbridge on the Pressure of Fired Gunpowder. the instrument was made at the temperature at which the gun was fired. In the brass gun several holes were made for receiv-. ing the instrument at different distances (specified in the table) from the bottom of the bore. When not in use, these holes were closed by plugs fitted to eac In the experiment with the taasices barrel, a part of the breech-end, in the rear of the charge, was made to serve as a substitute for the cavity of the screw plug, in receiving the pie, zometer. ; The experiments.are to be regarded altogether as peering ary trials, but they are not, I hope, without interest and value. The following table presents the most interesting of the results, | Btperiments on the pressure id Jired Gunpowder, Bs e Powillt. Shot. Dist’nce Hy piezomet’r J GUN. , g i ee gi : btm ae Remarks. _ |Weig’t. | Height.| bee. }Diam. = 2 Ibs. in. Ibs. in. in. ba. {| 125 | 35 | 640 (858 | (8:25) a3 Piezomet’r attach’d to “ ev 632 | « “ the bottom of the bore.) “ *, 2 “ . | ae j ‘ : a che 2 1% yen oo Rie ok 6 pdre } “ 3°42 63 “ “ “15 | 40 6 32 sey bes 53 “ “ 6°33 “ “ 0 “ “ 6°29 “ “ 47° LA 4°55 | 631 * bk 59° ie el es Gg d ES ee “" 8° er in coe ge} « | 435 | 635 | « # 168° “ | 455 | 636 (3575) - 4 [53° 18510) /Mean of . solide « | « |684} « | 7g [50° | 9575\Mean unds. «| « |639 | « | are laa? | 7740Mean of 84 bs 8; 6°38 wi 158 |52° } 957 Kis es . = 6-29 40 28'S = 50° Brass 4 “ “ 633 “ 318 “ 6 pdr. “ « 6°36 “ 39°8 “ 77 « 6°34 “ 478 “ “ 4:48 6 l l “ 1 “ “ 4°65 0 “ “ 20/605} 0 |.. lige 88 0 “ “ 14820 20 | 565 | 636 |3:575) « 20640 Mean of 2 rounds. 4 0 ji 885 64. “ “ 20| 15 | 438 1216 1366; 15 | « 20480 Cylinders =. to 2 bi “ “ee oo} “ “ 2) 6 pdr. }} «| @ |ioag | « « |g9° sor grains, in. 70 | o7 | 666 0675 60° a Tn the first two experiments recorded in the —— the orifice of the piezometer was 3} inch es from the W. Crookes on the Wax-paper Photographic Process. 159 the bore, and was covered but } inch deep with powder—th _ orifice facing toward the muzzle of the gun. The momentum of the gases rushing forward in the explosion seems to have re- lieved the instrument from a part of the pressure sustained by the sides of the bore at the same distance from the bottom he variations of pressure sustained by the gun when fired _with charges very nearly the same, are greater, as might be ex- ected, than the variations of initial velocity imparted to the under similar circumstances. When the combustion of the action on the ball is not so well sustained as in the case in which the combustion is more slow and consequently longer continued. The { following svi of initial eae of 6 pdr. balls, extracted from a table in Major Mordecai’s “Second Report” a his ex- periments on mere aor will ee for the compariso Initial velocities of balls fired from a 6 pdr. gun, x Powder. ~___ Shot, Titial ; Weight.| Height | We ghi We ght. _Dinm.— Velocity. lbs. ia. A, Tes 5 ila _— Ift.pr.sec’d. . 1 4 611 358 |} 1594 15 48 615 f i 1 15 49 613 e 94 16 6 26 * 153 q 15 687 | * | 1°98 ent Seg 15 63 - 1520 | 3 a : ‘Ae, xt se Dedeviption of the Wax-paper process peblames 4 for the’ chow So i Ae ro at the Radcliffe Ubserv Ek sae by oS KES, Esq.* EFORE attem ting to seledt from the numerous Photo- - thse ‘best adapted to the. requirements of ‘ pa ee it was necessary to take into consideration a num- ber of circumstances, ~stawre a wad unimportant in ordinary _ operations. — To “ of any valu continuously : TSetet. "Therefore, the process adopted must be one combining sharpness of definition, with extreme sensitiveness, in order to ? mark accurately the minute and oftentimes sudden variations of the instruments. ees. the Astronomical and Meteorological Observations made at the Radcliffe : Oherr Oxford, in the year 1854, under the superin of Manuel J. MA » Radelifle Observer. Vol. X ,, the records must go on ‘heeasiigy and V. Oxford: 160 W. Crookes on the Wax-paper Photographic Process. 2nd. To avoid all hurry and confusion, it is of the utmost im- portance that the prepared paper or other medium, be of a kind — sitive by the nitrate of magnesia process, was a failure. igi 4th. Strong contrast of light and shade, and absence of half pictures, is in this case no objection. spe ping 5th. It is essential to preserve the original results in an ac- cessible form; and for this reason, the daguerreotype process, : ly as it seems to answer other requisites, 1s obviously not the one best suited to our purpose. q W. Crookes on the Wax-paper Photographic Process. 161 description of the manipulation, as may render it more service- able to those who have not hitherto paid attention to photo- graphy in its practical details. This must be my excuse, if to some i seem unnecessarily prolix. None but a practical hotog- rapher can appreciate upon what apparently trivial aid Among those requisites, which may be almost called absolute necessaries, are gas, and a plentiful supply of good water, as soft as can be procured. 4. The windows and shutters of the room should be so con- trived as to allow of their either being thrown wide open for pur- poses of ventilation, or of being closed sufficiently well to exclude every gleam of daylight; and the arrangement should admit of the transition from one’ to the other being made with as little €: , 5. A piece of very deep orange-colored glass, about two feet Square, should be put in the window, and the shutter ought to be constructed so i di for illumination at night; arrangement for placing a screen of orange glass in rough deal benches should be put up in different parts F the room, witl shelves, drawers, cupboards, &. The arrange- tment of these matters must of course depend upon the capabili- ties of the room. ae ; 7. The following apparatus is required. The quantities are _ those that we have found necessary in this Observatory. ‘Hight dishes. Eight mill board covers. 4 _ Three brushes for cleaning dishes. A vessel for melting wax. _ SECOND SERIES, VOL, XXII, NO. 65.—SEPT., 1856. 21 162 W. Crookes on the Wax-paper Photographic Process. Two ge ee box Sltcrica pa caper A still for water. One finned stand. *. Pint, half vm one ounce, and one RSD, measures. Three glass Boxes for holding paper. ae es and eo mopar niy s m4 r sto tties, 8. The erates may be made OF glass ass, porcelain, or gutta perc | Glass and porcelain are cortatily cleaner than gutta corked a8 d for general use the latter is far preferable, as with it there is no . risk of breakage, and the bottom of the dish can be made per- ~ fectly flat, which is a great advantage, These dishes should is be ~ made of sufficient length to allow of a margin of about half an — inch at each end when the paper is in; and the shape should be ~ made as nearly square as —— by arranging them to ane : two or three sheets side b EL ver. 9. The ae etep for cleanin common pecwbing brush will be W. Crookes on the War-paper Photographic Procees. 168 common water, once with distilled water, and then placed in a : slanting position against a wall, face downwards, to drain on | clean blotting paper. : 11. The vessel in which the wax is melted, must be contrived SO as never to allow of its reaching a higher temperature than 212° Fahr., or decomposition of the wax might ensue. I have found the most convenient apparatus to be, a tin vessel 15 inches i square and 4 inches deep, having a tray which holds the wax fitting into it, about 1 inch deep. The under vessel is to be half 7 filled with water, and by keeping this just at the boiling tem- __ perature, the wax above will soon become liquid. _ 12. The best source of heat is that known as the gauze gas burner, it being free from smoke or dust, and not liable to _ _ blacken anything placed over it. It consists of a common argand burner fixed on a rather low and heavy iron stand, which is sur- uare inch fastened over the top. _ y connecting this burner by means of vulcanised indian rubber tubing to the gas pipe, it can be moved about the table to any convenient position, The mixture of gas and air formed inside the cylinder, is to be lighted e the wire gauze; it burns over this with a large and nearly Shea msequence. So j ee a plate of silver; this is very expensive, and seems - wove blotting paper, - éedium thickness. But this is not suff- J as the quantity required is trifling. A convenient size for the still is about two gallons; it may procured ready made, with _ worm &c. complete, of any large dealer in chemical apparatus, _ Tt will be found far more economical both in time and trouble, a 164 W. Crookes on the Wax paper Photographie Process. to heat the water over a charcoal or coke fire, in preference to using gas for this purpose. | 16. ckets. P'The measures should be of glass, graduated, the pint and half pint into ounces, the ounce measure into drachms, and the — drachm measure into minims; they should be rather long in © proportion to their width. ee ~ a "he Florence oil flasks, which can be obta btained | ra trifle ab any warehouse, will be found to answer ws ge nearly as hey must be done by well as the more expensive German flas cleansed thoroughly from the adhering oil; this may be boiling in them, over the gauze gas burner, a strong soluti ordinary washing soda, and afterwards well rinsing out ¥ W. Crookes on the ee Process. 165 A sponge will be found Ao ‘for wiping up any of the solu- tions that may have cm spilt on the bench. Solid glass stirring rods of about the thickness of a quill, and six or eight inches long, and a small medeetan pestle and mortar, are of great service in many of the operations. Stoppered bottles should be employed for all the solutions ; and too much care cannot be taken to label each bottle accurately and distinctly. 19. Besides the above apparatus, the following materials and chemicals are requisite. A rough estimate is also given of their relative consumption in three months Photographic a 270 sheets, ¢ or 112 square feet. ‘our pounds of hree ounces of iodid of ener Phree ounces of bromid of potass : ‘our ounces of nitrate of silver. 5 _ Two ounces of glacial acetic acid. ~ eadfour ounces of gallic acid. ~ One pint of alcohol. : Seven pounds of hyposulphite of soda. Half a pound of cyanid of potassium. - Half a pint of concentrated nitric acid. __ Eighteen gallons of distilled water. 20. The selection of a good sample of paper for the basis on a ance, as any imperfection will be a source of annoyance in every i fineked of the process, and will hardly fail to show itself on the ‘fini ture. The paper, which from numerous ex ee to be superior to any other, is that in photographic is his is mannlietared with saan will be found by far the sa advantageous p ae when used as ls like the present, to order wholesale sta- ti nt cut ta: the requisite dimensions. The size of the sheets by aot inches*. Hitherto Messrs. Street, have supplied us with the 21. I am indebted ey Mr. Barchiy of Regent Street, wax bleacher, for much valuable information concerning wax and its adulteratio tions, and for an extensive assortment of waxes of all _ * This i ® most inconvenient size, as it involves the cutting of more than one thind of the ps erto waste. The admirably ingenious arrangement of Mr. Ronald’s, was not ae the view of em) man rah copra paper; or it would doubtless have been contrived to accomodate of a size which could be cut with less 2 ast much A544 by. 14 incben, ox 44 by 11 1ti 166 W. Crookes on the Wax-paper Photographic Process. kinds, and in every degree of purity: also to Mr. Maskelyne, for a valuable series of the chemical bodies of which the various _ waxes are composed; by means of these, I have been enabled ~ to examine the effect produced by saturating the paper with — bees wax from different countries, Myrica wax, Canauba wax, — China wax, spermaceti, ethal, stearic acid, stearin, palmitic acid, palmitin, paraffin, and various oils. 22. I find that the action of the wax is purely mechanical, almost the only difference of effect produced by any of the above bodies, widely as they vary in their chemical nature, arising from 3 a difference in their physical properties. aos EE a ne a Stearin, palmitin, and most of the oils, are too greasy in their nature to be advantageously employed. The fatty acids do not make the paper in the least greasy, but they injure the transpa- rency. China wax has almost too high a melting point, and gives a crystalline structure to the paper. Spermaceti also is too crystalline. Paraffin, ethal, and the waxes, produce very good , &.; the presence of a little spe does not much interfere, but as its price differs little fro n that of pure wax, it is not so common an adulteration as the other cheaper substances. . 3. It will be unsafe to use the wax in the form of round thin tablets, about 4 inches in diameter, in which it is usually met — with, as in this state it is generally adulterated to the extent of — at least 50 per cent. . | a : "Asan article of commerce, it is next to impossible to obtain small quantities of wax sufficiently pure to be reliec upon. The only way I can recommend is to apply to one of the well known large bleachers, and trust to them for supplying the arti- cle ina state of purity. Whenever I have found it necessary to make such applications, my request has always been acceded to in the most cordial manner, and every information has been given with the utmost readiness. oe 24. The other chemicals, (with the exception of the strong nitric acid, which any retail druggist will supply, and the wa which had best be distilled on the premises,) should be order direct from some manufacturing chemist, as otherwise, unless operator have a sufficient knowledge of chemistry to be able to detect any inferiority, there is danger of not having the article sufficiently pure. ee eee eee, The iodid and bromid of potassium should be ordered purified The nitrate of silver should be crystallized, not in sticks; i ought to be perfectly dry, and have no smell, acid or otherwise. There are usually two varieties of glacial acetic acid to be met ; the purest must be used; it should be perfectly free from oat ae the: W. Crookes on the Wax-paper Photographic Process. 167 any empyreumatic odor, and must cause no turbidity when mixed with a solution of nitrate of silver, e. g.in making the exciting bath (42). _ The gallic acid should be as nearly white in color as possible. Especial care should be taken to have the alcohol ood ; it should be 60° over proof, and of ney gravity 0°83. On evap- orating a few drops on the palm of the hand, no smell should be left behind, nor should it, under the same circumstances, leave any stain on a sheet of white spree _ 26. The hyposulphite of soda will be found one of the articles most difficult to obtain pure; there is a large quantity at present. in the market, having little else of the salt but the name, and is of course totally unfit for use; if there be the least doubt about its purity, it should be tested in the following manner :— eigh out accurately 10 grains of, nitrate of silver, dissolve this in half an ounce of distilled water; then add 4 grains of ehlorid of sodium (common salt) also dissolved in water. On mixing these two solutions together, a white curdy precipitate of. chlorid of silver will fall down. .N ext add 22 grains of the hy- posulphite of soda, and allow it to stand for about ten minutes, stir : less amount of residue will urity. nerally all the sheets lie in the same direction, therefore it is only necessary to ascertain that the smooth side of one of them is uppermost, and then draw a pencil once or twice along the exposed edges. : , 28. The paper has now to be saturated with white wax.. The apparatus br this purpose has been previously described (11.) ne eax is to be made perfectly liquid, and then the sheets of ‘Paper, taken up singly and held by one end, are gradually low- — 168 W. Crookes on the Wax-paper Photographic Process. ereihi on to the fluid. As soon as the wax is ee which = bee] re) rg Tm a | ro) # “a bo J > $ = PS) = pe = 5 ieje) 5 He . a8e oe a on 3 tr z Eee & 29. The paper i in this stage will contain far more wax than _ necessary; the excess may be removed, by placing the sheets singly between inintiiiee paper (14), and i ironing them; but this is wasteful, and the loss may be avoided by placing on ‘each side of the waxed sheet two or three sheets of unwaxed eee oe oe Pal r, and then ironing the whole between blotting paper; t generally be enough wax on the centre sheet to wervolball fully those next to it on each side, and partially, if not entirely, the others. Those that are imperfectly waxed may be made the | outer sheets of the succeeding set. Finally, each — must be separately ironed between blotting paper, until patches of wax are absorbed. 30. It is of the utmost consequence that the tempers vu the iron should not exceed that of boiling water. Before using, — I always dip it into water until the hissing entirely ceases. This poeta lick to the ehe of this plo gravelly appearance, or are of smoothness in the: lights, and quick rage cs in the ae solution. B31. A well waxed sheet of paper, when viewed by obliquel: reflected light, ought to amo a perfectly uniform glazed ance on one side, while the other should be rather duller; th must be no shining patches on any part of the surface, nor should any irregularities be observed on examining the paper with a black ground placed behind; seen by tranamnted A h it will appear opalescent, but there should be no appreae toa granular structure. sone alien sheets is slight!) 82. The e paper, h ng undergone on tag 10 is ready for ‘odiing ; thie is effected ete pletely pine crsing it in an aqueous solution of an alkaline iodid, either Yeio-er mieed with some analogous _— . * These spots have been analyzed by Mr Mt Malone; pete them to consist, not ‘pte of iron, as is generally su but of small pieces of brass. I have ined thera myself with a like result. : W. Crookes on the Wax-paper Photographic Process. 169 B : i fa : : fa ta : : a i iodid of silver per se was the best sensitive surface for receiving 4m image in the Camera; but on making use of that body in __ these operations, (by employing pure iodid of potassium in the _ bath,) I was surprised to meet with results, for which I was at first unable to account. A little consideration, however, showed ‘me the direction in which I was to look for a remedy. The ex- periments which had led me to prefer iodid of silver as a sensi- tive surface, had all been performed with sunlight, either direct, or more frequently in the form of diffused daylight. In this case, however, coal gas was the source of light; and if, as was _ very probable, there were any great difference in the quality of _ the light from these two sources, the superiority of iodid over the bromid or chlorid of silver would still be a matter for ex- 3 nd + , - periment. Z ____ 384A comparison of the spectra of the two kinds of light a : en . . _ Sitions were fully borne out by experiment: on introducing a little bromid of potassium into the i bath potassium + odizing bath, the change was very apparent. It requires a certain proportion to be observed between the two to obtain the best results. If the iodid of potassium be in excess, the resulting silver salt will be wanti in sensitiveness, requiring a comparatively long development to render an image visible; while, if the bromid be in excess, there will be a great want of vigor in the impression, the picture being red and transparent. When the proportion between the two is properly adjusted, the paper will be extremely sensitive, the pecatite. presenting a vigorous black SPpeArsnag without the least approach to cutee addition of a chlorid was found to SECOND SERIES, VOL. XXII. NO. 65,—SEPT., 1856, 22 170 W. Crookes on the War-paper Photographic Process. roduce @ ee similar effect to that of a bromid, butina ~ ion marked degree. As no particular advantage could be traced to it, it was not employe 4 t ve also tried most of the different forms of organie ; matter, thal it is customary to add to this bath, but I cannot — recommend th em; the most that can be said is, that some of them do no harm. At first I thought a little isinglass might be — an improvement, as it instantly removes the greasiness from the _ surface of the paper, and allows the iodid of potassium to pene- trate more readily. Unfortunately, however, it interferes with the most important property of this process, that of remaining ime. 4 36. I think the best results are obtained, when the jodid and 7 bromid are mixed in the proportion of their atomic weights; the ~ strenzth being as follows: J Todid of potassium . : ; 582°5 grains, Bromid of potassium : . 417°5 grains. Dare Wate Se 40 ounces.* When the two salts have dissolved in the water, the mixture : should be filtered; the bath will then be fit for use A 87. At first, a slight difficulty will be felt in immersing ‘the waxed sheets in the liquid without enclosing air bubbles, the the best way is to hold the paper by one end, and gradually to bring it down on to the liquid, commencing at the other end; the paper ought not to slant towards the surface of the bath, or _ there will be danger of enclosing air bubbles; but while it is being laid down, the part out of the liquid should be kept as nearly as possible perpendicular to the surface of the liquid; any — curling up of the sheet when first laid down, may be prevented by breathing on it gently: In about ten minutes, the sheet ought to be lifted up by one corner, and turned over in the sam manner; a slight agitation of the dish will then throw the ee a over that “sheet, and another can be treate c mann 38. “Tho sheets must remain soaking in this bath for about 4 three hours; several times during that interval, (and especially if there be many sheets in the same bath,) they ought to moved about and turned over singiys to allow of the liquid : + While giving the above as the calculated “rt I do mt to tt q upon their being adhered to with any extreme accura oe . 4 dieediiens side would I believe be without any percepti eon thea a W. Crookes on the Wax-paper Photographic Process. 171 : room, and hooking the papers on to this by means of a pin bent _ into the shape of the letter S. After a sheet has been hung up for a few minutes, a oo of blotting paper, about one Ps square, should be stuck to the bottom corner to absorb the drop, and prevent its drying on the sheet, or it would cause a stain in the picture. 39. While the sheets are drying, they should be looked at occasionally, and the way in which the liquid on the surface dries, noticed; if it collect in drops all over the surface, it is a sign that the sheets have not been sufficiently acted on by the iodizing bath, owing to their having been removed from the latter too soon. The sheets will usual ly during drying assume a dirty pink appearance, owing probably to the liberation of iodine by ozone in the air, and its subsequent combination with the starch and wax in the paper. This is by no means a bad sign, if the color be at all uniform; but if it appear in patches and a it shows that there has been some irregular a sorption of the wax, or defect in the iodizing, and it will be as well to reject sheets so marked. . . As soon as the sheets are quite dry, they can be put aside in a box for use ata future time. There is a great deal of un- certainty as regards the length of time the sheets may be kept in this state without spoiling; I can speak from experience as to there being no sensible deterioration after a lapse of ten months, but further than this I have not tried. Up to this stage, it is immaterial whether the operations have been performed by daylight or not; but the subsequent treat- Ment, until the fixing of the picture, must be done by yellow t (0). “41. The next step consists in rendering the iodized paper sen- _ Sitive to light. Although, when extreme care is taken in this _ Operation, it is hardly of any Sop bec when this is performed; ‘et in practice, it will not be foun convenient to excite the paper earlier than about a fortnight before its being required for use. The materials for the exciting bath are nitrate of silver, glacial acetic acid, and water. Some operators replace the acetic acid _ by tartaric acid; but as I cannot perceive the effect of this hange except in a diminution of sensitiveness, I have not adopted it. It is of little importance what be the strength of the solu- tion of nitrate of silver; the disadvantages of a weak solution are, that the sheets require to remain in contact with it for a con- siderable time before the decomposition is effected, and the bath aires oftener renewing ; while witha bath which is too strong, time is equally lost in the long-continued washing requisite to enable the paper to keep good for any length of time. The quantity of acetic acid is also of little consequence. 172 W. Crookes on the Wax-paper Photographic Process. Sie ges an eee 42. In the following bath, I have endeavored so to adjust the rtion of nitrate of silver, as to avoid as much as possible Poth the inconveniences mentioned above, Nitrate of silver . : j ; 800 grains. Glacial acetic acid ; : . 2 drachms. Distilled water The nitrate of silver and acetic acid are to be added to the water, and when dissolved, filtered into a clean dish (10), taking care that the bottom of the dish be flat, and that the liquid cover it to s de th of at least half an inch all over; by the side of this, be: nila dishes must be placed, each containing distilled Re ne ee ee > rs "A sheet of iodized paper is to be taken by one end, and gradually lowered, the marked side downwards, on to to the exci- ting solution, taking eare that no liquid gets on to the back, and no air bubbles are enclosed. It will be necessary for the sheet to remain on this bath from five to ten minutes; but it can generally be known when the operation is completed by the change in appearance, the pink color entirely disappearing, and the sheet assuming a ne homo- geneous straw color. When this is the case, one of it must be raised up by the platinum spatula, lifted out “of be dish with rather a quick movement, allowed to drain for about half a — minute, and then floated on the surface of the water in the second dish, while another iodized sheet is placed on the nitrate of silver solution ; when this has remained on fora sufficient time, it — must be in ike manner: transferred to the oe: of distilled water, — removed the previous sheet to the n y third iodized sheet can now be excited, ead when this is sainlitett the one first excited must be rubbed erfectly dry between folds of clean blotting paper (14), wra up in clean r, and preserved in a portfolio until required for use; an the others can be transferred a dish forward, as before , taking care that each sheet be washed twice in distilled water, and that. at every fourth sheet the dishes of washing water be emptied, and replenished with clean distilled water ; poh water should —_ be thrown “ne but preserved in a bottle fora subsequeay operation (49 i 45. The x quantity of the exciting bath, will be fou : quite — to excite about fifty sheets of the size here em ig 3000 Ss ise inches of paper. After the —_ Foon Pe mE Le ag SR IN ee TIE Oe nd ND Ce Rae meee sens ness. Generally, mrifibient attention is 9 pone to this oink It should a borne in mind, that an amount the paper were only exposed to its action for a 46. Experience alone can tell the proper time to expose. the Sensitive paper to the action of light, in order to obtain the best effects. However, it will be useful to remember, that it is almost always possible, however short the time of exposure, to obtain some trace of effect by prolonged development. Varyi # be Be ae An improvement on the ordinary method of developing with gallic acid, formed the subject of a communication to the Philo- sophical Magazine for March, 1855, where I recommend the employment of a strong alcoholic solution of gallic acid, to be dilluted with water when required for use, as being more econo- _ mical both of time and trouble than the preparation of a great “quantity of an aqueous solution for each operation. ~ 8, The-solution is thus made: put two ounces of crystallized gallic acid into a dry flask with a narrow neck; over this poms _ 81x ounces of good alcohol, (60° over proof,) and place the flask in hot water until the acid is Sroclnea or nearly so. This will not take long, especially if it be well shaken once or twice. __ Allow it to cool, then add half a drachm of glacial acetic acid, _ and filter the whole into a stoppered bottle. _ 49, The developing solution which I employ for one set of sheets, or 180 square inches, is prepared by aoneg together ten ounces of the water that has been previously for washing the excited papers (44), and four drachms of the exhausted exei- _ ting bath (45); the mixture is then filtered into a perfectly clean dish, and half a drachm of the above alcoholic solution of gallic acid poured into it. dish > shaken about until the greasy appearance has quite gone from the surface; and then the sheets of paper may be laid down on the solution in the ordinary Manner with the marked side downwards, taking particular care that none of the solution gets on the back of the paper, or it will E 3 174 W. Crookes on the Waz-paper Photographic Process. cause a stain. Should this happen, either dry it with blotting paper, or immerse the sheet entirely in the liquid. 50. If the paper has been exposed to a moderate light, the picture will begin to appear within five minutes of its being laid on the solution, and will be finished in a few hours, however sometimes be requisite, if the light has been feeble, to prolong the development for a day or more. If the dish be per- fectly clean, the developing solution will remain active for the whole of this time, and when used only for a few hours, will be cuikee appearance indicates the presence of dirt. The progress of the development may be watched, by gently raising one cor- of producing stains on the surface of the picture. I prefer allowing the development to go on, until the black is rather yellow iodid of silver has been dissolved out. This operation — need not be performed by yellow light; daylight is oe bettter | for shewing whether the picture be entirely fixed. This will take from a quarter of an hour to two hours, according to the time the bath has been in use. It will be well not to put too many sheets into the bath at once, in order to avoid the necessity of turning them over to allow the liquid to penetrate every part. ts When fixed, the sheet if held up between the light and the eye, will present a pure transparent appearance in the white The fixing bath gradually becomes less and less active by use, and then its action is very energetic on the dark parts of the picture, attacking and dissolving them equally with the un- — changed iodid. When this is the case it sould be put on one side, (not thrown away,) and a fresh bath made. ai! 53. After removal from the fixing bath, the sheets must be well washed. In this operation, the effect depends more upon — the quantity of water used, than upon the duration of the immer: _ W. Crookes on the Waz-paper. Photographic Process. 175 sion. When practicable it is a good plan to allow water from a tap to flow over the sheets for a minute or two, and having thus 54. They are then to be dried by hanging up by a crooked pin, as after iodizing. When dry, they will present a very rough and granular appearance in the transparent.parts; this is removed by melting the wax, either before a fire, or, what is far better, by placing them between blotting paper, and passing a warm iron over them; by this means, the white parts will re- cover their original transparency. containing any remarkable phenomena. [ will therefore now detail the method of printing photographie positives from these hegatives, premising that the process Hy m that usually acidpted oes not differ materially l t as the quantity required is but small, it will perhaps be found “better to obtain aalt along with the 4 The chlorid of gold is merely required for an artistic effect. ‘Many persons object to the reddish brown appearance of ordi- nary photographic positives; the addition of a little chlorid of old to the fixing bath converts this into a rich brown or black ; the trifling quantity required removes any objection to its use on the score of expense, oo. a 58. I prefer using the same kind of paper for positives as for negatives (20). Messrs Canson n nufacture a thicker paper, which is generally called positive aper, but I think the thin is *» “ 176 W. Crookes on the Wax-paper Photographic Process. Pee es far preferable; the + aE is smoother, and the various solutions _ Po much bette : 59. e first piretibe which the paper has to undergo is : ‘oii the bath for this purpose consists of Chlorid of sodium ee <. S100 piaing Distilled water. 40 ounces. Filter this into a clean dish, andl completely i immerse the sheets, marked as directed (27). This is best done ‘by laying them gently on the surface of the liquid, and then pressing them under — by passing a glass rod over them; as many sheets as the dish — will hold may be thus immersed one after the other. Allow — them to soak for about ten minutes, then lift and turn them over — in a body; afterwards they may be hung up to dry (38), com- mencing with the sheet which was first put in, When dry, they ; may be taken down and put aside for use at any future time. The sheets in drying generally curl up very much; it will there- fore be found convenient in the next i aa if the salted sheets, before being put away, have been allowed to remain in the pressure is tight, for about 24 Bours This makes them — ese ae othe os exciting bath is st eis of ws. Nitrate of silver . ‘ . 150 grains. : psa Water. 10 ounces. tering, ge ase: polntion into a clean dish; and seat : likely to be required in the course of a ll for they gradually turn brown by keeping, even in the dark, and lose sensitiveness. They will, however, keep much better, if — tight in the ressure frame, and thus protected from the : 62. When a positive is to be printed Ranta a aieuaee let the glass of the pressure frame be perfectly cleansed and free from dust on both sides, then lay the negative on it, with its back to the glass. On it place a sheet of positive paper, with its sensi- tive side down. Then, having placed over, as a pad, several sheets of blotting paper, screw the back down with sufficient force to press the two. it 80 as to sighed the 7 Gi - anether W. Crookes on the Wax-paper Photographic Process. 17 63. No rule can be laid down for the proper time of exposure; it will depend upon the uality of the light, and intensity of the negative; some pictures ing completed in a few minutes, others requiring upwards of half an hour. The printing should always Saturated solution of hyposulphite of soda 10 ounces. Water ee ear ee This bath will be found to fix the pictures perfectly, but they will generally be of a reddish tint ; if it.be thought desirable to obtain the pictures of some shade of dark brown, or black, it will be necessary to employ a bath made as follows ; Saturated solution of hyposulphite of soda 10 ounces. PW ae : : ; : : : ounces, Exhausted positive exciting solution (61) 10 ounces. _ Mix these together and then add the following ; Water ; : ; : cee 10 ounces, RISER OT BONES 4-.s eey ork Te gD grains; taking care in mixing to pour the solution of gold into the solu- on of hyposulphite, and not the latter into the former, or | er decomposition will be produ - Pour this mixture into a dish, and lay the positive carefully on it, face downwards. As soon as it is thoroughly damp, _ (which may be known by its becoming 2 gd flat after having time, When first put in, the color will change to a light brown, and in the course of some time, varying from ten minutes to two bath for ten minutes at least in ord t it may be perfectly SECOND SERIES, Vou. XXIl, NO. 65.——SEPT., 1856, 23 178 W. Crookes on the Waz-paper Photographic Process. fixed. After this time, its stay need only be prolonged until it has become of the desired tone and color; always remembering, that during the subsequent operation of drying, &c., it will — become of a somewhat darker tint than when taken out of the fixing bath. | 66. On removal from this bath, the pictures must be allowed to soak in a large quantity of cold water for ten or twelve hours, There must not be very many in the dish at atime, and the water must be changed at least three times during that interval; they must then have boiling water poured over them (of course — in a porcelain dish) two or three times, and lastly pressed dry, between sheets of clean blotting Paper (14), (these may be used several times, if dried,) and then allowed to dry spontaneously © in the air. When the pressure frame is not in use, a pile of these — finished positives may be put in, and kept tightly screwed up all night; by this means they will be rendered perfectly flat and smooth. 67. The picture is now complete. It must be borne in mind, — however, that the light and shade are reversed by this operation, — the track of the luminous image along the paper being repre- sented by a white instead of by a black band, as in the original — negative. Should it be desired to produce exact facsimiles of — the negatives, it can be done by employing one of these positives — as a negative, and printing other positives from it; in this way, the light and shade having been twice reversed, will be the same as in the original negative. 68. In some cases it may happen, that owing to a partial failure of gas, or imperfection in the sensitive sheet, an image may be so faint as to render it impossible to print a distinct posi- tive. The gap that this would produce in a set of pictures may Chega cas ere ee co e. ro) we a ° =) 3 & <4 oO . aa! fo) tear) © i=) ey peal > o =| 2. < = e. fe} = this piece to the light until it has become perfectly opaque, a then it can either b igi > * ¥ ar ip J. W. Mallet on a Zeolitic Mineral. 179 Art. XIV.—On @ Zeolitic mineral (allied to Stilbite) from the Isle of Skye, Scotland; by J. W. Matter, Ph.D. THE specimen to which the following description refers has een in my ion for several years, and has attached to it a label bearing the name “ Hypostilbite,” but analysis shows it to be a mineral quite distinct from Beudant's hypostilbite of the Faroe Islands, and differing also from both stilbite proper and epistilbite. Tt occurs as a mass of minute crystals, resembling white loaf sugar, breaking easily, and crushing under the fingers into a coarsish crystalline powder. The Separate grains viewed under the microscope appear as single prismatic crystals or little groups of three or four, nearly transparent, colorless, and with a pearly lustre, especially on two opposite faces,—closely resembling stil- bite in fact in general appearance, The crystalline form could not be satisfactorily made out, but seemed to be monoclinic. Hardness a little greater than that of calcite. Specific gravity =2-252. ; trong muriatic acid poured over the pulverized mineral at night had the next morning formed a distinct jelly. On analysis the following results were obtain Atoms. RR es y.as bic.y daeest exis 63°95 = 1:191—3 Ps eu crk ca ox: 40 0c: 20°18 "892—1 ices re, cay. chaos 12°86 ‘459—L‘17 ok oy 66.6 cesses wk ss ce Potash (with a little soda), .... ‘87 OO 2s keine 00. ee ee 12°42. 1:380—3-52 100°28 Neglecting the small quantity of alkali, these numbers lead us nearly to the formula, - &(CaO, SiO s)+2(AlaOa, 28i03)+7H0, which differs completely from that of stilbite, CaO, SiO;+Als Os, 3SiOs + 6HO, or that of epistilbite, CaO, SiO. + AlzOs, 83i0:+5HO. The percentage of water is also far too small for hypostilbite. sie 3 The mineral appears to be a distinct one, and does not seem to have resulted from the gradual decomposition or change of any other; but it is perhaps scarcely desirable to add to the already numerous names of stilbite-like minerals by adopting a hew one for this substance until additional analyses of these nearly related species shall permit of their more accurate classi- 180 R. Clausius on the Application of the TR ee eee pee Art, XV.—On the Application of the wore acheory of Heat to the Steam Engine; by R. CLA [Translated for this Journal from Pogg. Ann. xcviii, 441, by W. G.]* 1. As the change in our views on the nature and relations of heat which is now comprised under the name of the “mechan- ical theory of heat,” had its origin in the recognized fact that heat may be emplo ed in producing mechanical work, we might a@ priori expect that, conversely, the theory which was ‘originated — in this way would contribute to put this application of heat ina — eas light. In particular the more general points of view ob- — in this way should render it possible to form a certain — judgment on the particular machines which serve for this appli- — cation, whether they already perfectly answer their purpose, or — whether, and how far, eeey are susceptible of improvement. 4 To these principles, which hold good for all thermodynamic — machines, there are to be added for the most important of them— — the steam engine—some particular ones which incite us to submit it to a new investigation deduced from the mechanical theory of © heat. Some im 5 ere deviations from the laws which were | formerly assum correct, or at least applied in calculation, — nite been found to “hold good precisely for steam at its maximum ensity. a ee ee eee ee ue i : ' 2. In this particular I believe that I must first remind the ~ reader that it has been proved by Rankine and myself, that when : q a quantity of steam, originally at its maximum density, expands — in a shell which is impermeable to heat, by pushing back with its _ full expansive force a movable portion of the shell, as for in- — stance a piston, a portion of the steam must be Lea as reasonin q Furthermore, in the want of accurate knowledge, it was for- q merly assumed, in determining the volume of the unit of weight | of saturated steam at different temperatures, that steam even at | its maximum density still obeys the laws of Mariotte and Gay Lussac. In opposition to this I have already shewn in my first memoir on this subject,t that we may calculate the volumes which a unit of weight of steam assumes at different temperatures at its maximum density, from the fundamental principles of the me-— ’ chanical theory of hea by means of the collateral assumption, — that a permanent gas when ut expands at a constant temperature ab- * The importance of this memoir induces us to ave it My = instead of ate a dos machines & repel. por ta Come VEC M.G.d Pi Pasco Paris, 1844. : ’ ie 3 t Pogg. Ann., Ixxix, 36 Pepe j Mechanical Theory of Heat to the Steam Engine. 181 sorbs only so much heat as ts consumed in doing the external work ormed, and that we find in this way many values which, at the higher temperatures at least, deviate considerably from the laws of Gay Lussac and Mariotte. : is view of the behavior of steam was not shared at that e even by authors who occupied themselves specially with the mechanical theory of heat. W. Th tested the point. He found—even a year later in a memoir laid to test the correctness of this assumption experimentally. They have in fact found by a series of well devised experiments con- ducted upon a large scale, that the assumption is so nearly correct for the permanent gases examined by them, namely, atmospheric air and hydrogen, that the variations may in most calculations be neglected. They found, however, greater variations for the non- permanent gas, carbonic acid, which they also studied. This corresponds entirely with the remark, which I added to the first mention of the assumption, that it is noe true for every gas Mariotte and Gay _ Lussac find their application to the same gas. In consequence of these experiments, Foctioon has now also calculated the volume of saturated steam in the same way as myself. I believe there- fore that the correctness of this mode of calculation will gradu- ally be more and more fully recognized by other physicists also, 3. These two examples will suffice to shew that the fundamen- tal principles of the former theory of the steam engine have undergone such important changes through the mechanical the- ory of heat that a new investigation of the subject is n ; e present memoir I have made the attempt to develop the tainly well worthy of consideration—to apply steam in an over- heated state In setting forth this investigation I shall only suppose as known my last published memoir* “On an form of the second principal theorem of the mechanical theory of heat.” It is true that it will in this way be necessary to deduce a second time in a somewhat different manner some results which are no longer new, but which were obtained at an earlier period by other writers or by myself; I believe however, that this repetition will be justi- fied by the greater unity and clearness of the whole. I shall refer in the proper places to the papers in which these tesults were first communicated, as far as they are known to me. * Pogg. Ann., xciii, 481. 182 R. Clausius on the Application of the 4. The expression that heat drives a machine, is of course not to be immediately referred to the heat, but is to be understood as signifying that some substance present in the machine, in conse- quence of the changes which it undergoes by heat, sets the parts. of the machine in motion, We will call this substance the heat- utilizing substance (den die Wirkung der Warme vermittelnden Sto If now a continually acting machine be in uniform action, all the changes which occur take place gctgmapch 2 so that the same condition in which the machine, with all its single parts, is found — at a particular time, regularly recurs at equal intervals. Conse- | uently the heat-utilizing substance must be present in the ma- chine in equal quantity at such regularly recurring instants and — must be in a similar condition, This condition may be fulfilled — in two different ways. : In the first place, one and the same quantity of this substance _ originally existing in the machine may always remain in it, in — which case the changes of condition which the substance under- — in practice. It occurs, for instance, in the caloric air machines constructed up to the present time, inasmuch as after every stroke — the air which has moved the piston in the cylinder is driven into — the atmosphere, and an equal quantity of air is supplied from the - atmosphere, through the feeding cylinder. The same is the case > — re ae without condensers in which the steam A om the cylinder into the atmosphere, while, to supply its place, — o —_ portion of water is pumped from a anton me iler. ‘@ Furthermore, at least a partial application is also made in s Ee which are worked by two different vapors, as for instance y Water and the vapor of ether. In these the steam is con- densed only by contact with the metallic tubes which are inter: eT 1 Oe es Se Mechanical Theory of Heat to the Steam Engine. 188 nally filled with liquid ether and is then completely pumped _ back into the boiler. In like manner the ether vapor is con- to keep up a uniform action, therefore, it is only necessary to add as much water or ether as escapes through the joints from imperfections in the construction 6. In a machine of this kind in which the same mass is always This is the case with steam engines with condensers, in which the water is thrown out from the condenser in the liquid state, and with the same temperature with which it passed from the condenser into the boiler.* _ In other machines the condition at the exit is different from that at the entrance. The caloric air machines, for instance, even when they are provided with regenerators, force the air into the atmosphere with a. higher temperature than it previously had, and the steam engines without condensers take up the water asa be completed for the purpose of investigation, we aa apply to all thermo-dynamic machines the theorems which hol * The cooling water which passes into the condenser cold and out of it warm, is not hove: takes into consideration, since it does not belong to the heat-utilizing substance, but serves only as a negative source of heat. 184 R. Ciausius on the Application of the have represented in my former memoir the two principal cesapaa ivhioks hold good for every circular process, by the fol- lowing equations. (1 Q@=— A.W (n) /e=-™ in which the letters have the same signification as they have there; namely— A is the equivalent of heat for the unit of work. Q sipuiics t the external work done during the — process, eat mene to the changea y dur- ing the circular process, and d Q an oo of the aati by which a quantity of heat en fi from the bod y is considered as negative communicated heat. The integral of the second equation ex- — tends over the whole quantity Q. T’ is a function of the temperature which the variable bod has at the moment at which it takes up the element of heat d 0, or, should this body have different temperatures in its different — parts, of the temperature of the part which takes up dQ. am the form of the function 7, I have shewn in my previous memoir _ that it is probably nothing else than the temperature eer, when © this is estimated from the point which is determined by the Ter g ciprocal value of the coefficient of expansion of an ale 3 —278° Ref ge ea ge ae eet ee ee aes (1) T=273+2 ae In future I shall employ the magnitude 7 always with this sig- nification, and call it briefly the absolute te temperature, remark- | ing however that the conclusions arrived at do not in their essence depend upon this comcaae but remain valid even = * A ies of t her sources of heat which are to communicate heat to the vatlabie — st ures than this last, and conversely those which ar municate + to it negative heat, or to take sitet heat from it, must have lower te erates At every excl of hea: een the variable body and a source o is an immediate of heat nite a body of a higher tem a Par ae a swede ts temperature, and herein lies an uncompensated transformation which is so — the a special notice. The: = oe into pevailornsien te eee in ¥ or not, — as we attribute to the temperature occurring in equation (i1). If we paces re ; this the temperature of the source of heat belonging to the element dQ, these trans- mations are included in NV, If however we understand by it as is above deter- mined, and as it will be understood in this whole memoir e temperature of the — variable body, these transformations are excluded from Nv Furthermore a remark — = ae oe ee re eee Mechanical’ Theory of Heat to the Steam Engine. 185 verted, then uncompensated transformations have come into play, and the magnitude N has an assignable value, which how- streams from one vessel, in which it was under a greater pres- ; this __ Many cases of interest to know how much each single one of _ the last has contributed to the production of the whole sum of uncompensated transformations. For this purpose imagine that the mass, after the change in condition ahich we wish in this way to investigate, is brought back by any invertable process to its original condition. In this way we obtain a small circular up during the same, and the temperatures belonging to it, the negative integral — -[' sa gives the uncompensated change which has occurred in it. Now as the restoration which has taken place in an invertable manner can have contributed nothing to egat ecause it is lost for urce of heat, here on th r hs is consid- ered as positive. All the elements of heat contained in the integral ot ee their sign, and with them at the same time the whole integral, consequently in order that the equation should remain correct notwithstanding the change, it was neces- sary he sign on the other side also. SECOND SERIES, VOL. XXIJ, NO. 65.—SEPT., 1956, 24 * 186 R. Clausius on the Application of the vertable. i 9. If we now apply equations (1) and (11) to the circular pro- cess which takes place in the thermo-dynamic machine during a — riod, we see in the first place that if the whole 5 pret of | beat which the mediating substance has taken up during this — time is given, then the work is also determined immediately by i he first equation, without its being necessary to know the nature q of the processes themselves of which the circular process con- — sists. In similar generality we may, by the combination of the two equations, determine the work from other data also, 4 We will assume that the quantities of heat which the variable body receives one after the other, as well as the temperatures which it has at the reception of each, are given, and that there i only one temperature over and above, whose magnitude is not known @ priort, at which a quantity of heat is still communi ted to, or, if it be negative, taken from, the body. Let the s of all the known quantities of heat be Q,, and the unknow Then resolve the integral in equation (II) into two parts, 0 which one extends only over the known quantity of heat Q,, and the other over the unknown quantity Q,. In the last part the | integration may be directly executed, since 7’ has in it a constant value 7',, and gives the expression a Q — = The equation (11) becomes hereby Qi dQ Vo _ i oe aes whence sisws " Qi Q.=-7,.f Oe aes o u Further we have according to equation (1), as, for our case, = Q.+ Qo: ; 1 — W= 7(@.4Q)- ee a substitute in this equation for Q, the value just found, we _* Mechanical Theory of Heat to the Steam Engine. 187 Qy ’ 1 d (2) W=5 (0-7, f B-7,.m), If we assume specially that the whole circular process is inverta- Mei according to the above N=0, and the foregbinig equation ecomes We Le,-2,.f 9) ‘ 0 This expression is only distinguished from the previous one by the term —-—°. WN. Since WV can only be positive this term can when the whole circular process is invertable, and that the quan- ‘tity of work is diminished by every circumstance which causes one of the special processes occurring in the cireular process to be uninvertable. Equation (2) leads accordingly to the sought value of the work in a manner which is directly opposed to the usual one, inasmuch as we do not, as formerly, determine singly the quantities of work performed during the different processes and then add them together, but set out from the maximum work, and subtract from it the losses of heat which have arisen from the single incom- plete parts of the process. If we make the limiting condition with respect to the commu- nication of the heat that the whole quantity of heat Q, is com- municated to the body at a determined temperature 7’,, the rtion of the integration embracing this quantity of heat may at once Sxevuted, and gives 1 1 by which equation (3), which holds good for the maximum of the work, talkes the following form, sa Q, T 1-7 | (4) Wa di In this special form the equation was already deduced by W. Thomson and Rankine from the combination of Carnot’s theo- rem, modified by me, with the theorem of the equivalence of -. heat and work.* 10. Before we can pass from these considerations, which hold good for all thermo-dynamic machines, to the treatment of the steam engine, some remarks with respect to the behavior of va- pors at a maximum density must first be brought forward. * Phil. Mag., July, 1851. 188 _ R. Clausius on the Application of the I have already in my former paper of 1850, on the motive power of heat, developed the equations which represent the two incipal theorems of the mechanical theory of heat in their ap- plications to vapors at a maximum density, and have applied them to deduce various conclusions. As I have however introduced in my last memoir “on a change in the form of the second principal theorem of the me- chanical theory of heat,” a somewhat different mode of repre- senting the whole subject, I consider it, as already mentioned, more advantageous for the sake of greater simplicity and breadth of view, to sup only this last memoir as known. : therefore again deduce in a different way the equations referred to from the results obtained in it. In this memoir it was assumed, in order to apply the general | equations first established to a somewhat more special case, that — the only foreign force acting upon the variable body which de- rves consideration in determining the external work, was an ~ external pressure, the force of which was equal at all points of the surface, and whose direction was every where perpendicular — to it, and that further this pressure always changed only so — slowly, and consequently was at every instant only so little dif — ferent from the expansive force of the body acting opposite to it, that in calculation the two might be considered as equal. If then we denote by p the pressure, by v the volume, cide T the — absolute temperature of the body, which last we will introduce | into the formulas instead of the temperature as estimated from — the freezing point, because they take a simpler form in this way, — this be acakinlibek: a jules the equations deduced for d (dQ\_ a (dQ\_, dp oy AS) £(8)aadt dQ dp (rv) ds =A.T or case of vapors at a maximum density, 11. Let the given mass of the substance whose vapor is to be ~ considered be M, and let this be contained in a completely closed extensible vessel, the part m in a state of vapor, and the re- _ maining part, M—m, in a fluid state. This mixed mass is now to form the variable body to which the previous equations are to be applied. sigs a If the temperature 7’ of the mass and its volume v—that is — to say, the content of the vessel—are given, then the condition — of the mass, so far as it here comes under consideration, is thereby — completely determined. Since ome the vapor by supposition always remains in contact with the liquid, and consequently at a maximum density; its condition, as well as that of the liquid, — Mechanical Theory of Heat to the Steam Engine. 189 depends only on the temperature 7 It only remains to decide whether the quantity of the two parts which are present in dif- ferent conditions is determined. For this purpose the condition is given, that these two parts must together exactly fill up the content of the vessel. we therefore denote the volume of the unit of weight of steam, at its maximum density, at the tempera- sare T by s, and that of a unit of weight of fluid by o, we must ave: v=m.s+(M—m)e =m(s—o)+ Mo, The quantity s occurs in what follows, only in the combination (s—<), and we will therefore introduce a special letter for this difference, putting uUu=s—9, by which the previous equation becomes 6) | v=mu+M, and hence i (7) m= RBA : sac : m : | By this equation, m is determined as a function of 7 and », since u and o are functions of 7. : 12. In order now to be able to apply equations (111) _ o our case, we must first determine the quantities Ty nd oH Let us first assume that the vessel expands so much that its content increases by dv, then a quantity of heat must be thereb communicated to the mass, which will in general, be represented b 404 vy or V. Now since this quantity of heat is only consumed in the forma- tion of vapor which takes ~~ during the ee ee it may also be represented, if the heat of ev be denoted for the unit of mass by 7, by the expression pay and we may also put dQ dm “dv dv whence, since according to (7), dm we find (8) Toa’ Tf we assume in the‘second Ree that the ‘temperature of the mass, while the content of the vessel remains constant, is in- * 190 R. Clausius on the Application of the creased by d7, the quantity of heat necessary, will be repre- sented generally by dQ a? dT. This quantity of heat consists of three portions—1. The fluid portion, 4—m of the whole mass, must be warmed by d 7, for which purpose, if c denotes the specific heat of the liquid, the ares of heat (M—m)cd T is necessary. The portion m in the state of vapor must in like manner be ‘amen by dT, but will thereby at the same time be so much mpressed, th at for the increased temperature T+d 7, it is arte at a maximum density. The quantity of heat ‘which must be communicated toa unit of mass of vapor during its compression, in order that it shall have at every density pre- cisely the temperature for which this density is a maximum, we shall denote for an increase of temperature of d 7, in general by T in which h is a magnitude which is previously unknown as to its value, and even as to itssign. The quantity of heat neces- sary for our case, will hence be en mhd % 3. In the process of heating, a small ciiasttiey of the previously - fluid portion, passes into the state of vapor, whith is Tep generally by a7 Re pe J, and which consumes the quantity of heat PES Ss AY ae m du _M do —s - ‘ av ee . “ale ¥. If we add these three quantities of heat together, and Pat their sum equal to aoa T we have "3 Q r r du (9) wa (5 a) m(h— o-<. 77 + d dQ a 13. The first of these expressions for ic and —~, must now aT” : also, as is signified in equation (rI1), be y ee the first 4 with respect to 7; and the last with respect tov. If we co : moreover that the quantity J is constant, the quantities u,% 7, Mechanical Theory of Heat to the Steam Engine. 191 cand h, only functions of 7, and the quantity m only a function of Zand v we obtain d (dQ 1 dr eo du C9) a ie) = aah op d (dQ So fg oe du\dm arya is sara : dm . 1 or, if we put for Tp 8 value m d (dQ _h-c r du “ za : By substituting the expressions given in (10), (11), and (8), in (m1) and (1v) we obtain the sought equations, which represent € two principal theorems of the mechanical theory of heat for _ Vapors at a maximum density, namely dr dp (v.) ap teh 4 4. dp (v1.) r= A. Pur and from the combination of the two, we also obtain ae te dr fies (12) art ¢—h= Via 14. With the help of these equations we will now consider a case which will so often occur in what follows, that it is advan- eous to fix, a priori, the results which refer to it. 8 assumed that the previously considered vessel _ the form of vapor will change, and besides, a a or negative ternal wo vy P roduces the pres- Sure of the vapor, since in the change of volume the pressure of the form of vapor, the volume v and the work W are termi i ¥. ad roe dv + [(—mebmh-br Fle7. 192 R. Clausius on the Application of the must be equated to zero, in consequence of the condi- tion now laid down that heat must neither be communicated to nor taken from the mass. In this way we obtain, if we simply write dm for 4 v5 a Fe ys the equation 18 rdm+m(h-c)d T+ Mcd T= 0. If we substitute in this, according to (12) nga dr) F-. a ti doe and again write simply dr for iA of 7, we have rdm4mdr-dT4+Med T=0, a7? T, since ris only a fancting or (14) d(mr) - 7d T-4+Med T=0. If we divide this equation by 7, and remember that (mr MP) (mr ae id T=i(F), we obtain (15) a(") +Mc 70: As the specific heat of a liquid changes but slowly with the temperature, we will in what follows, always consider the que tity c as constant. Then the previous eps may | grated at once, and Bt 7 = ae Me log 7’=const, or if the initial values of 7, ee m, be ee by 71,7, m1, (vu) pets By this equation, m is also pen oi as a fanotion of the tem- perature, if r, as a function of the temperature, can be a poe considered as known. In order to give an approximate view of the behavior of this function, I have collected together in the apa table some — “ | values calculated for a particular case, that the vessel at the beginning contains no guid water, but 38 exactly filled with steam at the maximum density, so th at f he previous equation m, is to be put equal to M, and let now an expansion of the vessel take place. the vessel should be ee oe ee eee scr an ae ee ee Mechanical Theory of Heat to the Steam Engine. 198 compressed, we could not make the assumption that in the be- ginning no fluid water is present, because then the vapor would hot remain at a maximum density, but would be overheated b the heat produced during the compression. In the expansion on the other hand, the steam remains not only at a maximum density, but a part of it is in fact condensed, and it is precisely the diminution of m produced thereby, to which the table re- fers. The initial temperature is assumed as 150° C., and corres- ponding values of 7 are given for the times when the tempera- ture has sunk by the expansion to 125°, 100°, ete. The tem- eeatnre estimated from the freezing point is denoted by 4, as eretofore, to distinguish it from the absolute temperature repre- sented by 7. | t | 150° | 195° | 100° | 50 | 50° | 95° | on | 1 | 0°956 | oo | 0°866 | 0'821 | 0-776 | M | For this purpose we only need to substitute in the equation (vi1,) for r, the expression given in (vi,) whereby we obtain i hs od ) _ bo lo a (v11.) atet k mmong u,(35 ; oa z F . The differential coefficient oe which occurs here is to be looked on as known; p itself is known as a function of the temperature, and consequently by this equation, the product mu is determined, and from it we obtain by addition of Mo the sought quantity v. In the following sable; there is again collected a series ¢ values of the fraction aa which are deduced from this equation, for the same case to which the foregoing table relates, For the Sake of comparison, those values of = are also added, which we should obtain if the two assumptions usually made heretofore in the theory of the steam engine were correct. (1.) that the stean SECOND SERIES, VOL, XXII, NO, 65.—-SEPT., 1856, 25 194 -R. Clausius on the Application of the in expanding remains exactly at a maximum density, without partially precipitating, (2.) that it.obeys the laws of Mariotte and Gay Lussac. According to these assumptions we should _ have t 150° 125° | 100° 45° 50° 25° “ 1 | 188 | so0 | 923 | o57 | ga4 z oes" eel ts) oan ae Lent |. a0 ies pk, we: 17. It remains finally to determine also the work done during the change of volume. For this purpose we have generally the equation (16.) W=f| pd 1 Now according to equation (6) if o be regarded as constant: dv=d(mu) whence pdv=pd(mu) for which we may also write (17.) pdv=d (mup)— muha 7. We might put in this for must the expression given by equa- : tion (vit) and then execute the integration. We obtain the re- ; sult however at once ina rather more convenient form by the — following substitution. According to (v1) we have : dp.., ie 1 mr and from this by employing equation (14): dp 1 | mura T= 5 [4 (mr) + Med T}. Hence (17) becomes 1 p du=d(mup) — [a (mr) + Med 7), and by integrating this equation we obtain 1 (tx.) W=mup—m,u,p,+5[m, r,—mr+ Me(T,-T)] whence W may be calculated, since the quantities mr and mu are already known from the foregoing equations, a CS ee Mechanical Theory of Heat to the Steam Engine. 195 I have also carried out this calculation for the above special case, whereby I have obtained the values given in the table for Tr that is for the work done during the expansion by the unit of mass. The kilogram is selected as the unit of mass, and which 1 kilogram of water evaporates at the temperature of 150° and under a corresponding pressure, the value 18700. t | 150° 25° | 4 | 0 11800 | 28200 | 35900 | 49300 é 18. We turn our atten- tion now tothe consideration 125° : 100° 75° | 50° om | | matic figure, which is only intended to facilitate the general view of the whole series of processes connected. with the action of a com- From this, a portion of the = = passes into the cylin- ; der B, and forces the piston to a certain height. Then the cylin- der is cut off from the boiler, and the steam contained in it, lifts the piston still higher b expansion. The cylinder is thereupon put into connexion with the space Cc, which shall represent the condenser. We shall assume with respect to this, that it is not kept cool by ee he gs water but by cooling from without, which, as above remarked, produces no important difference in the re- Sults, but simplifies the consideration of the subject, Let the con- D ee = 5 is the equivalent of work for the unit of heat, and the above number signi- fies that the quantity of heat which is able to warm 1 kilogram of water from 0° to 1°. when gg into mechanical work gives a quantity of work equal to 196 R. Clausius on the Application of the stant temperature of the condenser be called 7,. During the con- nection of the cylinder with the condenser, the piston goes back again through the whole space which it previously passed over, and thereby all the steam which did not of itself pass directl into the condenser is driven into this and is here condensed. It only remains in order to complete the cyclus of operations, to bring back into the boiler the liquid which has arisen from the condensation of the steam. ‘This purpose is served by the small ump D, whose action is so regulated that during the ascent of the piston, it draws up exactly as much liquid from the conden- ser as has been brought into this last by the condensation of the steam; and this quantity of liquid is then forced into the boiler by the descent of the piston. When this has here become heated again to the temperature 7',, everything is again in the initial condition, and the same series of processes can begin anew. We have here then to deal with a complete circular process. n common steam engines, the steam passes into the cylinder not only from one side, but alternately from both. This however produces only the difference that during an ascent and descent of the piston, two circular processes take place instead of one, and it is sufficient in this case also to determine the work for one of them in order to be able to deduce the whole work which is done during any time. 19, In this determination we will, as is customary, consider the cylinder as a shell which is impenetrable to heat, neglecting the exchange of heat which takes place during one stroke between the walls of the cylinder and the steam. The mass in the cylin- not pass into the overheated condition during the expansion in fine drops, and sare ae can rapidly participate in the — Ww changes of bie i pea ich the steam undergoes during the expansion, we shall make no sensible error if we consider in cal- culation the temperature of the whole mass in the cylinder as _ he same for every determined instant of time. Furthermore, not to make the formulas too complicated at th outset, we will in the first place determine the whole work which is done by the pressure of the steam without taking into account Mechanical Theory of Heat to the Steam Engine. 197 It is moreover to be remarked with respect to the friction of the piston in the cylinder, that the work consumed in overcomin it is not to be considered as entirely lost, for by this friction heat is generated, and thereby the interior of the cylinder kept warmer than it otherwise would be, and consequently the force of the steam is increased. Finally, as it is advantageous to learn in the first place the action of the most complete machine possible before we study the influence of the particular imperfections which naturally a go is present during a circular process, may be expressed without further cal- culation, with the help of the results obtained above, and give a simple expression as the sum. Let the whole mass which passes during the ascent of the piston from the boiler into the cylinder, be called UM, and let the part m, be in the form of vapor, and the part M—m, liquid. the space which this mass occupies is, if m, signifies the value of « belonging to 7',, m,u,+Me. The piston is accordingly lifted as high as this space underneath it becomes free, and as this happens under the action of the pres- sure p, pepe 7, the work done during this first process, which we may W,, is (18) W,=m,u, p,+Mop,. Let the expansion which now follows be so far continued, until the temperature of the mass enclosed in the cylinder has sunk from the value 7, to a second given value, 7,. The work which is done hereby, which we may call W,, is found immedi- ately from equation (1x), if 7, is assumed in it, as the final tem- , and also if the corresponding values are substituted for the other quantities occurring in the equation, namely : 198 R. Clausius on the Application of the 1 (19.) Wa=m,%,p,—m, 4 Pit al" Pr, —-Mot24Mc(T, -T,)]. Tn the forcing down of the piston, which now oe the mass which at the end of the expansion occupied the spac My Uy + Mo is driven from the cylinder into the condenser, whereby the con- stant counter pressure p, is to be overcome. The negative work which is thereby done by this pressure is: ; (20.) W,=—m,u,p,—Mop,. : While now the piston of the small pump rises so high ee - space Mo beeomes free under it, the pressure p, W place in the condenser acts in its favor, and does the Fs gg (21.) W,=M p,. Finally, at the descent of this piston, the pressure p, which takes place in the boiler must be overcome, and does therefore the negative work: By the midition of these five eyinitlatiog wi obtedh for the whole — work done during the circular process, by the pressure of the — steam, or as we may also say, by the heat, which we may call W’, the expression 7 () Wea > slr 1—Mot,+Me (T, -T,)|+m,u, (P2-Po)- From this equation, the quantity m, must be eliminated. This quantity, if we substitute for w, the value deduced from (v1), occurs only in the ae m,7,, and for this product equa- tion (Vil) gives the expressio rn Mefg=M, Seger 7 Sop stot 7 By substituting this expression we obtain an equation in which — ae known quantities occur on the right side, since the masses — , and Jf and the temperatures T',, T, and tr, are assumed as immediately given, and the quantities 7, p sud & a are supposed 4 to be known as functions of the temperature. 3 21. If in equation Be we = T, equal to T,, we obtain the | work for the case in which machine works without ony : sion, namely : 4 (23) W=m,u, (Pp, Pa) sae Co et ccd i ah go ee oe i ge OI RG a Mechanical Theory o Heat to the Steam Engine. 199 If on the other hand, we hake the assumption, that the ex- gp is driven until the steam by the expansion has cooled om the temperature of the boiler to that of the condenser, which, it is true, it is not completely possible to do, but whic still forms the limiting case to which we must approximate as closely as possible, we need only put T',=7', whereby we obtain (24) W'=-[m,r,—myro+ Me(T,-7,)]. If we also eliminate from this m,r, by means of the before- cited Siuktion, in which also we must put T,=T,, we have * (x) We= “[™. Big 5 pal °+ MT, - -T, +7, log f »)|: 22. If we write the tren equation in the allowing form, (25) W=m eee pit Me(2- ye Ait oz los 7°), ~ two pone whi = occur herein, Me (7,- r. >) and m mts comes from the pesmi in the fluid state, with the temperature o up to 7’, and the last represents the quantity of heat which is required to convert the portion m, at the temperature 7’, into m, is little smaller than i, the last quantity of heat is far , Breaier than the first. will bring the factor belonging to Mc(T,-T,) into a soca hat different form, in order to be able to compare with one other more conveniently the two factors, with which these 0 quantities of heat are multiplied in equation (25). If then, for the sone of abbreviation, we introduce the letter z with the Significatio Taomit~, T, _ * The foregoing equations, which represent k under the two simplifying an is te osushastnet $14, bad bed develo loped by m along (26) z= nded comp that Rankine had not considered the circumstance t wat liquid i oo a with ~ steam at its entrance into the cylinder. By the earlier te ea of this paper t eating J was ee for this rior of my inves- nevertheless the correspondence was in so far a gratification to me, as it ave me a guarantee that the mode of oteettng the subject employed was really & natural one. 200 R. Clausius on the Application of the we have = SAU od = es LF 7, ==1=z and we therefore obtain M+ oe Y ee 1-z | ET log phe) p = G4 9+F +e) Zz zZ 22 Zs odie Rh | Sa BAW GES as Equation (25) or (X1) thus becomes (27) W=m,r, Zt Me(,-7.)5-( 1 Z g2 tists é Y expansion to the temperature of the condenser, without following singly the different processes of which the circular process consists. In this case, namely, the circular pro- cess 1s invertible in all its parts—we may imagine that the evap- oration takes place in the condenser at the temperature 7’,, and that the mass I, of which the part m, is va r, and the part (M4—m,) is liquid, passes into the cylinder, org lifts the piston ; that then during the descent of the piston, the steam is first — all pump, the boiler into the condenser, an Cn RO ES Pla 5 lesen ne . Mechanical Theory of Heat to the Steam Engine. 201 maa(er-n/'59) Q, signifies herein for our case, the heat communicated in the boiler to the mass M, and we have therefore Q,=m, ry) +Me (7 Te Q1 oe : d ; se In determining the integral [<2 the two single quantities of fe heat contained in Q,, Mc (7,—7,) and m,r, must be particu- larly considered. In order to execute the integration for the first, we may write the element of heat d @ in the form Med 7 then this portion of the integral becomes } 5 Me eB FH sit To - : During the communication of the last quantity of heat, the temperature is constantly equal to 7’,, and the portion of the in- : mr tegral relating to this quantity of heat is therefore simply wae ‘ 1 By substituting these values, the above expression for W’ be- comes the following. is W'=—[m,r, 4Me(2,-7,)- T(" 14 al 108 7.)] 1 T,-T, T =] m7, T. + Me(7,-7,47, lg 7°) | and this is the same expression as that contained in equation (XI), which we have previously found by the successive deter- mination of the single quantities of work done during the circu- ess process, 24. Hence it follows that 7 the tem res at which the nee conveying the action of the heat takes up the heat delivered given, then the steam engine, under the suppositions made in deducing equation (x1) is a perfect machine, inasmuch as for a etinite quantity of heat communicated to it, it does as much oe to the mechanical theory of heat, is possible at the same temperatures, The matter is otherwise however if we do not regard these temperatures as given a priori, but consider them as a variable element which must be taken into consideration in judging the machine, In consequence of the fact that the liquid, during its SECOND SERIES, VOL. XXII, NO. 65.—SEPT., 1856, 26 i 202 R. Clausius on the Application of the warming and evaporation, has much lower temperatures than the fire, and that thus the heat which is communicated to it must pass from a higher to a lower temperature, there is in V an uncompensated transformation which is not reckoned in the calculation, which with the reference to making the heat useful - occasions a great loss. The work which can be obtained in the steam engine from the quantity of heat, m,7,+Mce(7,—T,)= Q, is, as we see from equation (27), somewhat smaller than Qa, T, - To A; See = If therefore the same quantity of heat could be communicated to a variable body at the temperature of the fire, which may called 7’, while the temperature corresponding to the subtrac- _ tion of heat, remains as formerly 7, the work possibly to obtained in this case according to equation (4) would be repre- sented by oS ae —ar-. A In order to be able to compare the values of these expressions in some examples, let the temperature ¢, of the condenser be » fixed at 50° C., and let the temperatures 110°, 150°, and 180° C. be assumed for the boiler, of which the first two correspond — about to the low pressure engine and to the common high pres- sure engine, and the last is to be regarded as about the limit of © the temperatures engines in practice. For these in steam . cases, the fraction depending on the temperatures has the follow: - ing value. ty | 110° 150° 180° | | fF rae 0-157 | 0-286 | 0287 ‘ “g er ae sa oil Whereas the corresponding value for the temperature of / of ° ©. is 0-74 z the fire, if we assume this only at 25. It is hereby easy to perceive what S. Carnot and after — him many other authors have asserted, that in order to arrange portant advantage over steam engines, when we succeed in mak- : ing them work at considerable higher temperatures than steam — tures. ever also be obtained with overheated steam, since as soon the vapor is separated from the liquid, we may heat it still fur- : ee SL eee Senna SC set oe es ee ee Dee re tanh Mechanical Theory of Heat to the Steam Engine. 208 ther with as little danger as if it were a permanent gas. Ma- chines which employ the steam in this condition can unite many advantages of steam engines with those of air engines, and a practical result is therefore sooner to be expected from them, than from the air engines. second more volatile substance is applied, the interval (7’,— i) is made larger because 7’, is made lower. The idea has sug- gested itself in the same manner to increase the interval on the 6. Besides the imperfection of the common steam engines just mentioned, which is founded in their nature itself, these ma- chines have many other defects, which are to be attributed more to their practical construction. ae, One of these has already been considered in the above devel- opments, and is comprised in equation (x), namely, that the ex- pansion cannot by any means be carried so far that the steam in the cylinder reaches the temperature of the condenser. If we take, for instance, the temperature of the boiler at 150°, and that of the condenser at 50°, we see from the table of § 16 that for this purpose the expansion must continue to 26 times the original volume, while in reality in consequence of many evils which occur in high expansions, we usually allow it to reach only 8 or 4, and at the utmost, 10 times the volume. Two other defects, on the other hand, have been expressly excluded in what precedes, namely, in the first place that the pressure of the steam in one part of the cylinder is less than in the boiler, and in the other part greater than in the condenser— and secondly, the presence of the injurious space. We must therefore now enlarge our former views, in such a manner that these imperfections shall also be taken into consid- eraflon (To be concluded.) 204 Statistics of the Flora of the Northern United States. ART. XV1.—Statistics of the Flora of the Northern United States ; = by ASA GRAY. special aptitude for this kind of research. JI may. how- E Pa: ever, collect and arrange the principal data; for the use of those The work,* which forms the basis of the following statistics of — the botany of the Northern United States, has now been ex- the north of it, and those chiefly on the coast of the low south- _ iver, and thence due east again, the small quadrangle thus ex- * Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States; second edition; inclu: — ding Virginia, Kentucky, and all east of the Mississippi: arranged : ak Natural System; by ASA ed according to t vant). With 14 plates, illustrating the Genera of the Crypt Fe George P. Putnam & Co., 1856, J ryptogamia. New Yor ng AY, (the Mosses and Liverworts by Wa. S. Suture — re eR URES ee Way ee ae Statistics of the Flora of the Northern United States. 205 crosses the parallel is Jussiea repens, This sparingly extends up Ses about as far north as on the Atlantic coast, In the elevated region through which the middle of our southern boundary passes, great numbers of northern plants are of course found to extend much farther southwar er. The northern boundary, being that between the United States and British America, varies through about five degrees of lati- tude, and nearly embraces Canada proper on the east and on the . * It would apparently exclude from the flora of the Northern States the follow- 1es — ing spec Gordonia Lasianthus. Benzoin melissefolium. Stuartia Virginica. Tetranthera geniculata, Zanthoxylum Carolinianum. Stillingia sylvatica. Berchemia volubilis. Quercus virens. Viburnum o um. “ cinerea. Mitreola petiolata. Sagittaria falcata. Liatris odoratissima. Burmannia biflora, panicula Tillandsia usneoides, Sericocarpus tortifolius. Smilax Walteri. Chrysopsis gossypina. " ceolata, | Baccharis glomeruliflora, Zygadenus glaberrimus, Kalmia hirsuta, Mayaca Michauxii. ex ine. Pepalanthus flavidus, “ myrtifolia, Lachnocaulon n, Vilfa Virgini emium sempervirens, Ctenium Ameri Forsteronia diffurmis, Uniola paniculata. Olea Americana, : Paspal istichur Fraxinus platycarpa. gitar Carol: little beyond lat. 388° 30’. Two other characteristic trees, viz, the Palmetto and Magnolia grandiftora, stop about as far short of our line as the two former pass 206 Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. west; so that the volume in question probably contains nearly all the plants of Canada Hast, south of the St. Lawrence and of The siapplcit ty of our flora, as a purely northern temperate — one, is preserved by the absence throughout our limits of high mountains and of any considerable extent of elevated land, es- * The following Pheenogamons plants, contained in Prof. Agassiz’s published list of the plants gathered on the north shore of Lak drei ee in age cee made in 1848, are not included in the Botany of the Northern Sta Ribes oxyacanthoides, Tofieldia aa vel palustris. Lonicera involucrata. Carex Vahlii, Corispermum hyanoplfobiei: To which I may add, that obscure and ambiguous Grass, the Aira melicoides, yes ES te oe The last two, viz., Tofieldia palustris and Carex Vahl: ostichoi in Prof. Whit: claim ad- ra. But Iwas not a ~~ Saye t re i fell within graphically and ins to the northern shore, winks ie veustnion. co to display a e the subalpine character, which it spire not the south side, I determined to 9 . + This list includes the few j 1 as found on the immediate coast of — Lake Superior, altho ee one or the seven, aon Ribee oxyacanthoides, is truly Canadian. Three of them e from the northw: t and geo and three from the d udson’s Bay country. I pat the antrédas a wth eckoni oning ari these iat Hesperix matronalis, Sisymbryum Sophia, &e.: also all those Total Phenogamous indigenous plants, 2091 « ty il Or about 24 Dicotyledonous to one Monocotyledonous species. Their distribution among the 132 eS in our flora (Resedacee and Dipsacee of the above table being \ List of the principal Phenogamous Natural Orders represented in the ora of Northern United States, arranged according to the number of indigenous species they severally comprise Species | Species. Composite, 278 Liliacee, 24 about 4th of the 2091 Phanerogamia. Rubiaceze, 23 yperaceze, about zyth, “ 213 Saxifragacez, 22 Graminee, about qth, * ce bGs Polygonacez, “ 92 Leguminose, about sith,“ 91 Asclepiadacen, == 21 Rosacew, about sisth, “ 71 Melanthacex, 21 Ericacez, L 62 Conifers, 20 Scrophulariacez, 54 Violacee, Hypericace, and Orchidacee, 51| Smilaces, each 18 Ranunculacez, 49 Primulacee, Borraginacez, Labiate, 49 and Naidace, each 6 Crucifer, 46 Convolvulacee and Urticacer, Umbelliferze, + 387 eac 5 Onagracez, 36 Polygalacee, 13 Caryophyllacew, 30 Lobeliaceze, Lentibulaceee, Pole- Euphorbiacez, 28 moniacez, and Alismacew,each, 12 Caprifoliacez, _ 27 Cornacee, and Hydrophyllaceee, Juncacer, 26) each, . i Cupuliferse, 25 Sapindacere, Aquifoliaceee, Che- Salicaces, ; 24; nopodiacer, and Betulacee, Gentianacee, 24; each, F 10 Only 46 of our orders have 10 or more indigenous species: 63 orders have from 2 to ies, and 28 orders are represented each by a single species. The average allows 15:09 species to Phzenogamous plants. In the present case the first nine families, having 1026 species, lack nineteen of making half; the sum of ten families exceeds the moiety by thirty. The result is nearly the same as that brought out by De Candolle from a similar schedule, tabulated by him from Beck’s Botany of the Northern 214 Statistics of the Flora of the Northern Siates. and Middle States, north of Virginia, 1833, although the elements are - aeueaninaes different and the ten largest orders are not the same througho Moreover, our ten predominant rom as not properly cor- respond with the ten mentioned by D dolle as generally pre- dominant in the temperate regions of the baat pine ere: viz. “ of os first rank, Composite, Graminee, Cyperacea, Legu- n the Crucifere, Umbellifere, auch Ctaasieilice —_ minose ; then, Pata less decidedly, the Labiate, Rosacea, and Scro lariacee.+ Nor would they do so if, by dividing the Hricacee into smaller ones, we were to exclude that fami y from the list of those (eleven in number) which severally comprise not than two per cent of our phzenogamous species. ‘I Sageaepes families accord indeed with De Candolle’s conclu: sion, only the Cyperacee with us are remarkable for surpassing the Dramas But the next three in our list are quite differ- ent, even if we omit Hricacee, being Rosacee, Scrophulariacee, and Orchidace eo all three of De a secon rank fall be- © low firs and one of them ryophy would “fall still til if it were not str by the Hlecebrti so — regarded as a distinct family. easy to see that these differences are owing to the unusual shies of our ee in Cyperacee (chiefly in Curves), and to our — . * The schedule drawn from Beck’s = is ag follows : 265 prema sae 169 races, 157 i Homie sace, 97 Amentacee, 94 | =1066 species out of 2125 rin ne Leguminose, 80 plants. . iate, 59 Ranunculaces, 50 Scrophulariaceze, 48 Orchidacee, 47 J The differences are readily to be accounted for. 1. The Ri cee mo of Amentacet in this list for Hricacee in the other, results from the form order having — ing fi r of Carices, in which the Northern United States are absolutely bat rich ; which increase has resulted ulted from the remarkable attention and repeated = ration tit genus has received sinee Saga time, from several hands, and perba 5 also fro a minuter discrimination of the species than in other families. 3. The order Rosace@ te imes as ma’ duced ne rs We proper poten of most of these orders, and swells the number of the Phanoga- which strangely takes precedence of the Leguminose, is unduly expanded a e pease nts to 2125, while we count only 2091 truly indigenous — within a0 Foaialt larger and now ag og ee known. Me: Alph. De Candolle: Geogr. Bot., p. 1 Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. 215 I must not stop here to compare our flora with that of Europe as respects the proportions of the predominant families. The data on our part for such comparison are recorded above. I ass on to notice some charucteristic features which depend upon positive differences in the families. fornia, and Galacinew, of one genus and species,—a genus incerte sedis, rather than an order. Our orders peculiar to America are the following :— Sarraceniaces, Cactaces, ydrophyllacee, Limnanthacex, Galacinez, Bromeliacese ; Loasaceze ? all of which, except Galacinee and perhaps Bromeliacee, are also represented on the western side of our continent. Besides these China, and the Extra-European Orders not peculiar to America. “xtra-European Orders of the p in Western Pp pe » China, Flora of the Northern States N. America. or Himalayas, Magnoliacez. |Magnoliacez. Anonacee. nona: Menispermacee. |Menispermacee. Nelumbiacee. \Nelumbiacez. Cabombacee. , Calycanthacee. Calycanthacese Melastomacese. - Melastomaceze Passifloraceze. Passifloraceee. Hamamelace Hamamelacee. apotaces. Sapotacee. signoniace. \Bignoniacee (Martynia) ?/Bignoniacee. Nyctaginacee. |N yctayinacee. Nyctaginacese? Phytolaccacee. Phytolaccaceee. Phytolaccacee. aururacee. Saururacez. Saururacee. Podostemacee. Podostemacee. Burmanniacer. * |Burmanniacee. Hemodoracee. Commelynacee. \Commelynacez. Xyridacew. Xyridacez. ag, i" > eae As 216 Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. Thus it appears, 1, that, of our 19 extra-Kuropean orders not peculiarly American, only 3 or 4 are represented on the western - or Pacific side of the United States, while all but one are repre- sented in the corresponding parts of Eastern Asia ;—indicating a curious analogy in the vegetation of the eastern sides of the two great continental masses in the northern hemisphere, which is also borne out, though not so strikingly, in a comparison of the nera. D. That the flora of the Northern United States is remarkably rich in ordinal types, as compared with Europe, which, (exclu- sive of the Mediterranean region, furnished with two or three), has only seven orders that we have not, while we have 26 that are wholly unknown to the European flora. 3. And it is worth noticing that our additional or character- — istic orders are all of warm-temperature or sub-tropical general character (which is the more remarkable when the lower mean temperature of the year as compared with that of Western Ku- rope is considered): all of these 26 orders have their principal development in the tropical regions, excepting six of the smaller ones; and three of these have tropical or sub-tropical repre- sentatives, : | 4, But the peculiar and extra-European families do not pre- dominate, nor overcome the general European aspect of our — vegetation, on account of the fewness of their species. Of the — est in our flora (Hydrophyllacee) we count only 11 species; — and the whole 26 orders give us only 64, or barely three per cent of our phenogamous species. a _ Our Pheenogamous genera, 681 in number, average three spe- cies apiece. Far the largest genus is Carex, with 182 species. On the other hand one half of our genera are represented by — single species; and about 92 of these are monotypic, having only a single known species. Mee The genera which are strictly confined within the geographical ; our extra-Huro henogamous genera are enum their respective families, and their distribution in longitude i8 attempted to be given in the two parallel co - Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. 217 Phenogamous Genera of the Flora of the Northern United States not common to Kurope, with indications of their distribution westward, and in Kastern Temperate Asia, eS s E Asia, Extra-European ¢ Generaj Also occurring In WON. Occurring in E Asi Orders. of Eastern N. Awer- |America, i. €., in Ore-ji.e, in Japan, China, or as aS _ica. oe ai and California. Himalayas, fanunculacee, | Trautvetteria. | Trautvetteria, Trautvetteria. Zanthorhiza. ydrastis, Cimicifuga. Cimicifuga, Cimicifuga, Magnoliacee. Magnolia, Magnolia, Liriodendron, Anonacee, ) Asimina i enispermacee. |Menispermum, Cocculus. Cocculus Calycocarpum. ; Berberidacee. Caulophyllum, Diphylleia, : Jeffersonia, : Podophyllum, Podophyllum. Nelumbiacee, - umbium. Nelumbi ——- Cabombaceee, rasenia, Brasenia. ) Sarraceniacee, | Sarracenia, _ -Papaveracee, —_| Stylophorum. Stylophorum — Fumariacee, Adlumia. E Dicentra. Dicentra. Dicentra. ; Cruciferce, Todanthus. | avenworthia. i Capparidacew. | Polanisia. Polanisia, Violacewe, Solea. Cistacee, Hudsonia, Lechea. Hypericaceee, Ascyrum, ea, lace. | Anychia, Caryophyl evens Mclingé. Mollugo. Mollugo. Portulaccacee, | Sesuvium. Sesuvium. inum, Talinum. Claytonia. Claytonia, Malvacee. Callirrhée. - Napea. : ida. Sida. Sida. Kosteletzkya. Kosteletzkya. ; é Camelliacew, Gordonia. Gordonia. as ee Stuartia. Stuartia. imnanthacee, | Floerkea. Rutacee, Zanthoxylum. Zanthoxylum. Ptelea, SECOND SERIES, VOL, XXII. NO. 65.—SEPT., 1956, 28 Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. 218 Table continued. Pca aly Extra P Also occurring in W. —s Por ° hiae Orders. a Eastern N. Amer- smgeny? big Baa aiete — Vitacee. Ampelopsis, Ampelopsis? Rhamnacee. hemi Berchemia ‘ Ceanothus, Ceanothus. ‘Sapindacee. Atsculus. ulus. Aesculus. ag Negundo. Negundo, Negundo. Leguminose, Crotalaria. Crotalaria. Dalea. ea. Petalostemon. _|Petalostemon. orpha, Amorpha, Robinia. Wistaria ista Tephrosia Tephrosia. Aischynomene shynomene, Desmodium Desmodium. Lespedeza. Lespedeza. Stylosanthes, ios. Rhynchosia Rhynchosia. alactia Amphicarpea. Clitoria. Clitoria. |Centrosema, Baptisia. Cladrastis. Cassia. Cassia. Gymnocladus, Gleditschia. Gleditschia, Desmanthus, Desmanthus, Desmanthus. chran Rosacee, illenia. Calycanthacee, |Calycanthus. Calycanthus. ‘ie Melastomacee. exia. P Lythracee, Ammannia, Ammannia, |Ammannia. a Neseea. is Cuphea, Onagracee, (Enothera. (Enothera, ura, Gaura. Jussisea, J ussiza, Proserpinaca. Loasacece Mentzelia. Mentzelia, Cactacee.- . Opuntia. Opuntia, Cucurbitacee, icyos, Sicyos. Sicyos. Echinocystis Melothria. Crassulacee. Penthorum }Penthorum. Sazifragacee. tilbe. Astilbe. wee Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States 219 occurring - N. Occurring in a, i.e, Ordera. of Eastern N. Amer. America, iv. in Ore-| in J China, or ica. }_gon and California. i Boykinia. Boy kinia, Sullivantia, euchera, Heuchera, Mitella. Mitella. Mitella. Tiarella. Tiarella. are. Itea. Hydrangea. Hydrangea. Philadelphus. —_|Philadelphus. Philadelphus. Hamamelacee. |Hamamelis, Hamamelis. Fothergilla | Liquidambar Liquidambar. Umbellifere:. Crantzi Polytenia Archemora, Archemora. Tiedemannia. pi Thaspium. a. Discopleura, Cryptotenia. Osmorhiza, Osmorhiza. orhiza. ophus., Erigenia. oe Nyssa. Ge foliacee. |Symphoricarpus. [Symphoricarpus. ; _< Dierdilla, sd iervilla( Weigela) iosteum. Rubiacea. Spermacoce. : Diodia. Cephalanthus, Cephalanthus. Mitchella. Oldenlandia, Idenlandia. ernonia. Elephantopus. | Adenocaulon, Adenocaulon. Sericocarpus, —_|Sericoearpus. Diplopappus, Diplopappus. Diplopappus. sltonia. Brachycheta, . Bigelovia, Rudbeckia, Helianthus. Coreopsis. Hymenopappus. Helenium. Troximon. Gaultheria. ee Menzi: Pterospora, 220 Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. Table continued. 5 ra-European TAlao occurring in W. N.(Occurring in EB. Asia, Orders. [et Resvtes N, ay xs oie ive: is Glin: se ‘ in Japan China, | ica. go ifornia. or Himalayas Chrysopsis. Chrysopsis. Pluchea. Pluchea. Baccharis. Baccharis. Polymnia Chrysogonum ~ Silphiu arthenium a Eclipta. Cacalia. yenanthemum. |Pycnanthemum. edeoma, Hedeoma. Collinsonia, onarda, Blephilia. Lophanth |Lophanthus. |Lophanthus. Cedronella. “ Synandra. Physostegia (Physostegia. Borraginacea. |\Onosmodium Hydrophyllacee. Hydrophyllum. Hydrophyllum. Nemophila. Nemophila, _ Ellisia. Ellisia. Phacelia. haceli Polemoniacea. [Phos hlox. Phlox. 222 Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. Table continued. Orders. rd nen N. hae )Extra-European Genera Also occurring in W.N. America, | i & in Ore- Occurring in E. Asia, -< in et China, Convolvulacee. Gentianacea. Apocynacea. Asclepiadacee. | Oleacea. WNyctaginacee. Phytolaccacea. Chen } acee, Amarantacee. Lauracee. Thymeleacea, a@ganace Santalacea, Loranthacee. Urticacee. Juglandacee. Pydaathern Stylisma. Dichondra. Sabbatia. Frasera. stam ad Oxybaphus. Tetranthera, Comandra. Phoradendron. Acalypha, Croton. Halenia. Amsonia. Oxybaphus. Benzoin. 'Tetranthera. Saururus, Acalypha. Stillingia. Croton. Beehmeria. iPhyllanthus. |Pachysandra. = Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. Orders, Table continued. Extra-European Ge s. Eastern N. pang Also oc: ng W, gon and California. Myricacee. | Conifera, Aracee, Wek ydrocharidacea. een niacece Orchid Amaryllidacee. Hemodoracee. Bromeliacee. Lridacecee. Smiliacee. Liliacee, Melanthacee. N. pags i es in Ores Occurring in E. Asia, in jores, China, pb alaya Saapeonia Taxodium. Echiiodorus, Pancratium. Agave. Hypoxys. Lachnanthes. Lophiola. Thuja. Symplocarpus. Aletris, Tillandsia. Sisyrinchium, Trillium. eola. Clintonia, Yucca. Uvularia, Prosartes, eee Sisyrinchium, Trillium, Clintonia. Yucca, 'Prosartes, _ |Xerophyllum. Thuja. |Ariszema, Symplocarpus. Burmannia. Trillium. Clintonia. Uvularia ? Zygadenus. Commelyna. ‘Tradescantia. Xyris. 224 Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. Table continued. Extra-Eu:op gin W.N.)Occurring in E. Asia, Orders. of Eastern N. Amer- | America, i.e. in Ore-| i.e. in Japan, China, ica. gon and California. or Himalayas. Cyperacea, Kyllingia. Kyllingia. D Fuirena, Scleria. ' |Scleria. Graminee. Zizania. Vilfa. Vilfa. Vilfa. a Sporobolus. Sporobolus, u jMuhlenbergia. - Aristida, Bouteloua, Bonteloua. Leptochloa. eS Leptochloa. Arundinaria, |Arundinaria. Paspalum. Cenchrus. Cenchrus. Cenchrus. Sorghum. | Sorghum, 353 101 That is, 87 of our 853 extra-European phenogamous gener or 24 per cent are common to Western North America, and 101, or 28 per cent to Eastern temperate Asia. Four per cent more of our characteristic genera are shared with an antipodal region — than with the neighboring district of W. N. atiniee ‘And the : number is likely to increase; for we know far less of the flora of - Japan and China than of California and Oregon. Drs. Hooker © and Thomson’s large Himalayan collections, now in the course of distribution and publication, will probably add several more to the list. Twenty-nine of these genera, or 8 per cent, are regions, b common to all three of these Our 194 genera which are neither European, N nor E, Asiatic in temperate regions, require further discussion t0 — show which are characteristic of Eastern North America, We — here barely notice that: , et oe eee eee Lae BLE Feo ear a aes Riis ic See £8 oe Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. 25 3 Belong also to Western temperate Asia, viz. Menispermum Planera, and Zizania; two of these being peculiar to that district and to ours. 73 Extend southward beyond the limits of the United States apd into tropical regions, or recur in the southern hemis- ere. 120 Ke characteristic Eastern United States genera. As already stated, only three genera are actually restricted to the geographical area comprised in our ‘Botany of the Northern United States’. If, however, we allow our area to embrace Can- ada, which naturally belongs to it, and also include those plants which extend southward much beyond lat. 36° 30’ only in the Alleghanies or cool upper country of the Southern States, we may enumerate 37 genera peculiar to this flora; viz.— Zanthorhiza. Echinocystis. Pyxidanthera. Hydrastis. Sullivantia. Direa. Caulophyllum. Zizia. Hamiltonia. | Diphylleia, Erigenia. Comptonia. Jetfersonia. — - Brachycheeta. Arethusa. Adlumia, Chiogenes. Tipularia. Solea. Oxydendrum. Aplectrum, Huds Sia. - Rhodora. Medeola. Napea, Leiophyllum. Helonias. Cladrastis, Schweinitzia. Chamelirium Gymnocladus, Galax. Amphicarpum - Gillenia. Nemopanthes. Dalibarda. Hemianthus. nerally; and no idea can be formed of the real features of a fo ike ours from such a dissection, and piecemeal presentation, ach part, or from an exhibition of what is strict] y peculiar to eac rather than what is predominant,—at least as respects generic forms. Returning now to the species—the real exponents of vegeta- tion;—these have already been considered as regards their nu- merical proportions in the several classes and orders of the flora of the Northern States: it remains to note some facts respecting their geographical distribution. SECOND SERIES, VOL. XXII, NO. 65.—SEPT., 1856, 29 226 Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. As appears from the tabular view commencing on p. 208, there are common to Europe, 180 Dicotyledonous species out of 1490, or 12 per cent, 141 Monocotyledonous species out of 601, or 234 “ 321 Phenogamous Species out of 2091 or 153 “ 35 Acrogenous Cypogunis out of 75 or 466 “* 320 Musci and Hepatice out of 502 or 63-7 “ 855 Cryptogamous species out of 577 or 61:5 “ in accordance with the general fact that the lower the class the The Indigenous Phaenogamous Species of the Northern United States, : tem- viewed as to their geoyraphical distribution around the northern perate zone, Sa eess)28 ) 2 1is1 2 te e > |eee(ersidd? | 2 | 22)2 [2°78 3 ese ite| 262) 2 | 2 | ee | ze |e 3 25: Grta| eee] = | 22 | 22 | fe |2e B55 petal mes) a | ze | zt | ge | 224 Class I. DicoryLeponea&, da seu Exocena, ee Ranunculaceex, 49 | 26] 20] 18 1 5] 10).2— Magnoliacer, 6 6 vag Anonacez, 1 1 ; Menispermacee, 3 3 beridacez, 5 5 Nelumbiacee, 1 1 Cabombacee, 1 1 1 1 ‘ Hiiad pbs 1 i ni 2 2 - Papaveracese, 2 2 ve Fumariacer, 6 5 1 Cruciferse, 46 | 81 18447 2 1l ; Capparidacer, 1 1 et Violacesw, 18 | 15 3 1 1 we Cistacee, 7 q Droseracer, 4 2 1 1 2 1 Parnassiacee, 3 2 1 1 1 Hypericaceze, 18 | 18 Asia. See: sae eae Statistics of the Flora of the Morthern States. § “eli? | 2 af): (a fi é geelteveizs | s | ge} ee] e2 | Ez : giz |efb/f2 | 2 | $2] 28) 2 {6 S| eet lSeRel ede | 2 [a8 | ei | 2 |x =z ofs (Ze bh Soe os ge] 3, | s (s¥ E eee [cces|cse| & | 2s | 28 zi |is4 Z si |e5a/ee| § | 25 | 28 | ge |28 Elatinacez 1 1 a 30} 14] 1 12 13 1 Portulacacex, 4 4 - Malvaceze 9 9 Tiliacez, 2 9 Camelliaces, 2 2 inacee, 2 2 Oxalidacer, 3 1 2 2 Geraniacee, 3 1 1 1 Balsaminacee, 2 2 os Limnanthacee, 1 1 Rutacez, 3 3 Anacardiacee, 6 5 1 Vitacer, 7 7 hamnacee, 6 6 Celastracez. 3 2 1 Sapindacew, 10 | 10 Polygalacez, 13 | 18 Leguminose, 91} 84 7 4 ®, Wie aot 98 47) "3 3 Jalycanthacez, 3 3 Melastomacee, 3 3 Lythraceze 7 5 1 1 1 Onagracee, 36 | 26; 10; 10 I cee 1 1 7 Cactacez, ] 1 Grossulacex, vi 5 2 1 Passifloraceze, 2 2 Cucurbitacez, 3 Crassulacez, 5 Saxifragaces, 22 | 15 4 + 2 2 Hamamelacer, 3 3 Umbellifers, 87 | 26 9 4 3 2 Arali ; 6 in : 1 1 1 Cornacee, 11 Caprifuliaces, 27; 19 7 3 1 3 Rubiacex, ee} tis} *et 8re 1 4 Valerianacez, 7 6 1 Composite, 273 | 233 | 29] 11 2 9 Lobeliacer, 12 ll : ; 3 : Campanul 3 tom (| as] ‘os | “| Mel 9d it 0 228 Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. < Cuiass I—continued. SS, leefelt2 | 4.12812 3 | Se 2 gic leseeies. | 3 | 24 | 22 |= [89 3 eeebiee|eer| 2 | | ea |e |e 3 ge. eted|/est| 2 | 32 | 22 | Ze |3%e s se5 ise) see] 8 | zs | 22 | #® | 22s sinew, 1 1 A quifoliaceze, 10} 10 Styracacez, 5 5 “benacese, 1 1 Sapotacez, 2 2 Plantaginaces, 6 4 4 1 1 lumbaginacez, 1 1 1 1 Primulaces, 16 8 8 6 6 Lentibulaces, 12 8 2 4 4 Bignoniacese, 2 2 Orobanchacee, 5 2 Scrophulariacez, 54} 38 | 15] 10 1 10 Acanthacez, 3 3 ' Verb 7 5 1 1 1 1 Labiate, 49 42 7 4 4 af Borraginacee, 16] 12 4 3 3 H ydrophy!laceze, 11 2 Polemoniacex, 12}; 11 1 1 1 Convol vulacez, 15 | 14 1 1 1 oa Solanacez, 4 4 wid Gentianacee, 24 | 22 2 2 2 od fae Apocynacer, + 3 1 A Asclepiadacez, if 21 - ( ®, 9 9 es Aristolochiaceee, 6 6 ite yetaginaces:, 1 1 a Phytolaccacte, 1 1 Sn enopodiaceee, 10 4 5 5 1 6 t= Amarantacee, 5 5 Sa Polygonacee, 22] 14 7 6 1 6 ny Lauraceze 5 5 ee Thymeleacem, 1 1 Ts 'eeagnacese, 1 1 ey Santalacee, 3 2 1 A Loranthacer, 1 1 ae Saururacc ze, 1 1 ns | : Ceratophyllaceze, 1 ti" 1 Callitrichacese 3 3 3 3 | I odostemaceee, 1 1 & Euphorbiacee, 28 | 25 3 a Einpetracee, 2 1 1 1 1 a Urticaces, 14 et 8 | 1 Ll A | Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. g Inhabiting Europe but not fa Eastern Asia, : sei lsd? | 2 [22/2 [a a c = wt So es sg P= 6 a22 378:/52 | 2 | 22 | #2 | 2 rl ees es] S=_ | 2 | SF | Be Hs eB. ZED jesce| B25 = Ee 52 Es | z Zee @ee8/25.1 2 | 2s | Bs | Se | Bas germ SSS) & 68] 58 a | latanaceze, 1 1 pay uglandacee, 9 9 Cupulifere, 5 | 23 1 1 1 1 ricacese, 3 2 1 1 1 Betulacez, 10 6 2 4 2 4 Salicaceee, 24 18 6 4 1 3 oniferee, 20} 18 7 2 2 Class IT. MoyocorrLzpon &, ‘ seu EnDoGEN &, Arace: 7 5 2 2 2 Typhacez, 7 1 3 5 6 Lemnacee, 5 it 4 4 Naiadacee, 16 4 + 9 5 12 Alismaceze 12 154 4 a 4 4 Hydrocharidacee, 3 1 1 1 2 Burmanniac 1 1 dacem, Siete 181 81 68) 4d Amaryllidacee, 4 4 odoracese, em» 4 Bromeliacese, 1 1 Tridacese 6 5 1 Dioseor ; 1 1 Smilacez, 18 de: Ae 1 Liliaceas, 24 14 7 5 1 1 Melanthacez, 21 15 6 1 1 Juncacee, 26 6| 16] 14 4 14 Pontederiacee, 4 4 Commelynacer, 6 6 Xyridacee, 4 4 Eriocaulon 5 4 1 Cyperacee, 218 | 155 37 37 3 2 48 i 162 | 114 44 33 1 4 32 pee) Motoco: 601 | 408 | 143 | 124] 19| 8 | 141 : tyledonee, Dicotyledonee, 1490 |1168 | 278 | 184 26 17 | 180 Phrenogamia, 2091 |1576 | 416 | 308! 45 | 25 | 321 230 Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. The data are not at hand for extending this table through the higher ee togamia, ey for the highest class, and that im The four orders of Vascular or Acrogenous Oryptosie pa 5 speek the fllowing Sau: the columns being homologous with those of the last table. Equisetaceee, 10 2 8 8 8 |Filices, 49 | 26118123} 81 3 | 20 Lycopodiacee, | 12 | 4] 6| 7{] 1] 2] 6] 1 Hydropterides, | 4| 2] 1] 1] 1 1 75 | 34 | 28 ee 10 5 | 35 1 ka all round the world, they increase somewhat unduly the umbers of our species common to Europe and to Asia; but ‘hey are not sufficiently numerous with us to require to be for- mally eliminated. The following are all the Phsenogamous spe- cies which, within our limits, are found only in our small alpine region, namely, on the summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, of Mount Katahdin, Maine, and the highest peaks of the Green Mountains, Vermont, and the Adirondack Mountains Hie nes in Northern New Yo Cardamine bellidifolia. Oxyria reniformis. Vio tris, Betula nana. Silene acaulis. Salix phylicifolia. Sibbaldia proc Salix Uva-Ursi. Dryas integrifolia, (fide Pursh). Salix repens. Potentilla frigida, ix herbacea. Epilobium — var. majus. Luzula arcuata, Saxifraga rivularis. Luzula spicata. Gnaphalium pag Juncus trifidus Nabalus Boottii Carex capitata. Nabalus nanu Carex atrata Vaccinium czspitosum. Phleum alpinum. Arctostaphylos alpina, eee ue Pickeringii. Phyllodoce taxifolia. Poa Rhododendron Lapponicum. ine prema ore Veronica alpina. Hierochloa alpina, Diapensia Lapponica, Of these 83 species, two (Nabalus Boottii and Calama Pickeringit) are peculiar to our own alpine region, so far as is now a ; an two (Nabalus nanus and Vaccinium cespitosum) are peculiarly North American. All the rest are European, and nf ee two or three exceptions also Asiatic. No one sof our vascular Crypto gamous species is = alpine, Lycopodium Selago comes the nearest to being so = ERY Sat SP eee Bie apse eS he Pool, oe ne Ren Sie SE MIS aN Statistics of the Flora of the Northern States. 281 The following are with us subalpine species; they occur in our alpine region (to which most of them properly belong), but also out of it, at least in one or two places. Alsine Greenlandica. trum nigrum. Geum radiatum. Platanthera obtusata. Arnica mollis, Scirpus ceespitosus. Vaccinium uliginosum. Carex scirpoidea. Euphrasia officinalis. Carex capillaris, Polygonum viviparum. Trisetum subspicatum. All of these except Gewm radiatum, Arnica mollis, and Carex seirpoidea, are also European. The last grows in Greenland. The following European species have not been detected in any properly alpine habitat with us (where they might be expected to occur), but elsewhere, three of them (Saaifraya aizoides and Carex gynocrates) in stations not even subalpine: Saxifraga oppositifolia. Artemisia borealis, Saxifraga aizoides. Juncus Stygius. Saxifraga Aizoon. Carex gynocrates. Two Ferns might be added to the subalpine list, viz :— Wood- sia glabella and Aspidium Sragrans. e Phzenogamous species whose range far as is now Botany of the Northern United States’ are the following 7 { > ‘ so _ known, falls wholly within the limits of the ‘Manual of the DicoryLeponovs, MonocorTyLeDonows. Dentaria maxima. Lemna perpusilla, Vesicaria Shortii. Potamogeton Robbinsii. _ Napzea dioica. - uckermani. Sida Napa. Trillium nivale. 5 Psoralea stipulata. eratrum ll. . Astragalus Robbinsii ? Helonias bullata. — & igi polycarpa. Narthecium Americanum Tillzea simplex. Juncus Greenii. Sullivantia Ohionis. Cyperus Grayii. Galium concinnum. Eleocharis rostellata. Fedia F compressa, 2.7 \ygehitiean, «Robbins “ patellaria, Psilocarya scirpoides, Eupatorium pubescens. Rhynchospora capillacea, “ jnosum. Carex exilis. H Solidago Ohioénsis. “ — Sartwellii = oughtonii “ —_ sychnocephala. & e ta. ve Craw “ Muhlenbergii “ tormosa. “ —— linoides. “ Careyana. eo ear « — retrocurva. abe. “« Sullivantii. 232 On the Museum of Practicai Geology of Great Britain. DicoryLeponovs. MonocoTyLeDonovs. Rudbeckia speciosa. Carex mirata. Coreopsis bidentoides. “ Grayii. Cirsium pumilum. Sporobolus compressus. Nabalus Boottii. 4: serotinus. Gaylussacia brachycera. Calamagrostis confinis. Utricularia clandestina. . Pickeringii. = resupinata, — brevipilis, Hemianthus micranthemoides. Dupontia Cooleyi. Pycnanthemum clinopodioides. Glyceria acutiflora. . i. oa alsodes. Asclepias Sullivantii. “ debilis. a Meadii Meadii. Amphicarpum Purshii. 34 species = 71. (Zo be continued.) Arr. XVII.—Letter on the Museum of Practical Geology of Great Britain; by Sir Roperick I. Murcuison.* TO THE RIGHT HON. LORD STANLEY OF ALDERLY, &c. d&ec. Havine heard that Her Majesty’s Government proposes to re- move the Department of Science and Art, at present under the control of the Board of Trade, to the office of the Minister of the Crown-who may be élinectad with the education of the people, IT beg to be permitted to place on record a few observations on the effect which such a change may produce upon the establish- ment in Jermyn-Street, as consisting of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom and its affiliated School of Mines and illustrative Museum. exposition of the views entertained by my associates and myself. will first recall to your Lordship’s notice, briefly, the origin of this establishment ‘and the objects which it was destined to __™* From a “Copy of Correspondence between the Director-General of the Geolog- ical Survey and the President of the Board of Trade and the Council of Education, relative to annexing a Museum of Practical Geology to the Department of Arts and On the Museum of Practical Geology of Great Britain. 288 wealth, have analogous institutions, attention will be drawn to the following points. S irst. What real benefits will be derived from our estab- lishment, if it be duly encouraged as a higher School of Mines? Second. What may result, if it be rendered subordinate to interest of man. Acting on this principle, each government of the Great American Republic has its state geologist, Sepia . 10018 ool for sound instruction, not only in geology, mining, and mineralogy, but also-in the essentially connected sciences of nat- 934 On the Museum of Practical Geology of Great Britain. inspectors of coal mines, each receiving a salary of 400/. per annum, should be appointed, who had not undergone the prelim- inary studies which our institution affords. If such and other the part of Her Majesty’s government, that no one of the twelve arian t which we teach. A really encouraging move, one which has produced the best effects upon our students, has indeed been made in this direction through the enlightened views of His Royal Highness Prince Albert, who, acting for His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, as Duke of Cornwall, presented to our establishment two schol- arships of the annual value o . each. ven in our present condition, nearly 100 officers 7 of Her Majesty’s or the Honorable East India Company’s services haye or let it be supposed that, in any case where a young man is really desirous to gain knowledge, he is not adequately taught; inasmuch as eneey one of our professors acts both as teacher and examiner, ané takes upon himself the tutorial responsibility of ascertaining that he a truly imbued his pupil with sound nowledge. 2 A striking proof of the interest attached to the useful instruc: cially to call attention to a volume about to be issued by our — a e %, On the Museum of Practical Geology of Great Britain. 235 may arise, if our body should, by a change of relations, be gov- he the diffusion of scientific knowledge among its masses. ey may, with the most sincere and earnest intention, not only fail to advance, but even exercise a retarding influence on suc iffusion, and may object to a course of study w ich, as now pursued, is irrespective of religious teaching. Experience has shown in how sickly a manner practical science is allowed to -Taise its head under the direction of those persons whose. pur- Suits are alien to it; whilst in every land, where it has had due Support, the greatest benefits have resulted. — laced as the geological survey and its affiliated branches now are, in subordination to the Board of Trade, they are continually aiding in the development of an amount of mineral wealth far exceeding that of any other country, and in this wholesome and Important action, the movements of our body are not only un- fettered, but are likely to receive all that encouragement which Seems alone to be wanted to enable this establishment to be emi- nently useful in instructing that class of persons who will mate- ate augment the productive industry and trade of Great itain, * See Mr. J. Kenyon Blackwell’s Paper on the Present position of the Iron Tndus- uy of Great Britain, with reference to that of other Countries, read at the Society Arts, Wednesday 9, January 1856, p. 121 of the Journal. 236 J. M. Safford on the Genus Tetradvum. I have thus taken the liberty of offering to your Lordship, as the Member of Her Majesty’s Government under whom I serve, my view upon a subject of which I have long thought; and have only now to request that, in giving it your best attention, you will submit this letter to Her Majesty’s Government, an particularly to the consideration of the Minister who may be des- tined to be charged with the education of the country. Geological Survey Office, Jermyn Street, Jan. 25, 1856. Art. XVIIL—Remarks on the Genus Tetradium, with Notices of the Species found in Middle Tennessee ; by Prof. J. M. SAFFORD, A. M., Geologist of the State of Tennessee. THE genus Tetradium, has been characterized by Prof. Dana in his great work on Zoophytes.* His description and remarks are as follows: “ Coralla massive, consisting of 4-sided tubes, and cells with very thin septa or parietes; cells stellate with 4 narrow laminz.” “This genus is near Receptaculites, but differs in having ve thin parietes and four distinct rays within the cells, one to eac side. The specimen answering to the description, is a fossil of uncertain locality in the collections of Yale College, New Haven. The cells are about half a line in breadth. The name, from the Greek, t#79«s, four, alludes to the quadrate structure.” - ar as we know, no further notice has been taken of this enus. To us it is of great interest from the fact that individu- als, belonging apparently to several species, are not very abund- ant in the limestones of the Silurian, or as we shall hereafter term it, the Central Basin of Middle Tennessee. to nearly a line in breadth; they are very long, and are most frequently united throughout laterally, forming massive coralla opora. he isolated tubes are nearly quadrangular, the edges — more or lessrounded. A slight linear depression down the mia * United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1939, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Vol. 8th, page 701. 4 | stellata Hall, ees, ne ~ J. M. Safford on the Genus Tetradium. 237 dle of each side externally, opposite the lamelle. is Figure 1 will serve to give an’ idea of the trans- 98; verse, or horizontal section of one of these tubes. In the massive specimens the horizontal sections 0? Teukaren® of the tubes are square, or nearly so. In all of ™ oridea Vesa iares the species the walls are more or less rugose. linear. The increase appears to be by the division of the tubes, the latter splitting sometimes into two cell-tubes, not unfrequently perhaps into four; opposite laminz unite and form the ne walls of the young celfs, each of which is in the mean time sup- plied with its four rays. ; Among the numerous specimens of this genus, which we have seen, we have met with but one which shows clearly the pres- ence of transverse septa. This is a fragmentary specimen of the first species described below. In it the septa are distant about twice the breadth of a tube; but few however are seen, and these are confined to one end of the mass. arately growing of i Transverse “ey I b - a line. ‘Transverse septa usually absent. of afew tubes of 7 y en as the type of the genus, occurs abundantly throughout the upper half of the Lower mass of woody fibre, and hence the name of the seer £3 2. T. columnare Hall; Syn. Chetetes columnaris Hall. al. of N. Y., vol. i, p. 68, Pl. x1, Figs. 4, 4a—Mr. Hall's species, 238 iM. Safford on the Genus Tetradium. we think referable to this genus. It differs from T. fibratum in the following particulars: the tubes are not as uniformly four- sided, nor are they arranged with equal regularity ; the walls are more strongly rugose; the lamellze appear to have been more delicate, and are generally not to be seen; traces of them how- ever can, in most instances, be found upon close examination. The four-sided character of the tubes is sufficiently well marked to justify this reference, in connection with the fact that traces of the lamelle can often be detected. This.species is associated with the last,and occurs, in addition, lower in the series, with Columnaria ulveolata Hall. It is a common fossil in our Central Basin. 3. T. apertum Safford—Tubes isolated or fasciculated, or else united in linear series which often intersect, forming irregular reticulations ; breadth of tubes about half a line; lamellz as in T. fibratum. This species includes certain open, loosely constructed corals which belong to this genus. Two varieties may be designated. These appear to run into each other in some specimens, thoug it may be found necessary hereafter to separate them. a) Masses composed of separate tubes occasionally united by their sides. These forms often resemble Syringopora. ) Masses composed of tubes arranged in linear series, the lat- ter intersecting and forming masses like those of Hulysites caten- wlatus Linn. Should it be found necessary to separate these varieties, the first ey be designated 7. laxum and the second 7. apertum. We have observed no characters, with the exception of the =“ mode of growth which separate this species from 7. fibra- Ne | The first variety is abundant in the middle part of the Lower Silurian series of Middle Tennessee. The second is found in the upper half as well as near the base. We have observed the same species in Kentucky. «it 4. T. minus Safford—We include in this species massive speci mens, (generally small,) the tubes of which are only from 4th to 4d of a line in breadth. The tubes in some specimens are quite regular, in others, though generally four-sided, are more or less irregular and have the aspect on the upper surface of Cheetetes. ee as in T. fibratum. af e have occasionally seen this species in the upper division: the Lower Silurian can in Middle Reset well as 2 Kentucky. = E.. Hitchcock, Jr., on a New Fossil Sheil. 239 nl Art. XIX.—A new Fossil Shell in the Connecticut River Sand- stone ; by EH. Hircxcock, Jr. T HAVE lately found in the coarse sandstone of Mount Tom, (Easthampton, Mass.,) a shell of a mollusk, the first I believe that has been discovered in the sandstone of the Connecticut Valley. It is preserved and not petrified, and a considerable part of it has disappeared. Enough remains however to enable us to refer it to a family if not to a genus of shells. It is ‘repre- sented in the annexed diagram of the natural size as it lies in } — — ——— ppg the rock. The upper part is gone, leaving an oval opening about an inch and three quarters in one diameter and an inch and one quarter in the other. It extends downwards, tapering somewhat rapidly nearly an inch and a half, and is left without a bottom, he lower opening being about an inch wide. The walls are Very thick, in some places nearly half an inch, and made up of Several concentric layers. Tom the resemblance of this shell to a model of the lower valve of the Sphzerulites calceoloides in the Cabinet of Amherst College, it seems probable that it may be referred to that family of Brachiopods denominated Rudistx b 240 2=©=———s«. Coan on the Eruption at Hawaii. as described in vol. xx, p. 22 of this Journal. The shell is found in the same coarse grit as the Clathropteris, immediately beneath the trap (see section in the paper just referre : y referring to Bronn’s Letheea Geognostica, I find that the Rudiste with the exception of the genera—Orbicula and Cra- nia, are confined almost wholly to the Chalk Formation, and the shell from Mount Tom certainly comes nearer to the creeping, like fiery serpents, in a thousand gory looking rills, over the smouldering masses of lava, long ionae ited “These * From a letter to J. D. Dana, dated Hilo, March 7, 1856. P T. Coan on the Eruption at Hawaii. 241° lateral outlets, or burst again to the surface by raising the super- incumbent crust into ten thousand tumuli, cracking it in every crags. ‘The process is somewhat like that of a superabundant channels under vast fieids of ice; allowing, of course, for the where the angle of slope was small, say 1°. Here its progress ecame slow, it spread more widely, and refrigeration was more tapid, The surface, of course, hardened first. But this refrigera- and extended higher and higher up the mountain, until at length all the lava was covered except at occasional vents—as heretofore movements, as it pushed sullenly along over the rocks, through the jungle and into the mud, the pools, and water courses. he Process of breaking up vertically and spreading out afresh upon the hardened crust, was occasioned by obstructions at the end of the stream, damming up the liquid, and thus obliging the accu- ihulating lavas to force new passages and outlets for disgorge- ment. In this way the stream was widened by lateral out- gushings, divided into several channels, swayed to the right and * . » {nd raised to great heights by pushing up from below, an . “ping mass after mass upon what had Leen its upper stra- liantly at the end, it would suddenly harden and cool, “and for eral days remain inactive. At length, however, immense n capped—domes > Week—hilla and ridges of scoria move anil clink—immense slubs Of lava are raised vertically or tilted in every direction, while a SECOND SERIES, Vou. XXII, NO. 65,—SEPT., 1856. 31 « . 242 T. Coan on the Eruption at Hawaii. five square miles. More than once have I been on such a field, and heard, and seen and felt more than is here or can be de- scribed. And yet the action of the lava is so slow—in the con- ditions described—that there is no fear, and little danger to one ell acquainted with such phenomena. While the timid novi- tiate would flee for miles before such a scene, without looking back, and without consciousness of breathing, the experienced explorer will walk deliberately among the fiery pools, and rills, pry off the caps of bursting tumuli, and dip up spoils from the incandescent rocks. When the lava becomes obstructed so that it ceases, for a time, to flow from the end of the stream, then the process which has been described takes place at some point above, and the molten mass coming up at many points, and accumulating on the sur- face, moves down in a superincumbent stream or streams, COv- ering up the hardened masses below, deepening the lava, and at length reaching the terminus of the former flow, pushes on into the standing forests, and continues its progress towards Hilo perhaps a mile or so, when this hardens and stops, and at longs the itp is repeated. Here you see the reason why Hilo not long since been buried. Several large tributaries of the Wailuku—the stream which empties into our bay—are blotted vut, and the water of the Wai- luku is greatly reduced and rendered for the present unfit or use. Scenes of terrible splendor have been witnessed in some of our river channels, as the molten flood moved resistlessly dow), displacing the water, leaping the precipices, and lighting up the anks with immense bonfires of flaming jungle. I have witnesse two scenes of the kind of inexpressible brilliancy. One on the night of the 29th of January, and the other on the 12th of Feb- ruary. During the former night, the molten stream poured con- tinuously over a precipice of 50 feet, into a deep, dry basin, half filled with flood-wood. The angle down which this fire-ca flowed, was about 75°: the lava was divided into two, three, and sometimes four channels, from one to four yards wide, and two or three feetdeep. The flow was continuous down the face of this pom from 2 Pp. M. on the 19th until 10 a. m. on the 80th, when we left, During the night the immense basin under the fall was filled, the precipice converted into an inclined plane 86 ee T. Coan on the Eruption at Hawaii. 243 of about 4°, and the burning stream was urging its way along low. é: the rocky channel belo But the scene on the night of the 12th of February, was, in some respects, more gorgeous still, as it combined the element of water with that of fire. A stream of lava from 20 to 40 yards wide had followed the rocky and precipitous bed of a river, un- sunset. It was intensely active, and about’ to pour over a pre- cipice of 89 feet (by measurement,) into a basin of deep water, large enough to float a ship. Before dark, the lava began to fall into the water, first in great broken masses, like clots of blood ; of motion. The water boiled and raged with fearful vehemence, taising its domes and cones of ebullition ten feet high, and re- sa the red masses of fusion like a sea of fire mingled with The evaporation was rapid and sublime. From the whole sur- face of the basin, a vast irregular, column of vapor rose and rolled upward in fleecy wreaths, and hung in a gilded and glo- Tlous canopy over the dark forest and over the fiery abyss. Al hight long the scene was ever changing and yet unchanged. +he convolutions and gyrations were constant and inimitable. Sometimes the fleecy pular would roll up vertically, until it seemed to form an entablature for the great dome of heaven. Again, it would career off upon the winds, like a glorious ‘axy, or break up in delicate tumuli to adorn the midnight sky. We encamped on the bank of the river, about fifty feet below the fiery cataract, and exactly opposite the basin of water mto which the lava was flowing, 20 feet only from its rim. | face of this precipice was an angle of about 80°, and the lava flowed down it briskly and continuously, in streams from ‘one to four feet deep, during the night. Before morning this whole body of water, some 20 feet deep, was converted into steam, and the precipice became a gently inclined plane. Ina w hours more the action ceased at this point and it has not ween again renewed, _1 have seen continuous lava streams flow rapidly down: the Sides of the mountain from 10 to probably 50 feet deep. flows at an depth, or any angle, and at any rate of progress 20 feet an Soe to 40 miles. : _, March 17.—The lava has made no progress towards us since the date of this letter. 244 E. Nickles on Amorphous Phosphorus. Arr. XXI—On the urification of Amorphous Phosphorus ; by p M. Ernest NICKL phorus), is obtained by heating common phosphorus for some C., in an atmosphere of the sulphuret so that the ordinary phosphorus which ra 8 | not red phosphorus, I have sought, by a study of the distinctive qualities of the two kinds of phosphorus to arrive at a safer and tion of chlorid of calcium of 88 to 40 B., answers well the pul pose,—the lighter ordinary phosphorus floats on the surface while the heavier red phosphorus remains below; and the former is readily taken up by a little sulphuret of carbon which dissolves it, 80 that the operation can be performed in a closed vessel. ies E. Nickles on Amorphous Phosphorus. | 245 The following are the details of the process, A little sulphu- ret of carbon is introduced into the retort in which the trans- formation has been effected. If the material, which usually adheres strongly, does not detach itself, the bottom of the retort ‘is put into warm water. The disaggregation of the material takes place immediately, and is attended with a slight noise. As soon as the phosphorus is detached, the saline solution is added ; the vessel is then closed and shaken, and at the end of ten minutes the separation of the two is accomplished. If the Three washings of this kind, will remove every trace of the ordinary phosphorus, however large the proportion. (ca _ After separating the two liquids by decantation, it is only Recessary to turn upon a piece of linen cloth, the saline solution containing the red phosphorus. The purity of the product is so perfect, that it is useless to boil it with a solution o caustic pot- ash, the common method. The whole is com leted in half an hour ; and what is also important, it is attended with no danger, for the operation by being carried on in a close vessel, does not allow of the vaporization of the sulphuret of carbon and a oe, Sk of the inflammable phosphorus. __ : cent observations have shown that the inhalation of the Vapor of sulphuret of carbon is not without injury to the health; orkmen employed in the caoutchouc manufacture have suffer x Oe eenial da double advantage from this point of view, it diminishing the quantity of sulphuret of carbon used and the chances of its inhalation. Chemists will see the value of the mode of separating solid ‘substances of different specific gravities, mentioned above—a method not requiring heat nor a direct solvent, and being both fasy and expeditious. 246 ' Third Supplement to Dana’s Mineralogy. Art XXIL—Third Supplement to Dana’s Mineralogy; by the Author.* — Since the last Supplement was issued, but few new species have been proposed and several of these are of doubtful stand- edges, although so delicate as to require a glass to distinguish them. Having received specimens from Professor Scacchi, the American mineralogy, there has been the publication of some geological reports containing information on useful mine rals and ores, and a few articles in the Journals. The only new _ minerals have been announced ina mining report, and in this volume (p. 96), by Prof. C. U. Shepard. It is a n brought out, ppeually in this country, without sufficient inves- tigation and ful ipti i gions of error; and often much and long labor is required be- fore the science recovers from these backward steps. 1, List of New Works, Dr. Cart Friepricn Naumann (Liepzig): Elemente der theoretischen Krystallo- graphie, 384 pp., 8vo, with 86 wood-cuts. Liepzig—This volume is oun & supplement to the former one (Anfangsgrunde der. Krystallographie) published in 1854. In that, the elements of the science are explained and the besa for caleu- * For Supplements I and II, see this Journal, xix, 353 (May, 1855), and xxi, 198 : e Mineralogy. (March, 1856). The paging inserted beyond, refers to the . . Third Supplement to Dana’s Mineralogy. 247 lations are given. This new work gives the mathematical demonstrations, com: Dog, « with the principles of analytical geometry, tok two were more conven- iently incorporated in one work, in Naumann’s 2nd edition of his Crystallography published in 1830. Naumann is the best author o on the ielante of Crystallography. ra gna der Mineralogie, 4th ed. 480 pp. 8vo. With 398 wood-cuts, — - Durrenoy: Traité de Minéralogie, 2me edit. a ie tee an Tome 2 et Tome 5, ian partie, et Atlas de 80 planches, 8yo, Cnevatier Fr. von Haver & Fr. Farrerce: Cou up dc ere sur es de la Mon atch Autrichienne, rédigé par order de vhnstitae Impérial et Royal 2 le Golo, avec une introduction par uM. Haidinger.—252 pp. large 8vo, Vieuna, G. H. Voter: On Leuchtenbergite and its associates, ip ate Garnet, Perofskite, Magnetite Tale-apatite, de. Pogg. xevi. 414 and 559, Contuins obser- vations on the analyses by — authors, with some ‘lotions that require more investigation to give them curr. ency. ‘Taeovor Ksrrutr (Adjunct an der Univ. hseeteits | Das Sehiaw ae ona en, chemisch-geognostisch untersucht. Auf V eranstaltung des Academ a 8 herausgegeben von A. Strecker, 68 A: mall 4to. spas a geol ia ee Is work treats of the Silurian pele ¢ Christiania, and e y from a chem- ieal point of view Ww, giving many analyses, (of granites, por: RY syenites, traps, etc.) and the beari ing of the subject on the origin of the rocks. r Dr. Gustay Grore Winktrr: Die Pseudomorphosen des Mineralreichs. 136 pp. 8¥0. Miinchen : 1856. J. Palm.—A clear and systematic review of the subject of pseudomorphism. The author recognizes two kinds of pseudomorphism : that due to woven n of the orginal material, and ie due to substit tution of om mineral Species tgeincd metallic; but becoming pee igo m~ scales on cxporur. It differs from bas native ime mice g oS — strongly peerey ene by the magnet, ee also in giving the reactions of iro ell as mangan ae fore the blowpipe. it fuses with very os difficulty ee a rowed bind seo ron ores, by E. F. Gio even xevi, 262). The paper do nel og Poeun orphs of beoiniadiie C cater iron} fte i it earthy | red iron ore after he ; limonite after 4 kes mage ies ti ee eee agnetite. They are similar to called in tite, or octahedral specular iron of Brotha upt. e% “ee ee Goyiometer for the measurement of angles of with a plate. W. Haidinger. Pogg. xcv F590, erystals and for optical ee Third Supplement to Dana’s Mineralogy. 249 3. Descriptions of Species. Attayrre [Min. p. 208, and Suppl. 1, mJ. — Description tg Frere dhe of Allmit from At Hel Norway, by D. Forbes and T. Dahil (Nyt. Mag. f. Nat. x 13) n crys- tals Wuletinies 4 inches long and 2 to 1 in. thick,“ ith et and mic a he oa Screen tou and vse» massive specimens have nee, =3 46—2-48, n fro ing in red orthoclase, gave H.=6, Nair 86—-2°93, a Sedieh -black color ‘hd gece “gray streak, and afforded on analysis Bi Se fe xX e: de, Dio dS... Geis Oe 3103 724 371 929 22:98 435 102 639 12:24 alkali and loss 1°75 ate occurs at Criffel in Scotland in small crystals in syenite and feldspathic _ ; &.P. Greg, Jr. Aum [p. 38 eatin in the caves of the Unaka Mts., Eastern Tennessee, es- sare at Sevier, where masses of a cubic foot may be obt ained; also in the k slate of Middle Tennessee; in caves along the valleys and gorge ‘ i the treams in DeKalb, Coffee, Franklin, and other counties.—Safford’s Rep, p. 1 Atunogen [p. 881].—Occurs at Vesuvius with alum, Scacchi, op. cit., By “A white fibrous alunogen (?) occurs Caeae 2 at Smoky Mountain, sites Co., N. Carolina, According to Mr. Faber, there are ‘tons to be blasted at that t locality, —(Prof. J. C. Booth, in a letter to the aut LVITE. a He Naresté in Norway. In dimetric mort like pnt Fracture — B= d. G i , becomi wen Lustre greasy; opaque, on the edges a B.B. in the platisuen *nfusible, color somewhat paler With nae rax ss greenish yellow while hot, colorless when cold, os salt of phosphorus . sae glass, green, and finally colorless on oe cooling. With tin no titanium ares In fine powder, not o prpiens by the acids, : An ‘ae hag of the mineral on a very sina portion and part of it somewhat altered " Al,Be Fo Ar Ge vy Th?) Ga CuSn H 20:33 1411 966 3:92 O27 22:01 15:13 0-40 trace 932=9724 | rina NDALUSITE [p. 257 and ant 1, onl ae SP wom (1) of the Andalusite of Katha- cone — Wunsiedel, hs near Meissen, and (3) of Braunsdorf near Freiberg, by E. E. Sch at has + xev ii, 118): ) Si 1 Fe Oa Mig $ BY BS Gh 8B Ms Bh ext ‘34 55825 3 22 1 4 -= =311 , . ted 5988 s:33sCOG1SsOIT_ = 9956 G. = 3.07 Oxygen ratio for the silica and ery ne? (1) 2:3 06, (2) git oa (3) 2: 2°86, ese ae poding nearly to the formula [ Allowing that the protoxyds are com- 2:3] with purt of the silica, Nos. pine vai give anabenaioe ts nearly the ratio ANotesire —Kokscharov figures a fine crystal of Anglesite from Mc on i Sr ini (i alee ii, 163). hay ated the occurrence of the ia ves the angles J: J=103° 434’, O:1=115° 35’. abe 39 .—Occurs in New Jersey. at Mt. Pleasant Mine, penile a bo, mse “set the junetion of the Rockaway River Sins the — Meadow 6 anil s of a mile from the canal. se “Sora 6 nei in diameter. Aputite is also abundant with the magnetite o yee —N. J. Geol. Rep. 1856. Atacowire [p. 448, and Suppl. 11].—Pseudomorphs of the scaly massive ate of lin lime zh srry a Goran) after Gy oerald, are described b; G. Rive in Pogs. Ann. xevii, v7 Near WiederstaJt in Mansfeld, a fine gyps _ SECOND iio, VOL. XXII, NO, 65.--SEPT., 1856, 32 250 Third Supplement to Dana’s Mineralogy. contains selenite in large plates which are eae aps be this earthy carbonate. d the change by supposin s holding pees of transparent; a L D tables have the pees and Seraph: of aragonite. sage gravity 2.984 a kin ay. Color bite me aa bro to gold-yellow ; lustre submetallic, anak B-sided prisms th . The an i s ual “wits the micas, near 120°. Laminz but little elastic, Contains Si, Pe, , Mg, K, Na, Mn, Oa, and about 8 per cent of water with no fluor. Aracautre (2) [p. 138, and Suppl. 1]—Prof. Scacchi questions the occurrence of mite at Vesuvius (op. cit, p. 197). The supposed atacamite occurs (1) in Opaque crystals, bet een reen and bests bluish pre . crust, _ rough surface and emerald-green color; (4) in a very thin crust, © fine e en idaren en color. The first variety attic seems to be t into the ond, Prof. Se: noe concludes from his various trials, that the mineral does not contain chlorine; that its composition is not constant; that ordinarily on pricey? it in water, it affords an insoluble salt of a bluish color, which dissolves in nitric acid affords reactions of sulphuric acid and copper, and may be a basic sulphate of ¢ copper: Binsrre [Suppl. 11].—This mineral which occurs with pes Asatte bh in the dol- omite of Binnen, is described by Ch. Heusser, in Pogy. xevii, 120. Cr stallization, trimetric. Occurring forms prismatic, stated hngitadkeally, the prism J, having ometimes O, 1, %, and a macrodome Basal angle of the dome 4%, 48° 52’; of 6 77° 39’; of $%, 100° 38’; of 2%, 16° 12’. Color pale or dark steel-gray to ; streak- powder uniforml 3 Seg arker red than that of the dufrenoysite; very par frae- ture perfect conchoidal. Boracrre [p. 393, and Suppl. a po ar massive boracite of Stassfurt, which wre ti true boracite i so ready solubilit i been amed Stassfurtite by G. Rose (Pogg xevii, 632). e Solution in heated muriatie acil deposits after : , wins, a ted boracic acid. The masses are not properly structureless but have a columnar one ition and the system of crystallization probably is nut monometric. ‘Chemica alpray: ite and, stassfurtite according to analyses, give a same formula; and if so, the two are an example of dim orp. H. Rose has n alyses under ip a ‘and other examinations of specimens clear up the soabie « on the subject Borovateooatcrre [p, 394]. g Prcatang of this mineral from near Iquique, S. 4» by Rammelsberg (Pogg. xcvii, 301) : Ca Na kK H 43:70 13 iL 6 67 0-83 35:67 = 100 $17 p.c. of chlorid of sodium, 0-41 sulphate of soda, and 0°39 of su hate OB obtained in the analysis being excluded. = gives the formula a Ne Behe ysis 18H. The pe bro edter 3 in physical characters, which Hayes analy ipaed, 8 Aen him the composition Oa B?-+-6H. x vant E, D. Forbes and T. Dahll (N yt. Mag. f. Nat. = —In indistinct, probs stals, imbedded in orthociase, and found near Helle, Narestd, Alvé and ake, orway. Fracture pone H=6—65. @. = 13—5'36. Third Supplement to Dana’s Mineralogy. 251 brown ; streak yellowish brown. Lustre semi-metallic. Thin splinters translucent, Decrepitates strongly — Geigy water. B.B, in the platinum forceps infusible, but ellow: with bo glass which is brownish yellow while hot, but my and finally ses Ad oe on eoalialy In salt of phosphorus, a skeleton of si Breunvertre [p. 443].—The Tautoclin of Rt te occurs (N. Jahrb. f. Min. etc., 1855, 842) in pore heal R5, or R8.4R3 Se after calcite, urs in the ne mine, near Freiberg ; genes pripecsese ase Schnee- berg, Przibram in Bohemia, de, Ettling obtained for the tautoclin o f Beschert- ar Freiberg : C4575 Gaov48 Mg1685 e925 Mn1-29 = 9762 Catorre [p. 435, S08 and Suppl. 1, 1],—A variety of curved columnar calcite aes Freiberg in Sax ony, according to gay Bi (Fogg. xevii, 811) has each column made up of a series of tabular crystals R [of the form in fig. 574 ©, p. 435 of Min. only very short] united in fe Pie of the vertical axis. e diameter is nostly 2 or 8 mi ayy Rice eculiar forms of grouping and poe of struc- ure are described in the ig CARNALLITE, H. Rose. cee 9 by B H. Rose (Pogg. xeviii, 161). Occurs mixed with the stone salt of Stassfurt inc se granular masses, having a shining a ome 5 rsh and parm sc showings a plane surface after the action of water over the surface, as if in dicating ohare or a - without one ts tinet sal of iti in a fresh separ Dissolves easily in water. Composition cording to Mr. Oesten, assistant to Prof. Rose: MgCl KCl NaCl 9 CaCl ¥e(mixed) H can) a0 31°46 24:27 5:10 2-62 014 = 100 2 S051 2497 455 O14 6 = 100 The water by direct Seger - 87-27. Part of this water is united to the chlorid of calcium, 2-54 p.c. in No, 1, and 291 in No, 2; so that the water of the J oreme is reduced to ons $8 per cent. The composition then becomes K Cl The name Carnallite i is after Mr. von Carnall of the Prussian Mines. gaat A 68 and Suppl. m].—An account t of the Cobre age of Sy a de Cuba, b Ansted, is contained in the Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., ‘ip P 444].—On the o of the carbonate of iron in the oa Measures, MER Moser Pros boot tee Watt Hist. 1866, 268, wot Amo. d. Sci, xi 280: CHEROKINE, 0. U. Shepard—A « s yet imperfectly described by the author, Crystallizes like pyromorphite aren ot has the color of page ee Specific gravity, 48, ike yo ear ge a of alumina and oa [ saa =5% given, ae ena ste would s bility that the mine of a sesquoxyd with zine, caledg a pse' gene DD.) CHLOROPHANERITE, G. Jenzsch.—From the amygdaloid in the vicinity of Weissig, It had been referred to chloro , and om chlorite (Daou? i a ree a Min, et, 1855, 798.) in a partial anal Silica 59°4, proto nae iron 12: a, water ov m oa Streak G. = 2684. be vial Th muriatic y apple gr iiscoi, no een, the silica separa’ According to Site the particles of a or rei — yr ified, a slight double refraction. Pproaches nearest m Iceland analyzed by yon Walt Rrecit me gave, Gi B08 ay 5on0, st, Ca 0005 Mg 4954, Fe 15°723, K 5-036, 4444 = 98131 (Vulk. Gest, p. 301). Cunvsourre [p. 184, and see 1, 11].—A mineral looking like some kinds of ‘fun he T rol, in a taleose tine rock Soot of eal f calcite, ge ag ¢ i collection of M. A of Paris 252 Third Supplement to Dana’s Mineralogy. has been analyzed by M. A. re and shown to be Chrysolite. He obtained (L’Institut, No, 1148, xxiv, 4, Jan. 1856): Si Ti Mg Fe Mn H 36°30 530 49°65 6°00 0°60 1:95==99°80 aay 18°85 211 19°50 1-79 0:13 173 Pango have the oxygen ratio 1:1, as in chrysolite. po the sae: acid is not ascertained. [This mode of occ ce of ~seh g is sb en to that of the Boltonite (chrysolite) in granular limectali 2 ve Glinkite (another bebe in talcose slate. May it be that the titanium is a mixture with titani —p.| Nistoxire and Heppurre [p. 465, and Bouse 1t].—According to R. P. Greg, Ea. in a recent letter to the author, these two species, though curious in them- selves, have been found to be artificial. p. 887 and Suppl. 1].— Analysis of fibrous copiapite (stypticite) from one oni by E. Tobler (Ann, “chy Phar. xcvi, 383) : Saipbtins atid 31:49, sesquoxyd of iron 31:69, water 3682 = fp.8s 0].—Observed rather pee! by Scacchi about fumaroles after the eruption at Vesuvius in 1855 (op. cit., p. 195). = of it is in a brownish friable beats obtained by dissolving the maling crus ai —o essen in brownish- es hexago nal crystals. Also asa yellowis ish crust, in many parts tinged green, mpact in texture, and with a very bright ore in 5 tie fresh fracture. Crroute [p. 97 and Suppl. oy —J. W. Tayler, Esq., bas given a descript tion of the mode of occurrence of eryolite in Greenland, with wood cut Salve tia in the Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. xii, 140. The locality is at Evigtok, about twelve m Arksut, on sed emits of that name. The rock is gneiss and granitic gnebil It is intersected by a vein of quartzrock containing coarsely crystallized feldspar, eryo- lite, and ores oe irom, pid ey he tantalum, ete., running about southwest, pee: other small olite; and de the east and Pach! there is a trap- dvke. The main mass of ray forms a be vein paralle strata nearly east and west, dipping S 45°, and is shout 80 feet thick ee 300 long. It is bounded along the walls by a band of spathic iron, quartz, and in seme parts by fluor and galena, while near the walls in the cryolite there are more or less galena, ssite i i copper and iron pyrites, ete Tantalite and cassiterite occur vg lite. The ena contains 45 oz ilver to the nd is worked. In low rege is black, and the white ros of the upper Pa is = airbus - pee re to heat. e author infers “that the trap now found a’ pee be vyolite ol tt Ai it, heating it ees ially and r vaaiotig CYANOCHROME, Seacchi—A sulphate of potash and copper, among the pro- cts of Vesuvius, at the eruption of 1855 (op. cit. p. 1 sitome blue crystals obtained by dissolving and evaporating the saline crust, from the lava of Vesuvius; also in azure blue spots upon the white crust. Com aa ey ak + 36a) ee 3H. Form of crystals monoclinic. C (or So of rates xis) = 75° 8 Occurring planes, O, 14, 2i, iz, 1, Z 2 0: oa $04 0: nasties 56, O:1i=1419 47’, 0: 2i1= = 116° 49’, I: “fading Analysis of a ete op pe athe Chili, by E. Tobler (Ann. Ch. u xevi, 383): Sulphuric acid 32:41, — of iy te per 80°77, water rics loss) 36° v2=100, decomposition o cai ypyrite. Darnourre [p. 334 and Suppl. 1, a —- Schréder has made many n w measure: —_. of Sate it > epi ( Pogg i, 84) a“ concludes from: them that the the tan ORG of the axis, 90° 7’. He figures a a crystal os ot mtg in that table, eke See ot Fea ee re ae a ee re Se es ee teen e i Ee eee Third Supplement to Dana’s Mineralogy. 253 etiam oiineiinina ling sali O hl 22 | 24 | 9 li 4i 44| 49 | 44 | 43 2i 2 aa Zz. 2 | 33 Bieri ora act 42 4 43 jf | = cea Macaca ABT Sal SMS panne Riera cave, 62 | 68 -33 Sar: =| es | Se Se a, 82 —2i -2 ot x Siete es — at be iad + 2 Andreasberg. — 42 —2i -2 Z Feet Fee E'S ee ae Be sail Be a0sa2 American. _ [The —o for convenience of comparison, are made to corr a ave in the Min. p. 385 ; _by oe for e sna - the axes a: 6: fe, they are converted in ose 0 er. To w farther ee ef ‘the American crystals of Peces 490, ro 493 of Min) a a table of as Pmes is added, the form being tak li In the e prism of * lead 26’ (7) is the densaad one, while i in those of 1 Europe, that of ie 44’ (i2) is Selivider gives the following values to some of the angles; J: J=115° 19’, 12:12 76° 36, 99: 99 oe ord 58’, -2:-2 (front)==131° 43’, O:ii= 90° 7’, O: 2¢=185° 8/, O: 23 = 141° 7, O: 22= 147° 39’, 0: -2 = 130° 77 ALLOGITE —A variety from Oberneisen, named Himbeerspath by Bethan sat atic 28 in acute rhombobedrons with truncated summits, afforded tnbacher (Ann. Ch, u. Pharm. a aa Carbonate of manganese 91°31, “elon of nse 6 5: 71, curb of iro’ Dotomrre [p. 441, and gees 1, 1], near Lettowitz, etc, Moravia, E. F. Glocker, Jahrb, k. k. geol. Reichs, 1855 Dorreyoysrre nd Suppl. 1, 11].—Ch. Heusser is species anew in Pogg. xevii, ral Forme é ae eee ik i fi "pena ( Te cube with angles replaced by cube with cube with planes /, 2-2. 3; cube with planes J 2 2-3, A Gotabetioey 6- im Color i fresh fracture “black, some- es brownish o r greenish; streak cherry-red. Hardness a little above that of fluor ; brittle. Ertnore tore [p. 206, and Suppl. m].—Occurs in beautiful gage “2 Roseville, Byram Township, Sussex Co, New au y.—Kitchell’s Geol. Rep, p. 1 —Occurs in Tennessee, at different places, and most Ersomtre + remarka- by at the ae, Fea in anneal in a mountainous region on the head waters of the ipa Fork sed — an Under the shelving ruck, (“rock-house”) masses Sord’s Re “Ey ree laces in Spain especially in the province of Toledo, near a oll | i oe i nig arts at the eruptions of 1850 and i, op. cit. p. 1 254 Third Supplement to Dana’s Mineralogy. Ervsescrre [p. 38]—Analysis of ore from Coquimbo in Chili by W. Bécking (Ann. Ch, u. Pharm. xevi, 244) :—Sulphur 25°46, copper 60°80, iron 18° 67==09'93. Feupsrar [p. 228, and Suppl. 1, 11].-Analyses (1 to 4) of Glassy eer by Dr. G. Lewinstein (Ueber die Zusamm. des Glas. Fel dspaths, etc., posh , 18 56). N 1 from volcanic sand, 2, 8, 4, from trachyte and trachytic conglomerat: Si xi #e Ga Mg Na K F. cee Eifel, Hs 65 1891 —- 149 076 445 '774=100 G.=2578 28 883 —— 042 O81 115 131 2. ee 8 ve. . e 091 1:05 O88 249 11°79==100 Oxygen, 3030 029 035 064 1-96 3. Drachenfels, res $61 1645 158 097 06538 204 1234100 G—=2°60 Oxygen, 3440 769 047 027 0°20 052° 217 4. Pappelsberg, [6603] 1787 052 047 019 608 886=100 G=2616 Oxygen, 8428 835 016 013 O07 155 1:50 In No. 3, the silica as directly determined equals 66 The analyses give quite closely the tenia nse R Si+8 Sis. | If the iron be taken‘as protoryd, the well to the formula 9R Si+7# Si*. Heusser refers the Hyalophan of Walters — ~ ppl 1], to Adularia es with in ifferent ¢ m te blowpipe, she found — tale os om Moreover dotainit and heavy often occur as other impurities and partly may account for some of the resaltalt the analysis. The Weissigite of G. Jenzsch has afforded him (N. Jahrb. f. Min. ete. 1855, 800): Si Al Mg Ca K Li FI, loss. a. 65-00 19°54 161 0-19 12°69 0:56 0°35 ==99°94 , * 65°21 0°55 aloidal cavities, in layers with chaleedony, etc. No. 1 is rion the sida or otis. of two layers, the color flesh red ; 2°551— nya oti i ria is from a second a ay” color paler rose-red to Meddich-white ; a= — ge! aes or the proto: be ds and sili No 1 315: oa 33°75, cheno te i“ go Pe of i ee No, 2 is a pera Hy after Laumont tite. nalysis of No. 1 above comes nearest to the feldspar of Radeberg (see Suppl a, Prose feldspar). The same amygdaloidal cavities contain the chlorophanerite and the weissigite. Bischof rdbaiied (Lehrb. Geol. ii tee from a feldspar pseudomorph after ba from the Kilpatrick Hills "(whe e others occur with the form of anal- i Pe a 6. Mg =—* "Nes 6200 2000 064 060 trace 1654 1-08 08% 1019 Oxygen, 32:19 935 - O19 17 261 O27 Ferausontte.—See Trrire, this Supplement. FREIsLesenite [p. 79].—A ie which has been referred to Freislebenite and is probably near Bournonite, scribed as new by — in eo xeviii, 165. —. rs 7 tables (2 paieiaens thick and a oss) of the mono- day em, with two planes making up each margin of the ‘ible. Acute plane angle o ear about rt Pa. ==? 6. G=6 a 2606. Color iron th streak black. Brittle. BB. fuse asily to a black chining globule and yields finally a globule of silver. bere silver soneticuten oo i a cent. The charcoal becomes covered with fumes pa ae. the mineral probably consists-of silver, lead, antimony; Third Supplement to Dana’s Mineralogy 255 avactiTE [Su 1, 1].—In the author’s 1st ee ip te: Pring acs : 1855), he prdatiad - that the asters of galactite a i ¢ formals of natrolite, whence, he concluded, that galactite is Rt rolite. ee specime ‘ - gianna 1 have since been examined by Dr, eda oie Mag. ‘sh Xi, 272), an mposition of natrolite eee in eae (1, 2, 3) are hi eentta together with analyses of related Si Al OGalSCONa : Glenfarg, oe 48-24 2700 082 14:82 oa = 10012 47-84 27-112 4312 11-304 1024 = 100808 3 Campsie Hille, 47-324 27:36 263 - ‘954 10. 392— 101-060 4. Bisho ptown, white, 4760 2660 0-16 “36 56 = 99:78 5. “ "pink, 47-76 2720 0-93 is 2 956 = 99 : Baating net } 48.033 25:26] 2313 13-975 9-723 rete: om Pi tigeen 573 7. Dumbarton Moor, 46-96 26-908 376 1283 9:50 — ENA [p. 39, 506, and Suppl. 1, 1].—A galena cnt 87 p. c. of sulphur, i is 51°30 of a of lead has been observed at Neu-Sinka, Sitenbang and — y mann. This mechanical mixture hie been called super-sulphu- lead and ie Joleittonite Jahrb. k. k. geol. Reichs. 1855, 1 Garver [p. 190, and Suppl. 1, 1].—An analysis of the green garnet which occurs in brevicite on the a of Stokoe in the Brevig Fiord afford Dr. D. Forbes (Edinb. N. Ph. J. [2], iii, Jan. 1856): Ae Al #e Mn Ca Mg Nad loss ai 8-73 20°55 2:40 32-09 trace -- 1-27 4 33 84 918 20°31 31:92 oe 23:94 30-1 id ts Stead to the formula, as Dr. Forbes states, ({Ca?+4#e) ato ee = eager 35° fle pes 32:98, eoraioxys he = (alumina) 31:41=100, iden in composition with lanite, notwithstanding ite — The cals lie together, forming 6-sided RE 7 are di stinct »mbic dodecahe- oe Color fine leek-green. G. (from 76 crystals at 60° F.) 3 Melanite from in Teil tuhl afforded Schill (G. Leonh. Min, Badens, 1855, in Ny, aes 1855, 838): Si Al Oa M, Fe Mn 45°80 11-00 22°10 2-00 18:25 770 = 99°85 = ‘Suppl. nr, under Garnet, for Bi read Si.] BERTITE [p. 223].—E. Zschau states his Heyes that wither ¥ at Graupen is dre fom topes, : here it occurs associated with topaz, tin ore, fluor, apatite ries : rat the same he regards as ear true of ‘the gee of Al- tenberg, Ehrenfriedersdorf, ete—(Letter to G. J. B, a3 under Unpirz.) Gtasenrre [p. 65].— According to Scacchi {cp cit., p. 186) this sulphate of pot- ~ which is not ome at Vesa nae rather abundant at the eruption of 1848, sparingly in that of 1 Gvaxo—Prof. C. U. Shepard has given names to t portions s of the har- dened or = “ petrified” potatoes i en in the Soca Sea (Am. J. Sei, Pa XXil, 96) ing ony collectively pyroguanite minerals. He remarks that the guano se jected to th * : zp etertee 0 * ed waters. The same kind covers unhardened - gigind Boies ee Pay rose i i i e 4 ish color, he has named pyroclasite, the name alluding ‘a its fying to pieces when ated. t, J ‘4, consi of lime and 10 p. c. of water; while the remainder is made up of a little fiesta Matter, Moh er of lee cl Meee adh lime, sulphate ar z soda ger traces of chlori 256 Third Supplement to Dana’s Mineralogy. Another of the so-called specie is named Glaubapatite. It is described as occur- ring in small tabular crystals, and in druses, forming botryoidal and stalactitie - masses, with columnar radiating flattened fibres ; also massive ; —- r pale yellowish or greenish-brown; translucent; H.=3'5; G.=2°6. Also chocolate-brown to nearly black when massive. Chemical examination afforded, redhat ‘of ser 74:00, sul- phate of soda 15°10, water 10°30, organic matter, sulphate of lime and chlorid of rdium, a Sabor =99'40, [From the composition obtained, it can hardly be a chemi- cal com Epiglowdite is Bo name of the third guano product. It occurs “in small aggre- gates or interlac asses of te semitransparent sabrnal of a shining vitreous lustre, which are pms yplanted upon druses of glaubapatite. H. about 2°5.” It upon is stated to be “a largely hydrated rs ose opie of lime, ard } 2 oa of 5 S b= J ° @ fo¥ me 5 ° 5 co & poe 5 Qu ® becomes softened into a pasty mass. But such is the excessive tempera- ture that I am enabled to arrive at with a properly shaped converting t, that I am able not only 3 ©. a) ou foW rc) Cael © =| = 3. ° So mM im Nn a te 5 = re, o =) Be e S furnace, This chamber has two or more openings on the sides of it, and its i ards to the throat. floor is made to slope downw eee | ve a 4 into the small chamber, piling them up around the opatng € the t a When this is done he will run in his charge of crude meta’, i t pieces, however, that remain, may then ushed y i and by the time the process is complies rise aa and ulti mately combined with the rest of the charge, S0 ; whether cast or malleable, may thus be used up without any loss or ex nse, ~ As an example of the power I may which time two-thirds of the metal solidified, and the res run off. A Reka of ucpden Bik a then put in, anda fresh charge of fluid SECOND SERIES, VOL. XXII, NO. 66,—NOV., 1856. ve 52 410 Scientific Intelligence. iron run into the vessel, which had the effect of entirely remelting the former charge, and when the whole was tapped out, it exhibited, as usual, that intense and dazzling brightness peculiar to the electric light. To persons conversant with the manufacture of ‘iron it will be at once apparent that the ingots of malleable metal which I have described will make several bars or rails from a single ingot; doubtless this would have been done long ago had not the whole process been limited by the size of the ball which the puddler could make. The facility which the new process affords of making large masses will enable the manufacturer to produce bars that on the old mode of le t i working it was impossi ne of the most important facts connected with the new system of manufacturing malleable iron is that all the iron so produced will be that quality known as charcoal iron, not that an y charcoal is used in its manufacture, but because the whole of the processes following the smelt- fectly free from those injurious properties which that d never fails to impart to iron that is brought under its influence. Same time, this system of manufacturing malleable iron, offers extraor founded Chemistry and Physics. ; 411 shapes required, provided that we increase the size and power of our ma- chinery to the extent necessary to deal with such large masses of metal. A few minutes’ reflection will show the great anomaly presented by the scale on which the consecutive processes of iron-making are at present earried on. The little furnaces originally used for smelting ore have from time to time increased in size, until they have assumed colossal propor- tions, and are made to operate on 200 or 300 tons of materials at a time, giving out ten tons of fluid metal at a single run. e manufacturer has a time, to be carefully manipulated and squeezed into form. i en we consider the vast extent of the manufacture, and the gigan- tic scale on which the early stages of the process are conducted, it is as- W and thus rescue the trade from the trammels which have so long sur- rounded it. i i Before concluding these remarks I beg to call your attention aa. portant fact connected with the new process, which affords peculiar facili- ties for the manufacture of cast-s a ry Glioma the ‘A : iately followin t that stage of the process immediately con of Se of ordinary than soft iron; it is also more hile it is much harder, d strength adapted to purposes where lightness an ' Are specially required, od wha there js much wear, as in the case of 412 Scientific Intelligence. railway bars, which from their softness and lamellar texture soon become - bout more difficult to roll, its cost per ton may fairly be considered to be the same as iron; but, as its tensile strength is some thirty or forty per cent. greater than bar-iron, it follows that for most purposes a much less weight of metal may be used, so that, taken in that way, the semi-steel will form ordinary pu 1 n some Dichromatic Phenomena among Solutions, and the means of representing them ; Dr. Guapstorx, (Proc. Brit. Assoc. Augus ditions, cochineal, and chromium, and cobalt salts were examined and represented. Among the more notable results were the following :—A , such as chromic oxyd, produces ve nearly the same spectral im- —_ maintained that a large amount of alkaline litmus is of a purer red than acid litmus itself. nother kind of dichromatism was Csiuiail 4 Chemistry and Physics. 413 dependent not on the actual quantity of colored material, but on the rel- ative proportion of the solvent. Diagrams of the changing appearances of sulphocyanid of iron, of chlorid of copper, and of chlorid of cobalt were exhibited. the circumstances attending Palmer’s trial induced him to make a series of experiments on the subject, and he tried the effects of a precipitant arts 414 Scientific Intelligence. Wright) gave each rat a quarter of a grain of powdered strychnia, and two hours afterwards a quarter and half a grain more to one of the three, t morning at four o'clock they were all alive, and had eaten food quarter of a grain. In about three hours afterwards he applied the usual test, but could not detect the least indication of strychnine in the precip- so abstracted from the fluid, forming by coagulation (say, for instance, in his idea had oceurred heart empty of blood, whilst the left was full, some of the blood being liquid and some clotted. The stomach was carefully secured at bot its orifices, and detached. On making an incision, su at not 7 : ; + BrP : seeing the paper in which I had wrapped the pill, naturally expecting 1t would have been reduced to a pulp by the fluid of the stomach. I, there- fused. In this case, also, none of the absorbed st in the blood or any part of the animal, although the greatest care was ob- served in making the experiments. .The lecturer, who was listened to throughout with great attention, added that he had made further © periments, which he thought proved that it was highly probable a more - less insoluble compound of organic or animal matter with strychnia , 0 ae Geology. 415 Il. GEOLOGY. 1. On the Spongeous Origin of the Siliceous Bodies of the Chalk Formation ; by J. 8. Bowersank, (Proc. Brit. Assoc, August, 1856; Ath. No. 1505.)—The author attributes the whole of the numerous strata within eighteen hours, ultimately forming one sponge. e occurrence of the shells of Echinoderms and of bivalve shells filled with flint was accounted for on the same principle; and the author produced recent bi- valve shells, in a closed condition, completely filled with recent sponges of me species as the sponges of commerce. e loose specimens of _ fossil sponges included in the Wiltshire flints were explained on the prin- ciple that, although sponges of the same species readily adhere to each r when placed in contact, those of different species never unite, how- almipes roseus than to any other type of living starfish, It is to this ; uite absent, there is a site re- iginally described by Forbes as ep tinbleterep erties on dort Sans had but two rows of large plates. The name Pa- 416 _ Scientific Intelligence. increase in thickness of this shell would take place by the solidification of each of the surface strata of the nucleus in succession. If the matter composing the interior of the earth is subjected to the same physical laws as the material of the solid crust coming under our notice, the change of state in the fluid must be accompanied by a diminution of its volume. The contrary hypothesis has been hitherto always assumed in mathemati- esis has led show that it fundamentally affects the whole vila the the shell by congelation from the nucleus. | Geology. 417 : oma by the nucleus at the surface of the shell were adduced the : sity of the fluid strata’ were due to the pressures they su nd i | a. of the nucleus which prod e great pressure against : oy than by the collapse and subsidences of the latter. The direction of forees which would tend to produce a rupture from the purely eleva- sO a would not be resisted in the same manner. 4. On the Great Pterygotus (Seraphim) of Scotland, and other Species ; by Mr. J. W. Saxrsr, (Proc. Brit : This paper i m Quarterly Geological Journal for 1855, describing some new and large t Silurian rocks of the south of Scot- land, ‘They were described under the name of Himanthopterus, and Were supposed to differ from the published fragments of the great Ptery- In the general «ts and tail, in the want of n th appendages to the abdomen, as we swimming feet, mandibles, maxill . 0n further examination the closest#rese eyes, as represented by tical, and the group, as small and moderate-sized than any living species, f six or eight feet! The collec- 418 Scientific Intelligence. obtained by Mr. Banks, of Kington, and Messrs. Lightbody & Cockis, of Ludlow, show us that Pterygotus was an elongate crustacean, with a com- paratively small head and sessile compound eyes, few appendages, of which the large chelate antenne are most remarkable, being a foot long and only four-jointed,—the terminal joints forming a strong serrated claw. The large mandibles were fully six inches long; the maxille, either one or two pairs, with six-jointed palpi; and the great swimming feet consisting of six joints, of which the terminal ones were modified as for swimming, and the basal joints are great foliaceous expansions, which pearly assisted, like the joints of the legs in Limulus, in mastication, rom the explanations given by Mr. Huxley in the memoir above referred to, there is a general resemblance both in form and structure to the small Stomapod crustaceans, Mysis and Cuma, two minute forms, which must be arranged very low down in the scale of Decapod crustaceans, and which are also frequently ornamented with a simular sculpture to that of the fossils. There is even a yet greater resemblance in form to the larve of Lif thi 5. On the Bone Beds of the Upper Ludlow Rock, and the base of the Old Red Sandstone ; by Sir R. I. Mcrcutsoy, (Proc. Brit. Assoc., Au- having yet been detected in more ancient strata in any part of Europe. the lowest course of which at Kington contains many spines of Onchus, wit Lingula cornea. This thin layer, and another softer one full of re- mains of Pterygotus and two species of Pteraspis, are surmounted by the blue or grey-hearted building-stone of Kington, with Pterygotus, Geology. 419 and which have lately been accessible owing to the dry men rae of micaceous brownish red sandstone and red marls, with true cornstone Pterygotus. The fish remains consist of distinct jaws and teeth of con- siderable size, of fin defences (Onchus), and the heads of ee Lyellii, and a new species; to occurs, 3 & > fe") “— 4 ot a > cA) # a a ® MS ~ 3 a) = ~ 5 Ss 3 8 ne. : ‘ snag Bt Ludlow roc “tilestones,” if applied either to the top of the upper . ’ ‘ ight mislead; but if ap- base of the Old Red Sandstone exclusively, ™ 6 two deposits, it may 420 Scientific Intelligence. from the oolitic slate of Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, for which the name of Stereognathus ooliticus had been proposed; and after a minute descrip- sub-compressed : the outermost and innermost of the three hinder ones are oblique, and converge towards the middle of the crown, being over- lapped by the outermost and innermost of the three front cones. The three molar teeth occupy the extent of 44 lines, or 1 centimeter; each tooth being 3 millimeters in fore and aft extent, and nearly 4 millimeters in transverse extent. er a comparison of these molars with the multi- cuspic teeth of the rat, the hedgehog, the shrews and Galeopitheci, the author showed that the proportions, numbers and arrangement of the . the Dichodon cuspidatus, from the Upper Eocene of the Isle of Wight and Hordwell, Hants ; by Prof. 5 hoe a tk Assoc examinations of additional specimens of jaws and teeth of the Dichodon cuspidatus, which he had received since his original Memoirs on that ex- tinct animal in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. iv (June, 1847), The first specimen described supplied the characters of the last true molar tooth of the lower jaw, which had not been previously nown. This tooth has six lobes, the additional posterior pair being less than the normal ones, and more simple. The inner surface of the inner lobe has an accessary cusp at the back part of its base, but not at the fore a in the other lobes. The length of the last lower molar was nine that of the first and second molars being each six lines. A speci- men of the Dichodon cuspidatus from the Hordwell Sands, in the British Museum, supplied the characters of the permanent incisors, canine, and three anterior premolars of the upper jaw : all these teeth closely corres- Geology. 421 pond in form with the corresponding deciduous teeth, but are of larger size. Finally, a portion of the lower jaw of an age specimen of Dicho- 8. On a Range of Volcanic Islets to the Southeast of Japan; by Mr. A. G. Finptay, (Proc. Brit. Assoc, August, 1856 ; th., No. 1503.)—The recent importance of our commercial relations with Japan, n-high- way between Nippon and the Bonin Islands of great interest. The dan- being, by investigation, reduced to five or six rocky islets of very singular character. The islands nearest to Japan, the Broken Ids, Falsisyo, the ery e south of this are, perhaps, Tibbit Island of 1844, then an island or reef of pointed rocks, discovered by Coffin in 1825, afterwards announced as r 31° 53’ N., long. 139° 59’ E., was discovered in the Dutch corvette, the Koerier, August 24, 1849, and are of a very dangerous character. «ean- hette Is] m ‘Jes further South, is doubtful. Smith Island, hette Island, twenty three miles further nse ical herborizer, to know that he possesses a work in whic % tainly 8 find a reliable account of every indigenous and naturalized plant _ Within the designated geographical limits ; and with such an aidat com- mand no young person properly instruct ted, or animated by the spirit ee Pe ee ne ne ee OS ee leew 438 Scientific Intelligence. becoming an American citizen, should be held excusable for continuing in ignorance of the vegetation around hi Th telligent investigators of Plants within the limits referred to: butit ought, also,—in connection with the Botanical Z'ext-Book, and elementary Lessons, by the same author—to be introduced into every well-ordered seminary by all means including the common schools.) of the same region. With such class books, in place of the superficial and defective compila- tions heretofore too generally employed, a just conception of the science ould soon supercede the prevalent smattering of uncouth terms destitute of ideas; and a proper foundation would be laid in the inquiring minds of youth for a future superstructure of true Botanical knowledge. — A reform of this character is a consummation devoutly to be wished. It is, indeed, high time that the intellect of “ Young America,”—in eve educational department—should be placed on the right track at the start, and be so developed, in its progress, as to eschew the vulgar errors and exploded fallacies of the past. The morning of life is too short, and too precious to be wasted in acquiring ideas that are obsolete, and which, of necessity, must be afterward unlearned, or discarde valuable and most desirable compendium of the Botany of our whok F country. While it would meet an urgent present want, it would serve as second, the # desideratum will speedily be supplied ? W. D. 9. Report on the present State of our Knowledge of the Mollusca of : soc. Ath., No. 1504.)—As many of the shells of California tend to Sitka, nd some even to the Shantar Islands, while the shells of the @ulf of California belong to the Fauna of Panama and Ecuador, this report em- braces the shells of the whole of the west coast of North America. The causes of error, both in ascertaining the habitat and in identifying the species of mollusks, were pointed out. An historical account was giv of all the known collectors in the district, pointing out the degree of au- thority attached to each, with a list of species, references, synonyms, &c. Special attention had been paid to the minuter shells of the Gulf, among which were pointed out several new an interesting forms. The large multitudes of shells from that district which had been lately sent to this country had brought to light many interesting points concerning the variations in particular species. In the genus Czecum, for instance, five species had been made out of different stages of growth in the same shell. All the known shells of which the exact locality was ascertai had been tabulated in columns, representing the distribution of the spe cies, and arranged zoologically. About 800 species are known from the ) : 4 : Botany and Zoology. 439 Gulf, and 625 from Panama, of which 218 are already known to be common to the two—eighty-nine being common to the Gulf and South America and twenty-three to the Gallapagos, which islands have ver little in common with South America, more with Panama, and some little with the Indo-Pacific province. The Proboscidifera were found much more local than the rest of the Gasteropods, and these than the Bivalves, the spawn of which latter are borne through wide ranges by the currents. The Fauna of Upper California, as shown by the collections of Mr. Nut- tall and the United States Exploring Expedition, are quite distinct from those of the Gulf; scarcely a score of species, and those in very limited numbers, are found in common. Very little is accurately known of the Fauna of the Peninsula. The shells on the Gulf side are, however, mainly Panamic, on the Pacific side, Californian. Scarcely a single spe- cies is common to West America and Polynesia, while not a few appear identical with West Indian forms, especially in the Gulf. Several forms reappear on the Gambia coast. A very few reach Britain, chiefly nest- 10. On the Vital Powers of the Spongiadee ; by Mr. Bowerzgank, (Proc. pe Brit. Assoc.; August, 1856 ; Ath., No.1505.)—The greater portion of these observations were made on a new species of sponge, of a deep orange color, that abounds on the rocks in the vicinity of Tenby between high and low water marks, and which he has named Hymeniacidon caruncula, He found that while in a state of repose oscula could rarely be seen in the open state, but immediately after being placed in fresh sea-water these organs were very shortly fully expanded, and streams of water were ejected from them with considerable force; this action continued for a longer or shorter period at the will of the i its termination tenewal by a supply of fresh cold sea-water, and especially 1 poured on to the sponge with some degree of force. The action of the oscula were hot simultaneous in all parts of the same specimen, and it frequently oc- cavity, furnished abundantly with membranes covered with a coat of sar- ‘Similar in every respect to the muc o. ae zi ‘. 440 Scientific Intelligence. the higher seats and performing for the sponge precisely the same functions that are exerted from Actinophrys Sol upwards, through every gradation of animal existence, to man and the rest of the. most elabo- rately constructed animals. This extraordinary substance, designated in Actinophrys Sol as sarcode by Kélliker, and in the higher animals known by anatomists as the mucous lining of the intestines, is apparently gan of very much more importance in the process of digestion than has been generally conceived. In the Spongiade there is every reason: to believe that the imbibition of the molecules by this substance is pre- cisely in the manner described by Kolliker in Actinophrys Sol,—and from the a of the mucous membranes of animals - of every class, the author feels persuaded that the mucous lining in such an = sal: the homoge of the sarcode in the Actinophrys Sol and in -_ Garis _— J. E. Gavir exhibited to the American Associa- tion at Albany a vase containing young gar-pikes 4 to 6 inches long from Lake Ontario, which called forth some remarks from Prof. Agas assi de The bratile motion. The vertebral column was continued in it quite to its extremity. These young fishes therefore were essentially indentical in their tails with the Palzeozoie species, and in one genus of the Old Red Sandstone, named Glypticus, as stated by Prof. Agassiz, the tail was simi- lar in the form of the lobes. This supernumerary lobe disappears as fish grows “ Prof. Agassiz observed that this was among the —_ facts which show that the order of succession of animals in past time coheed now in the development of individuals. He also remarked . t that these Ganoid fishes resemble reptiles in the power of moving the h head on the back bone (owing to the ball and socket aoe the vertebra), and in the quasi tail. IV. ASTRONOMY, f: ein Planets.—The number of asteroidal planets now known is Sorty-tw Har ioeide (40) was discovered Mch. 81, 1856, by Mr. Hermann Gold- schmidt, at Paris. In apparent brightness it equaled a star of the ¢ 0-1 Oth agnitude. The following elements of this planet . F. Pa Bi ie g is planet are computed by Mr. C. F. Pape, Epoch, 1856, safe i ae = . = Mean anomaly, 8’ Long. of eco . - oe 45 ‘ 3 . Eqnx. node, - 93 8 176 t Tan. 0, 1856. Sialination: - - ie Saas Xcel Angle of excentricity, — - ail iy sg © - Semi-axis major, - - 0°355603 Log. mean daily motion, - 3°016603 [Astr, Nach., No. 1022. Miscellaneous Intelligence. 44] - 2. Daphne (41) was discovered May 22, 1856, by H. Goldschmidt, at Paris. It was then about as bright as a star of 11-12th magnitude. 3. [sis (42) was discovered May 23, 1856, by Mr. Pogson, first Assistant at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Eng. It was then rather brighter than a star of the 10th magnitude. From the observations of May 28th and June 1st at Oxford and June 9th at Berlin, Mr. C. F. Pape has computed the following elements: Epoch, 1856, June 9,52295, M. T. Berl. - 9 Mean anomaly, - 817° 19219 Long. of perihelion, - - $10 35 34 ‘9 toa Eqnx. “ase, nods, - 85 13 31 ‘3 { Jan. 0, 1856. ~ Inclination, = - - - 8 8 86 6 ~ Angie of excentricity, = - 745 47 3 . Semi-axis major, - - 0°359801 Log. mean daily motion, - - $:01030 6 [ Astr. Nach., No. 1081. V. MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. =e ion fr And if there were not a large number from Seas € am Cavech ale of effort and liberality on the part of the Albanians, or of free passages offered by the steamships and packets Vice-President ; Prof, Joun LeConre of South Carolina, General Sec- retary; and Prof, J. Lovertne, of Cambridge, was continued as Perma~ nent Secretary. SECOND SERIES, VOL. XXII, NO. 66.—NOV., 1856. 56 442 Miscellaneous Intelligence. In addition to the usual sessions of the Association there were two exercises of extraordinary character, and indeed of extraordinary interest for the country. On Wednesday, the 27th, the inauguration of the State - Hall, have a more than American importance. The oreat address of the occasion was delivered by Prof. Agassiz, in which he ably sustained the view, that “nature can only be the work of an intellectual Being,—of Mind,—of an Individual God.” Remarks were also made by Professors Dewey and Hitchcock, on the history of geo- tion of Religion with Science. A merited tribute was paid to the memory of the Dr. T. Romeyn Beck, of Albany and resolutions of respect to his memory were passed by silently rising. ' On the following day, Thursday, there was the inauguration 0 the Dudley Observatory when Hon. Edward Everett delivered to an audience of five thousand, an oration of great power, admirably adapted to the occasion. The Dudley Observatory originated in the munificence of Mrs. Dudley of Albany, lady of the late Charles E. Dudley of that city, ingen ae : “ite uring the meet dley was read announcing the additional gift of $50,000 to the Observatory fund towards which Mrs. Dudley efore given $25,000. Ss completion of the Observatory and the ordering of its instruments, part passage on Galileo. Ga.ite0.— On this great name, my Friends, assembled as we are to dedicate a temple to instrumental astronomy, we may well pause for @ moment. “There is much, in every way, in the city of Florence to excite the curi- osity, to kindle the imagination, and to gratify the taste. Sheltered on the north by the vine-clad hills of Fiesole, hes cyclopean walls cary back the antiquary to ages before the Roman, before the Etruscan power, the flowery city (Fiorenza) covers the sunny banks of the Arno with its * Since the adjournment of the Association we | ift towards the Observatory of $10,000 by T. W. Oleott, Esq., of presen oF ae has in charge the ee Miscellaneous Intelligence. 443 raohs coéval with Joseph, and Etruscan Lucumons that swayed Italy _ fore the Romans; libraries stored with the choicest texts of ancient lit- memory, and the heart, there was none to which I more frequently gave a meditative hour during a year’s residence, than to the spot where Gal- which I gazed with greater reverence, than I did upon the modest man- sion at Arcetri, villa at once and prison, in which that venerable sage, by command of the Inquisition, passed the sad closing years of his life. The beloved daughter on whom he had depended to smooth his passage Ahime! quegli occhi si son fatti oscuri, Che vider pid di tutti i tempi antichi, ey E luce fur dei secoli futuri. That was the house, ‘where,’ says Milton (another of those of whom the world was not worthy), * I found and visited the famous Galileo, grown old—a prisoner to the Inquisition, for thinking on astronomy oth- 0 2] 6 wonders of ancient and modern art, statues and paintings, ts,—the admiration and the delight of ages,—there was nothing afew feet in length,—the work of his own hands,—that very ‘optic glass,’ through which the ‘Tuscan Artist’ viewed the moon, N ‘At evening, from the top of Fiesole, Or in Val d’Arno, to descry new % ; Rivers, or mountains, in her spotty globe. _ That poor little spy-glass (for it is scarcely more) throu tan eye first distinctly beheld the surface of the moon Saturn—first penetrated the dusky depths of the heavens—first pierced the clouds of visual error, which, from the creation of the world, involved * the system of the Universe. ~ * Prose Works, vol. i, p. 213. 444 Miscellaneous Intelligence. “There are occasions in life in which a great mind lives years of rapt enjoyment in a moment, I can fancy the emotions of Galileo, when first raising the newly-constructed telescope to. the heavens, he saw ful- filled the grand prophecy of Copernicus, and beheld the planet Venus crescent like the moon. It was such another moment as that when the immortal printers of Mentz and Strasburg received the first copy of the Bible into their hands, the work of their divine art; like that when Co- lumbus, through the gray dawn of the 12th of October, 1492, (Coper- nicus, at the age of eighteen, was then a student at Cracow), beheld the shores of San Salvador; like that when the law of gravitation first re- vealed itself to the intellect of Newton; like that when Franklin saw by the stiffening fibers of the hempen cord of his kite, that he held the meeting. Abstracts are not here published, unless contributed by the authors, as we hold that an author should have the responsibility of pre- senting his own views in a Scientific Journal, The Elements of Potential Arithmetic; by Prof. Benjamin Peirce. On the N ext Appearance of the Periodical Comet of thirteen years; by Dr. Peters. = mre in or Atmosphere; by E. N. Horsford, n a Fossible Modification of the method ini sity of the earth; by Stephen Alexander, ee TE a oui and Calculation of the results of a general process of causation; by the Law of Human Mortality ; by C. F. M’Co meee ho Discussion of the motion of a body sissies the action of central forces; by eirce. _ On Acoustics as applied to public buildings: by Prof Notes on the Progress made in the Co. arte ay bree les for the tides of the Coast of the United States ; by A. D. te Ha upalecarc Miscellaneous Intelligence. 445 On the: History : — abst of the instruments known as rotascopes, gyroscopes, W.B.R On Various Oyelones or Pda a of the North Pacific Ocean, with a chart show- ing their course of progression; By W. OC. Redfield. On the Modificatlons of the Sesquioxy d of Chromium ; by E. a epeoh On the Relative Age of the different portions of the moon’s surface, and the catas- — to which ore rtion seems to have rua san pe pc ‘Stephen sales. a New of measuring celestial y romans cotidal ines of div and semid dorcnal oe of the Coast of the United States on the Gulf of Mexico; by A. D. Bache. A Report on the New rinse of ‘Obeartation now in use at the Cincinnati Obser- : : it i : je ao ° 5 = . New Method of ri ig ht ascension, as to its limit of wef 2. New Method of ees as to its limit of accuracy., 3. New Method of determining personal “e ation and personal error. 4, New Method of wettihig instrumen oa Remarks on Ozo mueue sake Wi On the Meridian ‘Toatrauhene of the Dudle ey Oler ry; by B. A. Gould. rrangement Sia = ey ohio whisk seem to confirm the i s to determine ahs cause of the increase of Sandy Hook, Tot: b or cer a for the ‘iciaheeidnets on harbor encroachments of New or’ ‘ Osby Aavantages of obse erving a lunar gh sre of a limb, in transits, for de- __ termining the difference of longitude; by D — to the Paper ablished i in the Providence Proceedings, on the secular ion etic declination in i Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the United tes, frome observations in the 17th, 18th, 19th phon under permission of the ; s A. Sch it, iscussion of the Se ilar variation of magnetic inclination in the Northeastern States, communicated under + percitiekin of the Superintendent and authority of the rtmen h . Schott. Discussion of the terrestrial ce oa elements for the United States, from obser- raged . Bache a b . E. Hilgard. sig “ina Stars, and the pence hag origin of the forms of cakcatats nebuiss by Ste a Bees nder, On the Sonat of air bubbles by drops falling on the surface of water, etc.; by Wiliam @ Ts. ts On the Results of the United ae Astronomical con sere to Chili, for the determination of the solar parallax; by B. A. Gou 4 = I An Account of a large barometer in the al of the “Smnitheonian Institution; by en 4 On a Method of determining the latitude of a place, from = ahi times _ When two he wn stars arrive at the same altitude; by W. Chauv On the Plan of Reduction of the Meteorological “Obnerevkistie “reported to the i Smithsonian 1 Tnetiuton, oes ted by the adi be sy James H. Coffi : oe e Asteroids; by Dr. Bri : pele Presses Mortality, dite palated’ ‘or Fw feral of age; accompa- | a ie okie chat tae ton tion He life, present oto of life annu- ities, and other very Fico sovelviegy life Sen es from return ulation Be olation ; by E. B. Elliott On tie inne "4 Aeeurary pe reais by € ugmenting the number of 446 Miscellaneous Intelligence. On the oe of satellites revolving in narrow orbits; by Daniel Vaughan. Researches the ammonia-cobalt bases; by Dr. Wolcott Gibbs and Dr. F. A. Gen ze On the Production of Rotary Currents in air and other gases, with a special illus- ssidaed ot a rotary current rendered luminous by flame and incandescent charcoal ; r. D. B. Rei On the Altitu de and Physical Structure of the Appalachian Fg in the Region of the Black Mountains in North Carolin om a with those of the White Mountains in New Hampshire; by : e; by A. Guyot On Some Experiments on visual direction ; by John Brocklesby. n the Phenomena of the discharge of ordinary electricity : 2 —— Henry. Redetermination of the atomic weight of lithium ; by J. W Account of the Typhoon of October 28, 1854, t the Bonin Tolande: witha — of its barometric curve, and fetes s of other ne by Jobn Rogers, ‘om. U, ‘avy: Communicated by W ih e beak and Tornado vert ; by W. C. Redfield. Mot’ em of a Body As solid ‘of seectalite: when the force is directed towards a og upon "the a ; by hinjeahin Peirce. vie Physical Peculiarities of Comets; by Stephen Alexande er. imple Method o of “ double altitudes” ; he seg tg a or a a planet, for the change of declination between the observa- ions; by On the annual daration of sunlight on the earth in different latitudes; by L. WwW. Ruineavbies concerning the Comets of 1783 and 1793; by Dr. Peters. The Fundamental numeric series, and awe of radiating parts, reduced to a simple Ps gi siapieal idea; by Dr. T. Note on the Rotation of a rigid body ; =i J. B. Cherriman On the “Iuteriestadion of some Cases of apparent geometric discontinuity ; by J. B. Cherriman. n the Forms of the Atoms of the simple substances of chemistry, as indicated by ive atomic Le sr a Alexander ; Meteo i t Portsmouth, o 7 Pes oa te during the epidemic of 1855 a On Modification of Noremburg’s Apparatus by about 4 or 5 minutes; by ‘Seton n Smi On the waters of the St. La d Hunt. On eae Faas "ck wrence an the we — by T. Sterry by E. B. Report on the Observatory of of Toronto: <9 J. B, Cherriman Results of a Series of Meteo rological Observations made at New York son from 1825 to 1850 inclusive ; “ Franklin B. es e on the Hes of the aneroid barometer; by A. Guyot. a periments on t os nozal of bh eae ate: Beta -_ of blowing apparatus, made at the Smithsonian Il. Section of Natural History and Geology. On the Volcanic Phenomena of a7 and Mauna Loa; and on the rr F, Winslow. : :b Winchell. “ty Parallelism of fo Formations in Nova-Scotia, with those of other parts of America; by J. W. Dawson. ‘ ke of ei ine aa of ed: by W of the altered rocks of Eastern Massacht ossils recently discovered ; b; e Oni Carboniferous Repiles ; iia oat Trias Systems of North Gsrctinta by Ebenezer Emm 4 escription of the Boundary Line betw nthe United. States and : tural resources, wean with General Notices te the to h etc. of the country naiicenh ft tee . gels, : Miscellaneous Intelligence. 447 Some Points in the Geology of the Upper Mississippi Valley; by James Hall. i al the el of Development in the Geological History o. North America ; by es D. Dan “On| the Geological Position of the Fossil Elephant of North America; by J. W. oster. On the Geology of the Broadtop Coal Region in Central Pennsylvania; by J. P. -" a the progrepny of the western portion of the United States, with a map; by illiam P, Bla Description o a Fossil Shell found in the Sandstone of the Connecticut River Valley; by E. Hitchcock. Sketch of the Progress of Geology in Alabama; by Michael Tuomey. ae of a eras Instance of inclined stratification in Warren county, N. by J. D. Whitney. On the se ihcieates of the fossil fishes and reptiles of Linton, Ohio; by J. 8S. New- On the Organization of oe rota ces tee Dr. Weinland. On Animal Development ; by Lou On some Euphotides, on pr de felepathie qa by T. Sterry Hunt. On the Serpentines of the Green Mountains, and some Sf their associates; by T. un Wary Hont of Fossil Fish Remains from the Carboniferous limestones and Coal measures of Illinois; by A. H. Worthen. Generalities of the Geol ogy of Oregon and Northern California; by J. S. New- On ‘the Carboniferous limestone of the Poors 2 Valley ; A James Hall. ae velogical Observations on the ee Ss} ig: of the Mountains of Sonor hear the Boundary, made under the directio Emory, U. 8. occa: : by Arthur Scho Exhibition of Fossil Cetacea from Maine; by A. C. Hamlin. a Fossil Wood with Poe eg found by Sir W. E. Logan in the Devonian rocks ; Ww. . On the Agen of the "Gul. Stream in the formation of the Peninsula and Keys of Florida; by Joseph Leconte. : a oserations on the ae of the > ap between the Mississippi and the Pa- ¢ Ocean, with a Map; Review of a Pencion of the recent Geological M Map of the United States, pub- i P. jase © Observations on the Coal fields of Illinois ; by R. P. Stevens. fud-nests of the Tadpole, recent and fossil; by Edward Hitchcock. ‘ie in and a. “3 the red loam of f Alabama, with a notice of some Joess depos- ; “ie a a ad by H. J. Coffin. iaceum nian Petrifctions by ‘egos — sr ker y. e *l cs ak s b. Co pnecticut and other Atlantic J npypler aa ype and W. C. Redfield. Collections of fossils : He nip a period of ten years in the lime- mes us thermal eprings wih fs S. Newberry. Upper Missouri; by J. rry. of some Artesian tls of Alabama ; by st Winchell. Ill. Zithnology. and. inl On the Names of Animals, with reference to Ethnology; by Dr. We the Relations between Chinese and Indo-Furo pean ; by 8. 8. 448 Miscellaneous Intelligence. ' On the Structure of the Algonquin Language ; by Henry R. Schoolcraft. Supposed Runic Inscriptions from the Coast of Maine; by A.C. Hamlin. On the Value of the Physical conformation as an element of ethnological science ; by Daniel Wilson. Queries relative to some indications of human instinct, as illustrated by primitive arts; by Daniel Wilson. Considerations upon the evidences of the early voyages of the Scandinavians to this Country, and upon the cosmical myths supposed to relate to America; by A. - ©. Hamlin. a ee ee 2. The Meteor of July 8th; by W.Sprzi1man.—Since the appear- ance of the large meteor on the evening of the 8th of July, I have en- deavored to collect all the information I could respecting it: and as I did not see it myself, I have had to rely entirely on information obtained from — others, and was thereby, at first, led into an error both as regards its angle of altitude, andthe direction in which it was seen from this place. It was my first impression, (and I so expressed myself verbally, and by letters to others,) that its first appearance was, at an angle of 35° above the hori- zon, north-northwest of Columbus. To be more definite in its direc- tion from this place, I took with a compass both its direction and allti- tude, as pointed out by Dr. Hopkins who saw it from a favorable position to observe. From the course pointed ont by Dr. Hopkins, the meteor he was, and also as seen from Columbus at an angle of 30° above the F horizon, it must have been at least thirty-six miles high, At Holly Sprin : I learn that the meteor appeared a little east of south, and at an altitude of about 35° above the horizon, and as Holly Springs is about forty : : Miscellaneous Intelligence. 449 miles from the line, or course of the meteor as above noticed, it would make it about thirty-two miles high. Again admitting that a meteor when seen by Prof. Harper, was fifty miles northeast of his point of observation, and 35° above the horizon, it must have been about peo miles s high. Taking then the course of the meteor as indicated by . Harper, as a base line, we may safe] conclude that it was at least thirty miles high when it first became visible, As to its distance from the earth at the time of the explosion, I have no data to found a oe upon. Prof. Harper however, says, “it could not have been much above the clouds.” to where ‘this meteorite found a resting place on Terra Firma, after its countless revolutions around it, for centuries past, would be a difficult task, unless some one was fortunate enough to have seen or heard it strike our globe. We might, however, be aided very much in our search for it, if those who saw it under favorable circumstances would take the me in which they saw it, with a compass, and communicate the same to hr at Oxford, Castes with the altitude above the horizon in which ‘they sa it, and as near as possible the time that seo vened between its first ped pearance and the rumbling noise that followed. The writer of this arti- e oO proper to communicate to him, agg ing the meteor under considera- Be Columiais 5 (Mise) Democr Columbus, _— 6 a 1856. tion at Albany, that a has meter filled with sulphuric acid had been made for the Smithsonian Institution. The objection from its affinity fc for i. ometric pen s been named Kon wy Mr. N. A. escription of the species b Mr. Pratt will appear in our ne 5. British ‘hai The Twenty ith medline of the “pritish As- Sociation was held this year, at Cheltenham, commencing with August 6th. The presidential address at its opening was delivered by Professor Daubeny, President of the meeting. merican Geological History.—In connection with the article, page 335, it should have sd stated that the paper was read at the Meeting of ft American Association at Albany in August last. 1. Oprrvany.—Rev. Dr. Buckland.—Few men have filled a wider space in public mailer for the = twenty-five years than Dr. Buckland. His name is intimately associated in the popular mind of this —— with the Progress of geology. He may not have possessed the natur ag ments or the ——— nea of many of his ania aba he ss of spirit, an indomitable energy of purpose, a - Seniality of a Sy ‘whial rendered him, even amongst men remarkable SECOND SERIES, VOL. XXII, NO. 66.——-NOV., 1856, 57 450 Miscellaneous Intelligence. for their gifts, the most remarkable. These qualities made Dr. Buckland ‘ the most prominent of.a band of philosophers who gradually worked their way in geological science, redeeming it from the puerilities of a popular hypothesis, and placing it high amongst the physical sciences, In this great work Buckland was associated with Lyell, De la Beche, Sedgwick, Murchison, Phillips, and Conybeare. Although we have now to record the death of Dr. Buckland, which Oxford. B.A. in 1803, and was elected a Fellow of his College in 1808. At this time Oxford was the most unpromising school in the world for natural science. Nevertheless there were chairs of Botany, Chemistry, and Min- eralogy to indicate to the student that all human wisdom was not und up in Classics and Mathematics. The tastes of young Buckland led him to the study of Mineralogy, and in 1813 we find him appointed to the successors, portance of their teach . Dr. Buckland’s name will ever be associated in this country with his discoveries of the remains of animals in the caves of Kirkdale, and other — , Tiger, Es Cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire, in the year 1821.” These discoveries. an others served as a basis for a work published in 1823, entitled “ Reliqu#@ Diluvianz ; or, Observations on the Organic Remains attesting the Action — ” Altho: z of these remains are of an Universal Deluge. tained a universal recognition of the value and im- . } Ce, BY aR ee a oe eee eg ai ae Miscellaneous Intelligence. 451 now accounted for on a different theory, the great value of this work remains as a record of the first discovery of the remains of animals — of which most have since disappeared from the world, and thus reveal- ing the arrival of man. In addition to the above account of the bones of mel, near Montpellier, and the bones of bears found in the Grotto of Osselles, or Quingey, near Besangon. His contributions to the Proceedings of the Geological Society were very numerous, and in the first volume of the “Bibliographia Geolo- gie et Zoologiz,” published by the Ray Society in 1848, we find referen- ces to sixty-one distinct works and memoirs. Dr. Buckland’s social habits pe pr ite and many of the general conclusions arrived at by the author have now become part and parcel of the great laws of geological scie nce, In 1825 Dr. Buckland accepted from his college the living of Stoke a i a Morland, of Abingdon. In 1818 he had been elected a Fellow of the Was twice elected President of that body. He took an active mterest in the formation of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and was f those who took the bold step of inviting this body to hold its second meeting in the University of Oxford. On this occasion he was President of the Association. From that time to 1848 he was present at the meetings, and read many of his papers before them. In 1847 Dr. Buckland was appointed a Trustee of the British Museum, : _ and took an active part in the development of that department more es- pecially devoted to Geology and Paleontology. He also seconded, to the Ssasnt of his power, ah efforts of Sir Henry De la Beche to estab- lish the Museum of Economic Geology, which is now, in conjunction for the public to the Monuments in Westminster Abbey. He joined the 452 Miscellaneous Intelligence. ranks of sanitary reformers, and brought his great knowledge of geology fans on questions of water supply, sewerage, and other health ques- Dr. Buckland seems not to have devoted himself to questions of soctaninsl theolo. His views on this subject are chiefly contained in the Bridgewater - Treatise and the “ Vindicize.” Among the list of pub- lished works we find one sermon, and that devoted . m4 homes of death: it was published at Oxford in 1839.—Ath., Aug. 2 6. 8. Geology of the Pacific and other regions iain by the U. S. Ea- ploring Expedition under C. Wilkes, U. S. N., in the years 1838-18425 by James D. Dana, Geologist of the Expedition. —This Report consists of a quarto volume of text of 750 pages, illustrated by several maps and nu- merous wood cuts, and a folio atlas of 21 plates. It treats of the Strue- ations of New South Walee and of the oe rocks of Orego Only 200 copies of this Government Report have hitherto been printed. The author proposes to have 250 copies published for the benefit of those who are interested in the subjects. The copies will be furnished to sub- scribers for $12.00, ~ ‘ea bound in cloth, the payment to be made on delivery. A copy w ently sold in New York City for $40.00. Should the sbscription list reach 500, the edition would be increased accordingly, and the e price reduced to $10 .00. oe satin if eodekaliine will be ready for delivery in the course of the coming yea Any person desiring one or more copies, - requested to widens the au- or. n, October Ist, 1856. 9. A Chronological Table of Cyclonic seid have occured in a West Indies and in the North Atlantic from 1493 to — with a Bibliographical List of Authorities; by Axpris Pory, Esqr., van ee to _ sayy ‘Association by Dr. Shaw. Printed by Clowes and Sons, London, pp. This pamphle et. does aa to os zeal and research of Mr. Poey. It d. r of hurricanes cited by Mr. Poey as having occurred i in the West Indies and Atlantic a ~ monthly distribution of nis hundred and fifty-five was as follows, Mont!is. No. of ame < pS: No. of a ae - . es July, - + P «an ebruary, — - 7 as Augcus “ Sie, March, Side ott ale Pah - Z i a re - 6 October, - May, - - - «i § November, - .- June, . - - ~ 10 December, - - Total, Mr. Pedy considers his — as only a first to facilitate on this important subject é - sft ‘ eee ee « ig ah a) pte og ioe. Miscellaneous Intelligence. 453 and Devonian Formations of the United States, and 6 me of inct Mammalia ; by Joseru Lety, —From the Journ. Acad Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12 pp. 4to, with 3 plates.—The Species of Fishes ort Gibson, a gigantic fish related to Carcharodon, a fragment of the jaw of which is 6 inches long; Oracanthus Sige a Leidy, from ip pie ene "cig i from Blair Co., 0- loptychius Americanus, Leidy, a Co., hint Decoxeatia (eidy) nitidus, same ee ality as last . Apedodus pr scus, L., Columbia .y Pa.—The Mammals, are Camelops Kansanus, (Let rom the Terri- ansas ; Can. is primevus, from the ban the Ohio river a short distance below Evansville, Indiana, senosintod with Megalony yx Jef- Tapirus Haysii j— Ursus amplidens, L., from a ravine near Natchez, Mississi pp, occurring with Hguus Americanus, Cervus Virginianus fossilis, Mastodon, Megalonyx, Mylodon, Ereptodon ; Ursus Americanus fossilis, from near 5 tchez ; Procyon priscus, LeConte, from Galena, Illinois. L. by J. 2 R.S. sity College, London, and N. M. Ferris, M.A., Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; assisted a. G. G. Sroxes , M.A., F.R.S., Luca- sian Professor of Mathematics in the University of Cambri idge, A. Cay- LEY. F.R.S., late Fellow of Trinity College, ame ee and M. Hunurrs, Corresponding Editor of Paris; 8vo. London: John W. Parker _ and Son, West Strand; 5s. each number. The Bi number of this Math- ematical igeiesttof Journal, was issued in April, 1855. The character of the work may be inferred from a. distinguished names constituting its board of Editors, Each number contains.96 pages octavo, and is occu- pied with papers 2 both in pure ae eRe ane. the applications of math- 12. Fossils of South Carolina ; bee! M. toes ey and F.S. Howes, 4to. 1856 ; aad The plates are ako, fine. They represent the species Peo- ten septenarius, Mytilus incrassatus, M. inflatus, Arca hians, A. incile, A. coelata, A..centenaria, A. rustica, A. ionomem oe improcera, A. trans- versa, A. scalaris, A. equicostata, A, incongrua, A. pexa’ 13. Abhandlun ngen a Kaiserlich-Kéniglichen Galaga Reichsan- stalt, Il, Band.—4to, with 78 lithographic plates. Wien.—This splen- did volume issued by the Royal Geol ogical Bociety at Vienna, (1855), nitz in Bohemia ; also.a memoir by Dr n the Fossil Flora (Tertiary) of Siebenburg The third paper by von Ettingshausen, con tains among its 29 plates representations of some f nificent er Lepidodendra in full ran and in one, of the L. Sternbergit, the linear or acicular leaves are over a foot long, and form a dense mass about a branch 14 inches thick, the whole two feet in length. BS 14. Geognostiche Darstellung der Steinkohlen-formation in Sachsen mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Rothliegenden, von Hanns Bruno Get- 454 Miscellaneous Intelligence. Leipzig, 1856. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann.—We recently noticed the beautiful work of Dr. Geinitz on the Fossil Plants of the Coal forma- tion of Saxony. In the work just issued, the author treats of the rocks and coal beds. He first describes the various known kinds of coal from lignite to anthracite and graphite and their modes of occurrence. Next he treats of the Coal formation of the Erzgebirg Basin; (1,) the Hai- nich-Ebersdorf Coal formation, or the Saxon culm-coal ; (2,) the produe- tive coal beds of the vicinity of Zwickau ; (3,) the Permian with the in- cluded eruptive rocks, overlying the coal measures of Zwickau; (4,) om up in a following chapter the anthracite region of the Upper Eragebirg. measures of the different regions, and many facts bearing on their origin and history. The Permian is shown to be essentially a part of the Palzo- zoic, related to the Carboniferous Period, rather than to the Triassic. 15. Das normal Verhdltniss der chemischen und morphologischen Pro- portionen, von Avot¥ Zeisine. 112 pp. 8vo. Leipzig. Rudolf Weigel.— © Ged¢ yewmerget.—The idea of simple mathematical proportions in nature is exciting much attention and research. M. Zeising in this work endeavors 4 rs 1:2:3:5:8:13:21: 384, ete. which are known to occur in the arrangement of the leaves of plants, through the human figure, animal and vegetable structure, physiology, musical harmony, the planetary system, the earth’s features, architecture and chemistry. And he further aims to reduce it to a still simpler form. He divides 1000 into two parts, in such a way that the Jarger is a mean between the smaller and the whole, which gives 1000: 61 8.0339 : 381-9660. This series continued, by simple proportion, making the first to the second, as the second to the third, the third to the fourth and so on: —gives 1000 : 618-03... :381°96... : 236-06... : 145°89...: 90°16... the body (B), and of the upper (C), and states the ratio, A: B: C 618°0:381°9. Again, for the ratio of the whole lower part (A), the upper Pi hie ages io A: B: C=6180 :3810% also for the upper part of the body (A), and its two parts the chest (B), and the hae (cy, the ratio re" ; C==381'9: 2360: 145°9.—In music, the ratios 1:2: 3:5: 8, are given by the succession of ; tones C: C (octave): G:E:C (2nd octave).—1 : 2 is the octave; 2: 3the fifth ; 3:5 major sixth or minor third transposed; 5:8 minor sixth, oF fee Miscellaneous Intelligence. 455 or the proportion of land and water on the globe, Rigaud deduced the ag 100 ; 270, o Humboldt, the ration 100:280; and this corres- ponds with 3? : 5? which equals 9 : 25 or 100: 277. The land of the merican stilts equals 10,606,400 sq. m., and that of the other ang isphere, 27,274,000 sq. m. the ratio is 1: 2°57 which equals 5?: These are a few examples from the work. 16. Principles of Chemistry, embracing the most recent discoveries in the Science, and the outlines of its application to Agriculture and the Arts, Illustrated by numerous experiments newly adapted to the simplest appa- ra y Joun A. Porrer, M.A,, M. rof. Agric. and a Chem. in Yale College. 480 pp.12mo, New York, 1856. A. 8. Barnes & Co. Ti the preparation of this text-book, Prof. Porter has aimed at a clear, imple and practical presentatiun of the princi iples of Chemistry, not over- loaded with details, and with such experimental illustrations as ma repeated with simple means, small expense, and little previous knowledge. The plan is well carried out, and the work is an excellent one for classes in ges Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. vi1.—U,. S. Naval Sidenanical Expedition, vol. 1 oe ese works were not received in time for a notice in this number B. Atvorp : The Tangencies of Circles and of angie: by Benjamin rein awe U.S, A—Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. 16 pp. 4to, bears 9 plat ~ tocoty ery egterne ; — sien pus, ved Joh. Japetus Sm. Steenstrup. 32 A ® with 2 plates. Kjobenhavn. 1856. Ninth Annual Report of the Regents of th a aiverty of the State of New York on the ee ot soa atl thereto. of Natural Histo ed and the Historical and here Reptiles occurring near hiladetphia ’ Hallowell spathic iron of the West side of Chesapeake bay, led Baltimore ore; ith. , On four new species of Exotic nes ; J. Lea, escriptions of ee Myriapoda ; A. Sager.—p. 109, Description of thirteen new species of a Peristomata ; J. Lea.—p. 111, Descriptions of fossils from the Tertiary of the Up Ld . . Mee with remarks on the Geo ology ; F. V. Hayden, M. D— 126, Ceratites Americanus, Prof. L. Harper—p. 128, Examination of Meteoric [ron m Xiquipileo, Mexico; W. J. Pe a: ee! Description n of two new species of Urodeles from sient irk E. Hallowe D.—p. 131, Contributions to the Ichthy- 1 h ted States pon oped n the Museum of ology of the West am Cast of the nied tate ag ae t. ‘ rimented on by Dr. Be i N anny eae eee i Kjébenhayn. lige Meddelelser fra we: rss tal ay ng with “he vas , Ss H f° University 4 ON 0. 2. F. Didric — es; A. S, Ocrsted. —_— of the ear ea a 7. Th. gon ro 1 local Sue >of N New York ; . a, gh—On the id ties of Graphite and Eupyrchroite in = tha Convolvulacese from Guinea in the Uni we arr to C. A. Ke eissw Der Jer Pithnaniacbs Code Codex Juvenals, Erster Theil. Kritisch-exegetische Abhandlung, von Dr. A. HAcxermasn, Gymnasialle rn 40 pp. 4to. Greisswald, 1856. T. oe v0 Index Scholarum in Universitate Litteraria et er per semestre zest Anni mptocotvi, a Die Mensis Afrilis habendaru . Kunike. De Gravidatate Extra-uterina, accedit ee memorande cujusdam Gravidi- rnard. Guil. Sommer; 4to, Mémoire sur une s ilathibde N ouvelle "de 5 Tianfomation sent serena dans le Plan et dans |’ , av lication aux Li urfaces _ Guptsa, ver Medeweos Dower: De: Sei or Muth, Prof, de Math. & Paris. (eat ean nape a 8 pp.8vo. Greifswald, 1856 Kunike, Sie lowers of ae eee INDEX OF VOLUME XXII. A. Acad, Nat. Sci., Philad., Proceedings of, 152, 455. oS Lot bg of, = Acetylamin, Natenson Acid, Newel ‘ormic, ‘fen carbonic, 403, ee erie hong in, ‘as A ricnltural Exhibition, Paris, 264, 1 403. American Association or de eilokies ment of Science, notice of Albany meeting, 159. American cee Soc., Philad., Proceed- ings o Animal sonar composition of, 9. Antimony, —— t of, 107. Arago’s works noticed, 269, teen fornace ucts, 248, strono Artronomiea Ouiervatag of Harvard, an- nals Atomic equivalent of Antimon Atomic weight uf Lithium, M B. Bailey, J. W, Soundings in the sea of Kamtschatka, | . 107. et, 349. and, 282. nae 4 ‘ wie sulpharie acid, 449, Bartlett, G., = limate of California, 291. Bessemer’ —. ~ making iron, 406. u’s geological map, 383. lowpipe Aways, Manual of, by W. Elder- oat noticed, 303. — n Sue. Nat. Hist., Proceedings of, 152, Botany of Madeira, — on, 134, Dragon-tree of Oro ava, 135. Embryo in Plants, 133 three cay ferns fromm California and Oregon aM Eaton Potats of New ‘ietieg and Texas, Notes on States, Gray, Statistics of the Flora yes Northern!) Botany, notices of works, Linnean Soci 134; = ner, 135 ; — 137, 436 ; chaux : De olle, er Baie ddell, haces from art, of xehe t, 39 bank, J. S., on the Spongiadly 415, i n fond, use of, 104. Br tish Association, 4 449, Buckland, obituary of, 44 449 Building material, on testing, J. Henry, 30. a | California, pegs ee ae a) 110. w fern mollu Cantonit, Pratt, 4 Car! = acid, for on acid = 403. ‘entemodon, fussil reptile, 1 Chalk, spongeous o igi of siliceous bodies fee Chemical ear of Ronalds and Rich- ardson, noticed Chlorine Laethnaicen of by titrition, 404. Chronometers, | Classification o a, 14. agi Clausius, R., application of the me tic! 30, theory of heat to the Steam Engine, a of California, a 291. 08 pe neral, in Peru, Cool” - its Topography, by J. P. Lesley, notie Coal formation of Saxony, Geinitz om noticed, se mentite fossils 0} ', eruption at Hawaii, 240 267. Sappoeveirg for —— substitute for, Corals from rolina, , 389. Crocoiles, fossil ‘of Nebraska, 120. of, a Fossil. Agoapiny os, Rag 2 . Fee aprtgayg of Ss. Amer- iacere, pea-nut, 435, Crainenn, a a fro ae paper pho otugraphic pro oy Saye oat cana of, J. D. Dan vated reference to pa on Paleozoic biv Bniomonn Cume, Antarctic #008 : j eh ae : : _ Elderhorst’s Blowpipe. ra noticed, 303. IND a, J. D., Classification of Crustac oe a, Plan eal History, ee en of Geological Report Darlington, notice of -Gray’s Manual of Botany DeCandolie 8 Geographical Botany, noticed, Deville, = oe high fi 105. Neo-macropia, 30 Dia Ae ahinegre a among solutions, Gladstone, Dinornis, new species of, Omen, 138. Dragon-tree of Orotava, 135. Drift phenomena, cause of, J. D. Dana, 325. Dudley Observatory, 442. Earth, physical structure of, of oD Dan 416. EX, 457 | Fo pe Balog s near Boston, Rogers, 296. rals (Silurian) from N. Carolina, Em- Flies and —_-* notice of a paper J, Leidy on, 4 fe South ¢ arolna, by Tuomey and Holes noticed, 453 al plants, Bohemia, pee Pa tees oi¢ star-fishes, Sal, —, “(Pier rygo' Salter, of Forte beds of the Upper Ludlow, Murchison, 415 r, 415. tus) a Scotland, ammal of the coer Eh ld slate, 419. Dic eer of 20, shells, new ‘aul PNebra ‘ita, 423. Furnace cryataltine products, hea producing intense, Deville, 105. ; G Galileo, tribute to, E. Everett, 443. i Galvanic Battery, new kind se 102, Gar pikes, remarks on young, 440. obs ervations on origin 0 J, 305, Earthquakes in California, J. B. Trask, 110. Earthq ake at New Zealand, 128. Eaton. D.C ; th , origin of Greensand, 282. Eights, J., \sopod Crustacean from the Ant- arctic, Electricity, atmos ~— sire oe lism, * substitute for copper lic Recto: phy sieiee’, "het erocrinus, Yandell ani ' Shura Mem Elevation of Mcdntnine, remark n Elie Beaumont’s theory, J.D. Dana Elliott Soc. Nat. Hist. a0 Proceedings of “152. Entomostraca, see Equivalent, se Essex Institute, Parenting: of, 152. a and its ho Eyes, color blindness in, 7' 143. ree new ferns of California, Geo mologues, new method for, || y, noticed, 454. ‘ Geographical discoveries in Africa, 116. CaaS raphy of plants, DeCandolle on, noticed, gical Report on Tennessee, by J. M. > ‘ord, notice $29, f J. Marcou, reviewed, W. P. higtacy of Americ J. D. Dana, 305, 335. Report of J. D. Dana, propaled teprint ° Bo | ao ctions, Vienna, 453. Geology, sandstone of Connestient valley, determinati = of age, fro ssil fishes, ¢ 397. marks on ota o of, 357,» origin of verre of chalk from sponges, 5. physical structure of the earth, Hennes- : ow rocks, Murchison, 418. A Lad a ae mammal, Owen, 419. Tertiary of Nebraska and’ thé north, eek and Hayden, 423. Eu aki information to students visiting, 146. yndall, 1 F Fecula of the Horse-chestnut, 264. Fishes, fossil, from eae 118, Leidy, Fluorids, researches on, 4 Foote, Elisha, heat in ae - rays, ne circumstances _—c heat in Dvoipetnw in Ns Pa.. _ Lea, 123. Foraminiferous origin of Greensand, Bailey, Formic acid from arbonic acid — bag of re filam pons 122, and fishes from nS hn , E. Hitch- nae , species gli M Nebraska, Paget, SECOND SERIES, VOL. XXII, NO. 66.—NOV., 1856. 58 e Fossil. Gibbs, Wat chemical abstracts, Geotony 105, 400. illespie on on land surveying, n one, oticed, J. H, influence of what ‘radiation ants, 49. on dichromatic phenomena among solu- 4 ions, Glyptunotus, from th ray, A, botanical notices, 1 eens tic, 391. Gra 34, 284 statistics of flora of no 204. phen U, States, on potato of New Mexico and Toran 5e Mat call of Botany, noticed, Darlington, 4 Greenrand, in of, Bailey, 280. inks Is Jand, composition, A.8 Ks U, Shepard, 96. . Hayes, 300. Gulick, L. H 7 ides a , sant M, Gunpowder. pressure of fire bridge, Guano , 142. WE. Wood- 458 INDEX, |\Marcou’s Geological map, reviewed, W. P. Blake, 333. Hailstorm i in N. Carolin ooh Mi rtius, Flora Brasiliensis, noticed, 436. Hawaii, eruption at, T’ Coa Sn Matteucci, experiments in e electro-physiology, ille, 105 cific, of sorne elemen oe Racoals 103. Max and Hi ryden, era of Nebraska, 423. vban’ s rays, Elisha Foote, 377. Meteor of July Sth, 4 circumstances affecting, Eunice Moveonic iron ot ee ia, 271. 1 f Good {Hope, 272. on theo rem of equivalence of work and, of Xiqnipileo, W. J. Taylor, 374. Pong a ei ae. bose buling material, 20. stone of Mezd-Madaras, 272 pa enry, J., on testing ‘ Herrick, | E. Gq shooting stars of dion aa, oder sy gar f France, ; Hippvie ai, 102 Mis anal — hs ‘ae ae Hitchcock, Ex “powlder from drift of Amherst,| !!3nite y Ramada , pre a Alunoge Hiphouh, I, By ee es fossil shell of the Alvite of Norwa 3 249 a — ot Pp Andalusite, analyses, 249. eo “eyelonie, by A. bis, niet Anglesite af Sardinia, angles, 249. — f oo ite, of New Jersey, 249. Aragonite (Schaumkalk), 249, I Ss : a ad ’ , sruphyliive, a mica, ead 1 Bears ee tac cco ta of aL a o50." 250. Bailey, innite 0 Woctes Matercoete tuticed 2a hs oracite of Btasafert, 250. Inundations in : i negli ae Todine, crystalline form of, 2 ragite o y, 250. fron, malleable, and steel, cea 8 pro- reunnerite (Teaioclin}, 251. cess fur, 406 alcite, 251. ores of Azoic System, J. D. Whitney, 33 arnallite of rea 251. Isthmus of Koes, level &c. of, 273. ee J John from Uniorc ton, s re ee Califor. Chrysolite, in serpentine, 251. K Conisionite and Heddlite, 252. opiapite, analysis, : Kamtschatka, ae off, Bailey, 1. etabiis, of yeie, $58 252. Kopp, specific volume of nitrogen compounds, ryolite, Greenland, 252. 103. Cyanochrome, Vesuvins, 252. yanosite, Vesuv: vio mie 258. ke Ooroomiah, waters of, 276. See an ies of, 25 Tea, fs fossil reptiles dis 122. ial log: pe “ fi of soda, 99 itiennd, ‘Kohinoo, 273. at de fossil re tile $ .| lomite dy. J Kossil reptiles and fishes from Ne- renoysite, C. Heusser, 253. — hme ‘Carboniferous fishes, &c., no Korine: enol fish, 1 Epsomite in Tennessee, 253. Lesivy’s “3 of Coal and its Topography,|| Erubescite, in i i notice phere glassy, 2 254. Level, chugs of, at int - a 126|| Feldspa + Eipekolien and Weissigite), changes Ne enguwnite e 254. Light, influence of, ‘= atid 2 , or wave lengths of = reislebenite, . Eisenlohr, ga mos\ pre rays) cy active, ' as : Linugean Soc., Proceedings, 134. Galena, snpersalphorett + 299. i Lithiuin, atomic wei ht off 1 Mallet, 349. Garnet, t, green, of Norway, 259. ; Boot ti obituary, 301. P te te, 255 > “i : nges in templ ilbertite, LE. Zschau, * a M of Renae, Glaserite at Vesuvius, 255. _ Glaubapatite, Shepard, 256, gyre eens on wcapen of, 134. Guano minerals, work on by '. V. Wollas. Gypsum, 256. oe i wie a — te, 256. a oJ. W. ona itie mineral from the em atite, at Vesnvi Isle of Skye, 179. Hitchcockite, 956..." ) atomic ith alotee “ao 349, Hornblende, "257. e Iron, meteoric, 27 374. Manteil's + Medals" of Creation, 150, Lanthanite, 257. naga. MINER ee wong nativ Leucite of Vesuviny et * ha I oor I er, 258. J sepivikel, ‘Beh shes 253. Monazite, 262. Nitre, in ‘Tennessee, 258, nit oe gts 253, Ozocerite, Glocker , 253 icromer rid, at Vesuvi: r rals, 96. yromelane, Misourd 96. 259. yroscle erite e of Snarum, 259. ¢, 375, uariz in capilla ay gabe etc., 259, uic ksilver t in drift deposits, ts, 259, Le pi =~ 7% = 3 iP = dite erpentine of Rox xbnry, Ct., 260. ilver, native, at Cheshire, Ct., nite mithsonile. tr ringer , S| Binnie. Bischo of, 260. Staurot tide, atic 260. Stibnite, 26 Stilbite ( Bypottona. 179, 261. Stlpnomelane, Glocker, 261. Tanta oges, 26 Thenardite of Vesuvius, 261 Tritomite, analysis, 261, Tscheffkin 1 a mes 261 e, Forbes, 262. poke of "Carinthia, 262. Vivianite, 2 262. Voigtite, E. E. Schmid, 262. Vilkuerite, oo , 263. Wittichite cf) ae 263, Xenotime, 263. Teititie anata from the Isle of Skye, Mallet, 179. Zincite, 263. inerals, artificial furnace products, 248. Mineralo: "By . Supplem ment to Dana's, 246. list o w works, 246 Missisvipps | Riv ~ egees of closing and open- ing, T'S. P, v, 149 Moon, Secchi ei deatsing > of, 265. Murchison, etter on the Museum of Red ROE, of Practical Geology. Qa2. s, composition of, Valenciennes, 9. N Nebraska fossils, 118, 423. €0-macropia, 3J1. INDEX, mposed, (Xanthitane,) 260. 459 New South Shetlands, crustacean from, and remarks on, |New Zea’ land, soap got of mead = 128. inornis oO taining mitrogen 108, No. rth Ganolitie, bi hailstorm in, 298. Oo bees Ee: 449. cke, _ Binet, Observatory at I — 265, nals” of, 265. br anaigee af University 7 Mississippi, 290. Oregon, new ferns, D. C. Eaton, 138. Owen, on a new Vinornis, 133. Ozone, on atmos wei Scoutetten, 140. W. B. 8, 141. Andrews, 403. P Spenag rns oo seeeile, 118, Paris, Geog cal society, 148. Parvin, 7 res: pe and opening of Mis SIss . a J. G., obituary of, ‘150. Phosograp : X paper, Ww. wokes, Picsse, G. W. S., Art of Perfumery, by, Leti e 140, annie, "1h bs (2), 441. Woy: ine (41), Isis s, De Candolle’s Geography of, noticed, "Embeye of, 432. farther, Botan Polythalamian, see Pore niferous. Po reelain, ager cture of aie, 102. Posidonia Pa, dors wild in New Mexico and Texas, 234. Proportions in nature, oT ony iss — of Pure Mathematics Railroad to Fira * gad canton for, 67. atios in natnre, jel W. C., ‘Reiation we ge fishes to ewark sandstone, tend, Specific heat of some Tilomeeta Ih |Reptiles, fossil, from? raska, 118. one ae hares 22. bid flaods, France scky Mis., aeenooo ‘for railroad across, a 460 : INDEX. Trask, J. B., earthquakes in California, 110, oe from near Boston, W. B. Rogers, ers, W. B., on ozone, 141. Trlobites ‘from near ‘Bost ston, 296. Ronalds and Richardson's Chemical Tech- ter ly notice Ruhmkorff’s a apparatus, effects with, 268. son , fro braska, 120. Troadon, fossil vente 19; urkey, new, of Mexico, 139. . M., on the ee Tetradium, 286. U Scacchi, Vesuvian one 246 an d beyond U. States, statistics of Flora of Northern, A. t Gray, 204 fossil fishes of, W. C. Redfiel called Newark pe by Vienna Geological transactions, 453, W.C. Redfield, 357, Dana % egy of Southern Ita ys Foy ville, pg Volcano, eruption of Hew n, Coan, 240. Voltaic, see Galvanic w , J. C., obituary of, 151. Waters of the Dead Se ea, 301. por of the Caspian, density ° ra yell, 126, in the Desert of Sahara, 301. epar. now ie 96. | of Deldvee river, H. Wurtz , 124, 301. pe ee August, 1 ve 290. Jake Ooroomiah, 276. ee, e roo cific gravity, eic., ut several salt, Spt ~ leg apparatus, Eckfeldt and Du-|| weddell’s Chloris Andina, noticed, 437. an, W , meteor of July 8,448, Sponges, Spongeous origin of siliceous bodies of chalk, Woodbri Sola, g, manafveture of, ee myrocens 99 Siar-fishes, os simathy ee, 415. ‘ Steam engine, R. Clausius on, 180,’ 364. 153. ‘Works, Bench h, noticed, 269. Botanical, see Botan ‘Wurtz on ether and its homologues, 107. Wurtz, H., on w: rater of Delatare, lereoscopic experiment, Lugeol,’ Stude ting Ex Eorepertatens 6 “ ag y infor 146, ; Bs level vel and characer of rere Bg Yandell, Eleutherocrinus, 120. ali ‘Sans rays, heat in, 377, 388 || Zeising, A., work by, noticed, 454. ||Zoology, see Toyuicess , Insecta, Fossil. ee value of a genus and species in, Wollas- a ’W. J, meteorie iron: of Xiquipileo, 287, young of gar-pikes mollusks of Colitarnte coast, P:C Carper a new turkey of Mexico, 139. a new Dinornis, 138. Telescope, equatorial, Porro, 103, 'Tetradiu mM. M. Safford on on, 236. Thom inoon, EF , obituary, 44, Tides at Pona nape, Carolines, 142, ES Se ae, a Re eg eee ee oe ge ae eee eee ee AUAFALE pti Wie WHS @ Gr Vik St3e Clypl WANS GAT CE rac) 4 VOL XX Ht —__ — THK WORLD on J MERCATO RS ek @ g TaN ee Enderby’s Laud | —— WM. JOUR. S YALE SCEENTIFIC SCHOOL. CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL SCIENCE. LECTURES. a ee = a oa ne FIRST TERM nice use. ore 17th, 1856. } RN Chemistry, rof. ee Situiman, Jr. gys : - Poot James D. Dana. indigo dhewitiys - - Prof. ae W. Jounson. —[Commencing ‘ef 7th, 1857. Chemistry of Building | Manette rof. Benjamin Situiman, Jr. oe adi Brociples he Bok fol Al Popa THIRD TERM. C5 pemeoranogrts eet 6th, He _ Mineralogy, Prof. James D. po eed apptied to the Ants, . Prof. hinyiin Sinan Jr. Organic Chemistry, + Prof. Jonn A. Porter. ‘ ISTANT INSTRUCTORS. Prof. Cnartes H. fiiene, Hewry M. SEexey. s of Professor OLMsTED cn Natural J hilosophy, Astronomy and Meteor- ology, i in 4 ‘heade emical re are also open to members of the Scientific School. to 5 ratory Course—(from 9 a. M to 5 Pp. M. a geet aang materials and use of tus bel 9 the Laborator $50 per term. Average cost ed apparatus and materials pa be purchased by : each studen er cae es Lectures—to Laboratory stvdents, free; ; to others, - = + $3 to 10.each course. Basricslinon Fee - $3 Laboratory practice in An oughout the year. Assays, oo mical and Geological i inv esiigations generally, will be undertaken on - For farther | iitobabetion address Jonn A. Porter, Dean of the Faculty. ENGINEERING, _ Engineering, - - - + Prof. Wittiam A. Norton. —o INSTRUCTORS, | Atonzo T. Mosma Louis Batt. The i —s in Engineering extends ‘through the whole Course o me peer in al] its renihes with the | use of instruments, and systematic Meee in ain eae — Drawing. , topographical, geometrical, mechanical, archi- p somaaecd A algae shading and ach eae riptive Geometry, Shades and Shadows, Linear lsometrica Projection ; Applications of Descriptive Geometry to Masonry and snd Stone-cutting, ef to os and Mechanical Engineering, generally ;—Principles of , and the Differential and Integral Calculus ;—Me- chanie, with’ f Bicwet to ‘Machinery and Engineering ;—the Science of Construction ; —Engi Astronomical Instruments for the determination of time, latitude = longi The st may a a partis] © ra full course, at his option. The studies required the full course are, Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonome Tuition i. for the full course of each term, $30 ;—to be paid in advance. Fee fo: r the course of Surveying alone, $12. , No charge for ineidental expenses beyond the matrieu- lation fee of $3. - _ The ee year is divided into three terms, commencing in 1856-7, on So 17, January 7, and May 6, and oon i about three months. ‘*‘Studen ass i 2 CHEMICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL APPARATUS, INSTRU- , ETC. J. F. LUHME & Ce., or Beruin, Prussia, PANTHEON BUILDING, 556 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. This well known Cuemica, Estasiisument, has opened a Macas— York unde zine for the sale of their goods in New Yor er the management of Mr. H. GOEBLER at 343 .... ; where they keep on ha st: and offer for sale a great variety of CuemicaL Apparatus. PHILOSO-— pHicaL InstRUMENTS adapted for all rag oe of PHYSICAL and EM HARD GLAss Ware, TusBes and metal and Glass—Grapuatep Tubes and Colinton aude wit grad» uated instruments for ALKALIMETRY, CHLORIMETRY, etc—MINERALOGI* cat Test Caszs, Puarrner’s Blowpipe Cases, Reagent Cases—Re+ 4 etc. Cate logan furnished on application and special “eae for Incorpo- rated cast gr Onnben duty free on liberal term EBLER, Agent of J. F. Loe: & Co, 656 Broad: way, New Yak March, 1855. {tf} GENERAL INDEX TO THE FIRST SERIES OF THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ARTS. IN ONE VOLUME OF 348 PAGES, 8vo.—Pricr, $3. A Few copies remain for Ks in the hands of the Publishers Enquire of Sittman & D See further, second page of Cover, New Haven, March 1, 1861. ta oak as 3 MICROSCOPES—SURVEYING AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS. Messrs. J. & W. GRUNOW, OF NEW HAVEN, CONN. Messrs. J. & W.G. make to order Achromatic Microscopes of superior excellence in all respects, and of every variety of form and price. Surveying and Astronomical Instruments, whose superior excellence of workmanship, construction and accuracy, have been frequently acknowledged. For the quality of their instruments, Messrs. J. & W.G. are per- mitted to refer to the Editors of this Journal. To Profs. D. Olmsted and W. A. Norton of Yale College; Prof. W. Gibbs of New York Fibs Academy ; Profs, C. R. Gilman and A. Clark, M.D., of the Crosby Street Medical School, New York; Dr, H. Vanarsdale, Morristown, N. a8 Prof. J. L. Riddell sad James Jones, M.D., New Orleans, and Dr. J. L. Smith, ‘Louisville, Priced Catalogues sent to order. (July, 1855.—tf rs G. P. PUTNAM & Co., New York. EXPLORING EXPEDITION REPORT ON CRUSTACEA. By James D. Dana. 2 vols. 4to, 1620 pages, and 96 plates in large folio, ate color OF ‘MINERALOGY. By James D. Dana. 4th edition. 2 vols. sro, in and New York, oes ae 8. ee Ee FOR SALE. ONE COMPOUND - atenile MICROSCOPE—Grunow’s Tripod Stand—Three Eye- piecessa pola rizing apparatus, Compres- nor pad Camera, with the fohidwing ng Obpeckives' » 1 One- oe made by Spencer, ; Half-in do. 1 Eighth, made by pee r. to All in complete orde pply tox EY. N FREY, Apothecary, Bellevue Alms-House, New Yorks Nov. 1856.] [.Wo. 11—September, 1856. LIST OF NEW FRENCH & ENGLISH BOOKS, (SCIENTIFIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL,) RECENTLY IMPORTED, AND OFFERED TO THE PUBLIC AT THE PRICES AFFIXED BY eS AL LILIBHERE, 290 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. EV carnage AGENCIES. London, Madrid, 219 Regent St. 19 Rue Haictarouitts? ll Calle del Principe. This List will be issued every alternate ‘month, and sent gratis to all who desire tt. Itis not merely a catalogue o selected importations, a complete list of all the Scientific Books published in Eng and France during the two months. MEDICINE, SURGERY, ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, ETC. ©. $c. Acland (H. W.) Memoir on the Cholera at Edivbureh on Ht. Vol.1. 8vo. { . Oxford in the year 1854; with considerations Edinburgh, ey - 750 Po cage by up quem 4to. London, Farine (WA Des sien Sieg sisieien fer 1856 ** 8 62 ave dans le e fievre ween Ato. mee : nage Ae! HLS ) Traite e experimenta tal et clie bourg, 1856 : nique @auscultation appliquee a etude des ien. uvr Nadtaanalel Phystotogt- maladies se ene et be: coeur. 8vo. Pa sles sail, et Shedicaice de et traduites sur les 1856 2 00 s imprimes e Blundell ‘. w. F.) Cases of Serofula, dee pennies notes, bebe vege thipmeger Neuralgia, Rheumatism, &c., successfully 2. 8vo.. Paris, 1856 . 250 treated by the Swedish satis of practice L’ouvrage aura 4 volumes, 8vo. London, 1856 50 | ymbert-Gourbeyre ( As). De PAYbumin- Braithwaite (W.) The Ret erpapeetia of Me- urie rhea apr et de ses pasuce, © decine: a haltgentty Journal, containing a Veclampsie. 2e edit, Svo. Paris, 1856. retrospective view 0: discovery and ' # ‘| tsambert (E.) Etudes cliimiques physiolo- practical improvement in the Medical ps" of igiques et cliniques sur ’emplot therapentique 12mo.. Vol. 33. Lendon, 1856 ba chlorate de Potasse, specialem ns " f 8vo. ~— a Broca(P.) ge aie et de a traite - affections en oa Brodhurs. (+t. &.) On the Nature wed Jaravay en F.) Recherches _anatomigues ‘ treatment of Clab-Foot, ca gerne Dis- sur Puretre de Fhenne. Ato a, 2 Praga involving the Mga =. % Paris, 1856 : ion. Svo. London @lay (Ci) The Complete Handbook to Obste- rage Sore Drain Fah ies : tric Surgery; or short rules of practice in mertghie teu —— des alterations mor- ys ologiqu every emergency, from the simplest to the bides tant lquides que solides, observees dans most ae operations connected » with i ville 12, in-fol. Paris, x \ Midwifery. 12mo. London, 185 200; 3856. Pon de a er ueliv. 8 15 : Com te iis teetitiiean Seances et Memoi orain. Annuaire des Beienies Medieales, na eter ne Sie reels - revu pi =< Prana 18mo, Paris, 1856 ae od Paris, 1856. 1 75 Tere An Conolly (4. cogs the ethan of the In- Waddock(' ee ee of Pulmonary Con- e mae) ee sae Restraints. oe - sumption, ‘onchitis, Aste: Chenelt Sone 425 and various Diseases e Lun; b Hi i anes Ray sapiens? | pba laa vate ts wits Ce) The tidipites Wide Mitek ta agea, pany ,and Heart, suce iy trea tented London, 1868 sd *, 2 Masse (J.) 0 (3.) Sears sa iyaions Populaire. 2 vols. 8mo. Memoire- ey: v pos Imperiale de Mede- eine. Tome 20. In 4to, Paris, 1856 A 1 75 5 00 a] gS on, Observations on t the pity, ag of the el, hout opera 8vo. Londo on, 856 . ‘: tu June, 756. Raspais At. ) Majuei annuaire 1856. lime aunee. 18mo, Pais ies Lh Mecnand (3.) De 1’ influence de la n naviga- tion vole des et chauds sur le marche de la phi 4 ‘ is, 1956 100 Natural History. te Siehel (J.) ager uae Opthalmotogique, we shay ca bat deois e path nlogique, la pa aileioate et la thera- peutique Medien ee Liv. 15 et 16, folio. Paris, Chaque liv. ‘ - 20 Youvrage sera spore en 20 liv'’ns. Tardieu (A.) Etude historique et Medico- legale sur la aon ication et l’emploi des allue mettes chim > 8vo. Pari: ta et ‘4 nales d’hygi c, ad Turnbull es ) A Practical Treatise on Dis. orders of the omer. h Fermentation ; the causes and Tre aes of Indigestion} and on Diet. 8vo, pyr me 1856 Velpeau (A i Treatise on Cancer of the Breast an ado mammary region. Trans- lated _ pal Preach by Ba Marsden. ots London, 1856 NATURAL HISTORY. aig vongg (A. ME. ©.) Ichthyologie Analy- = cine, 9 u Essai ete naturelle jes “a a Vai € —_ aux ques. Ato. cB ne — re hs de hi ie pays et de ad les le Dr. Chenu. 16 — va Huse » teed 60 vgn ttes, sont en ven : Mammiferes, 5 vols. ‘Botanique, 2 vols, Oiséanx, 6 vols. Insectes sectes Coleopteres, 1 et 2 vols. Papilions, 1 vol. Youvrage sera plus. au id 15 a $2 00 . c, Colo: 7 * pe ne hee thet ea of m (Ms Co), Cir with nests and nid nidification, re aro Maeeenn Aquaria. His'oire ahr o4 de secs complete en 22 vols, volume se en separem Runs 4m ustrations descriptions 8d edition. Ce The ne Bos Presh Water + 1856 pay oA du Nord et i Sains we bs ae eS oo _ hi ee aura ale ee bli © des cartes du bassin, Prix ra es aves e Physical Alas of 5 50 ‘Lindsay (W.L.) A Popular History of Brit- ish Lichens ; comprising an account of their Structure, Reproductio on, Use ax, Distribution, and Classification Sq. 16m ndon, Bie Lyell (-ir ©.) Manuel de Geologie aes tair Sensgen ens anciens de la terre et les Donameste gag 2 Traduit de Pan- edit., par My glais sur la 5m Hugard. i. edition, sifustre de. 7 ravures. ‘ Tome ler. Paris; 1856. Liouvrage aura, 2 vols, Prix . 4 Waison Rustique -du XIX. Siecle, conte. ‘ Ee a; eters ; n Fra S oe i] 2 i=] > =] 3 BSE — =o i") =] a & 26 EE =F <7 2 —tfortowtare, taux GLm S8yo. Paris, 1856. “Chaq volum . T,’, eK Sea vols., Morris (Bs ©.) “a Natural latory? f the Nests and Peter of Br — a Vol. 3. oes 8yo, ndop. Morris (¥. 0.) A History 0 a British Birds, Vol. 5. Ro oyal 8vo. cir Plee (F.) Types de ands et aes — — des = plate boon wo spon- ent exposition detaillee hoi veaison,| contenant une sn — cotariee, aves small pl Non the va ariati = ot and Sulererd edition, with Index containing wottan ane ‘On. the vat the In- phe of 16,000 references, Imperial fol. ecta; followed by an inquiry into the an a ee Haimburg = Half bound of f Gen hao 12mo. London, 1856 at . 65 00 : British Birds, Lindley (r. Medical ‘init (Becnomical as a ee ie . ae Svas eat. ‘8vo, London, 1856 , 2 25 Lnaton, 1b wetge 3 mae CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, ELECTRICITY. (D. e Treoscope ;_ its h tory, theory, and con uction ; with its plications to -~ fine and usefui Arts, and to n 1 1 62 David (H.) Mod de coca appliquee nas — ie de Portraits, 50 Mar rarcich (r.4) Manual of Photographie” being Part 3 of ‘art gion 35 3 and Appli- Long (€. A.) Practical Photograp! Giass and Paper. 2d edit. 12 mo ‘ Marcet (W.) On the cl it. and how w it iy adulterated ; wits practical ts analysis, 8vo. London, 1856 ae ‘Tections for its shor +) A Million of Facts of x tee she ghee of A the ea 3 at eae Sciences, and on mre cuties tpeelation and ons: gan a Scheervr (T.) x Thtréauétion t of a La we pits: epee: 2 ee tion gy he nes port: eal niet: sy ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS, ARCHITE Philosophy, Metaphysics, Art, Belles Lettres. MECHANICS, ENGINEERING, CTURE cogs eel (C-) Traite pratique sur Ja —— Laurdy (S.E..) Table of Quarter Squares ’ | du chanvre, precede des n of all a: el vy ig up * 100,000, by which clementaires sur la culture, Pecan a ee 4 the produc’ wo Factors may be found es chanvres et la mecanique appliquee by th avi nin edit: insG. tite ae sb rif rere aid of aaaition ate subtraction alone. Bailey. General Average, and the Losses Catarr ea; (Paus) Edifices de Rome and Expenses resulting from Gene Soy ve- Moderne, 8me vol. ae liv. Folio et 6 pl. Me acts te ctically cara 2d edition, agers Bons the signing of the treaty of A et ey peaks aot ranslated from the French by RK. H. Gould, With portraits. 2 vols. Svo. London, 1856 8 50 Martet ( ) The Principles of orm in Sra a ‘ n r 0 Bescherell» (a and pistipanete Marion et Martin de ** volens. Re- de pet gai gt ‘Tn veretle, “ancienne cueil des rine de eye - sbuate laws q ae pening ne poudre a canes jusqu’a _ Biogra phie T niversetle (1 ichand) ee oe eo ee { Ancienne et Moderne. Nouvelle edit. Tome 120 plane Paris, 1856 15, (Frat.—Gat . 8vo. Paris, 1856 .- 812) Wroreau (de Jounes. Statisque de Vine umes. dustrie de rance. Quantites et valeurs ; aura 40 a 42 “ira des principaux produits industriels, mine- ‘Blaize (4.) Des Monts de Piete et des raux, Vegetaux et x; Gag et = : banques de pret sur gage, en France et dans gres de leur fabrications; nombre des es _ les divers Eiats de l'Europe. ge Paris, 1856 8 75 blissements man eres et ouvriers ati : y sont employes; ire par sexe et par Bugonin (Vabbe F.) Etudes Philoso- ure d@exploitation ; ; valeurs roc ‘aieres = seeks, ou etudes des lois de ela premieres ; des frais generaux et des be . Bvo, Paris, 1852 ices ; comparaison de l'industrie co! * de e é 3 5: ‘Du. nae < oy et ” Bien. aine et net Tmo. 100} — Puris, - 1% 0: Nouvelle viogra © Genernte de- Cavalli (J,) midoife sur ies die ee _ les — les plus at ecules gg nos Yonnements yer aniy vo comprenant t quelques les renseignme blingra- -Sssais sur les ca la cu- pe iy is des sources a poe € ras Bae SA ayes po * pour rail. 16 (Kmmet—Faes), 8vo. Paris,1856 . 1 00 . e' . : Thockery (J. os The Military Organiza- ro avec 4 planches. Paris, 1506 Pie . tion and "Adininistration of France, drawn ‘aser (A. 4.) Essaysin Hiisagny: times. from official and other authentic sources, Tondon,106° ‘ ‘ ‘ 2.25 Vol. 2. Sve tend » 1856 . . 4 Scarce Sets of Magazines, etc. SCARCE SETS OF MAGAZINES, Armengaud (Aime) Publication Indus- trielle des Machines, outils et appareils les plus recents et plus perfevtionnes aie 8 dans les diferentes branches de lindustrie Vols. 1 to 9. en oyal 8vo. and fol. atlas of plates to each volume. =~ 1848 to 1855 a Publication Industrielle se publie par iietaiious: Chaque annee forme un atlas de 40 sachin et un vol. de texte. Prix de la- bonnem 00 ntions Francaises et Vol. 1 a 10, illustree “ae! nom- . Paris, 1851-55 nd emigre two vols. perannum. Su ran 6 00 Astronomical @bse Bie ons Waika at the Radcliffe Observatory. Oxford. Vol. 1 to.12. RI. 8vo. Oxford, 1840 to 1851 inclu. . 50 00 Bulletin de la Seciete Geologique France. tere serie. 14 vols. Svo. Paris, 3. (Very scarce) en serie, 11 vols. 8vo. 1844 to 1854 Civil Engineer and A chitects? il. Vol. ito 1 oo 1837 to 1851 , inclu. (Very scarce). Lond » 7 00 Guv’s Hospital Re rae ist series 7 vols, 1836-42, 2d series, 8 vols. 1843-1833. 8vo. half bound, calf. Londo . 8 Journal of th 8S atistical Socie ety of Lon Yol, 1 to 18. 8vo, London, é . 60 00 - 80 00 i rgical Socie ’ (01 ry Series, 18 on. and 2d iSeries Vols. 1 - Be ey ae to ees bh 8vo, Lon- Half bo : 100 00 ete. 3c. Nautical Alma*ac and Astronomical wos He Published by order of 3 sione Lon = tudes. 1828 to 1850. Half tiound Z rig Oken (i. V.-) Al 96 ee fur alle Stande. i3 vols, in 12. Svo, With Index and Atlas, fol. of cared titi Stuttgart, : 1833-41. Hf. bou : . 5 00 Papers on Subjects Connected with the A the Corps of Sere Engineers. n4to. Vols. 7, 8.9, 10. 1845-49. 2d Series in 8vo. Vols. 1'to3. spires ae Very scarce - 63 00 ceutical Journal and Trans- London ree Pharma actions. Vols. 1to 15. 8vo. f bound Moroce Philosophival Transactions of the Royal mens A of ondon! trot 1825 to 1351, a usive, formin sins vols. 4to. Half ussia . . (Published price £70 unboun nd) Practica mp ome vids and Engineer’s — agazine. ries, " vols., 4to. 1842 to © 1845. 2d Serie 2 vols. Ts46-at. Glas- : gow. Very sc . 80 00 Vols. 1 to 8 ot ‘Ba Series are ‘published. Transactions of me Society Instituted at London for the Encourage imental acer rey and Commerce. oe 4 8vo. Lon+ don, 18u6-45. Hf. bound - 5 Continued in 1853. Toasts sabeariiial ’ Veterinary Record and Transactions 0 the Veterinary Medical Association. to6. 8vo, London, 1845-50, Hf. bound PRICHARD AND NORRIS, THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN: CONTAINING ENQUIRIES INTO THE a. INFLUENCES OF tes jae ee AGENCIES ON +t ENT TRIBES OF THE HU BY JAMES COWLES PRICHARD. FOURTH EDITION. EDITED WITH VERY CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS AND NUME BY EDWIN NORR OF THE ROYAL ASTATIC SOCIETY. Two Vols. Royal Svo. with Sixty-two Colored Illustrations and One tapered: and Ten Wood Eng Elegantly bound in cloth, London, 1855. $10 __ BERNARD AND CHL HUE ITE, 8S ILLUSTRATED MANUAL OF : OPERATIVE SURGHR AND SURGICAL ANATOMY, - EDITED, WITH NOTES AND ADDITION AND ADAPTED TO THE USE OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL STUDENT, BY W. H. VAN BUREN, M.D., AND 6. E. ISAACS, M.D. et Complete in One Handsome Volume, Svo., Half-bound, Colored, $15 00. Plain, $8 5 STUDENT'S ROUS ORIGINAL COLORED misono 90 Bs NGRAVINGS, Is, . one GEOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC AND OTHER REGIONS VISITED BY THE dl. S. Exploring Expedition under C. Wilkes, W. S. A., IN THE YEARS 1838—1842, By JAMES D. DANA, GEOLOGIST OF THE EXPEDITION, —_——_+99——— Turis Report consists of a quarto volume of text of 750 pages, illus- trated by several maps and numerous wood cuts, and a folio atlas of 21 plates. It treats of the Structure, Growth, and Distribution of Coral Reefs and Islands ; of the Geology of the Sandwich Islands; the Society Islands; the Feejees; the Navigators ; of the Phenomena of Volcanic Action; Changes of level in the Pacific, and origin of the general foatnres of the Globe; of the Geology of New Zealand, Chili, Peru and Fuegia; and of a sit of Oregon and California. The folio atlas contains figures of fossils of the Coal and Saletioe formations of New South Wales, and of the Tertiary rocks of Oregon. Only 200 copies of this Government Report have hitherto been printed. The author proposes to have 250 copies published for the benefit of those who are interested in the subjects. The copies will be furnished to subscribers for $12.00, the text bound in cloth, the payment to be made on delivery. A Copy was wey sold in New York City for $40.00. — Should the subscription list vous 500, the edition would be in- creased accordingly, and the price reduced to $10.00. The work, if undertaken, will be ready for delivery in the course of the coming year. may be induced to elas We the work, mid send the same by an _ early mail to : Tae AvtHor. New — October 1, 1856,