um UNE D ME
DIODORUS OF SICILY
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY C. H. OLDFATHER
PROFESSOR OF ANCIENI HISTORY AND LANGUAGES, TITE UNIVERSIIY OI NEBRASKA
IN TWELVE VOLUMES V
BOOKS AII 4l-riI
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD
MCML
Pnnted in Great Brilaan
CONTENTS
TEMPLE OF ZEUS AT ACRAGAS5 Front piece
PAGE BOOK AII (CHAPS. 41-84) 1 BOOK XIII : 117 A PARTIAL INDEXA OF PROPER NAMES 449 MAPS OP THE AREAS DESCRIBED IN VOL. V At end
l SIEGE OF SYRACUSE (FROM THUCYDIDES III, LC L)
2. SICILY AND GREECE (FROM DIODORUS III, LC.L)
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AIOAOPOT
TOT ZIKEAIOTOY
BIBAIOOHKHZ IZTOPIKHZ
BIBAOS AQAERATH
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41. Now the causes of the Peloponnesian War were a81sc in general what I have described, as Ephorus has recorded them. Ánd when the leading states had become embroiled 1n war in this fashion, the Lacedae- monians, sitting 1n council with the Peloponnesians, voted to make war upon the Athemians, and dis- patehing ambassadors to the lung of the Persians, urged him to ally himself with them, while they also treated by means of ambassadors with their alhes in Sicaly and Italy and peisuaded them to come to their aid with two hundred triremes ; and for their own pait they, together with the Peloponnesians, got ready their land forces, made all other preparations for the war, and were the first to commence the con- fiet. For in Boeotia the eity of the Plataeans was an independent state and had an alhance with the Athemans?! But certam of rts citizens, wishing to destroy its independence, had engaged in parleys with the Boeotians, promising that they would range
1 'The fuller account of the following 1ncident 15 in Thucy- dides, 2. 9 ff.
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4
BOOK XII. 41. 3—42. 1
that state under the confederacy ! organized by the i31zc Thebans and hand Plataea over to them if they would send soldiers to aid in the undertaking. Conse- quently, when the Boeotians dispatched by night three hundred picked soldiers, the tra:itors got them inside the walls and made them masters of the city. The Plataeans, wishing to maintain their alliance with the Athenians, since at first they assumed that the Thebans were present in full force, began negotia- tions with the captors of the city and urged them to agree to à truce ; but as the night wore on and they perceived that the Thebans were few in number, they rallied en masse and began putting up a vigorous struggle for their freedom. The fighting took place in the streets, and at first the Thebans held the upper hand because of their valour and were slaying many of their opponents ; but when the slaves and children began pelting the Thebans wath tiles from the houses and wounding them, they turned in fhght ; and some of them escaped from the city to safety, but some who found refuge in a house were forced to give themselves up. When the Thebans learned the out- come of the attempt from the survivors of the battle, they at once marched forth in all haste 1n full force. And since the Plataeans who dwelt im the rural districts were unprepared because they were not expecting the attack, many of them were slam and not a small number were taken captive alive, and the whole land was filled with tumult and plundering 42. The Plataeans dispatched ambassadors to the Thebans demanding that they leave Plataean territory and receive their own captives back. And so, when ! (The Boeotian League, which had been revived after
Athens lost ber dominating position in Cential Greece in the battle of Coroneia in 447 s.c. (cp. chap. 6)
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! "Thucydides (2. 5. 7) saysthat the Plataeans persuaded the Thebans to withdraw from their territory and that they then slew the Theban captives.
6 .
BOOK XII. 42. 1—5
this had been agreed upon, the Thebans received 151 ».. their eaptives back, restored the booty they had taken, and returned to Thebes. 'lhe Plataeans dis- patched ambassadors to the Athenians asking for aid, while they themselves gathered the larger part of their possessions into the city. The Athemans, when they learned of what had taken place in Plataea, at once sent a considerable body of soldiers ; these arnved in haste, although not before the "Thebans, and gathered the 1iest of the property from the countryside into the city, and then, collecting both the children and women and the rabble,? sent them off to Athens.
The Lacedaemonians, deciding that the Athenians had broken the truce,? mustered a strong army from both Lacedaemon and the rest of the Peloponnesians The alhes of the Lacedaemonians at thus time were al the inhabitants of the Peloponnesus with the exception. of the Argives, who remamed neutral; and of the peoples outside of the Peloponnesus the Meganians, Ambraciotes, Leucadians, Phocians, Boeotians, and of the Locrians,* the majority of those facing Euboea, and the Amplussians of the rest. The Athenians had as alhes the peoples of the coast of Asiaà, namely, the Canans, Dorians, lonians, and Hellespontines, also all the islanders except the inhabitants of Méelos and Thera, hkewise the dwellers in Thrace except the Chaleidians and Potidaeans,. furthermore ihe Messenians who dwelt m Naupactus and the Cereyraeans | Of these, the Chuans, Lesbians,
? ''hucydides (2. 6 4) calls these ** the least efficient of the men."
3 'he thirty-yeati tiuce concluded in 446 5 c. (chap. 7).
* ''hose facing Euboea were the Opuntian Locrians, those on the Corinthian Gulf the Ozohan.
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? So the MSS.; moAeuéows Hermann, followed by Wurm, Dindorf, Bekker, Vogel.
* "There 1s a lacuna 1n the Greek ; the prececung words of the sentence are taken from Thucydides, 2 9. 9. 5.
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BOOK XII. 42. 5-8
and Cercyraeans furnished ships,! and all the rest sup- i31 sc plied infantry. The alhes, then, on both sides were as we have listed them
After the Lacedaemonians had prepared for service a strong army, they placed the command in the hands of Archidamus ther lang. He invaded Atüea with his army, made repeated assaults upon its fortified places, and 1avaged a large part of the countryside And when the Athenians, being incensed because of the raiding of their countryside, wished to offer battle to the enemy, Pericles, who was a general * and held in his hands the entire leadership of the state, urged the young men to make no move, promang that he would expel the Lacedaemonians from Attica without the peni of battle. Whereupon, fitung out one hundred triremes and putting on them a strong force of men, he appointed Carcinus general over them together with certain others and sent them against the Peloponnesus. This force, by ravaging a large extent of the Peloponnesian terntory along the sea and capiuring some fortresses, struck terror into the Lacedaemonians ; consequently they speedily re- called their army from Attica and thus provided a large measure of safety to the Peloponnesians.? In this manner Áthens was dehvered from the enemy, and Pencles received approbation among hi. fellow
? 'The ten geneials were the most important Athenan magistrates of this period, and Pericles, elected every y ear as one of the ten, acted as their president.
3 Many editors (see critical note) read " enemy " for * Peloponnesians," thereby malang the AÁthenians the ones who were made safe. But there 1s no reason to emend the text. The fleet dispatched by Pericles was ravaging the terri- tory of many of Sparta's Peloponnesan alhes; cp. the following chapter, and Thucydides, 9 25, 30.
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! The eastern coast between Argolis and Laconia * The single able general the Peloponnesians produced in
10 '
BOOK XII 43. 8—43. 4
citizens as having the ability to perform the duties of 421 5c. a general and to fight 1t out with. the. Lacedaemo- nians.
48. When Apollodorus was archon 1n Athens, the 4:0c Romans elected as consuls Marcus Geganius and Lucius Sergius. During thus year the general of the Athenians never ceased plundering and harrying the territory of the Peloponnesians and laying siege to their fortresses ; and when there were added to his command fifty triremes from Cercyra, he ravaged all the more the territory of the Peloponnesians, and in particular he laid waste the part of the coast which 1s called Acté ! and sent up the farm-buildimgs in flames After this, sailing to Methoné in Laconia, he both ravaged the countryside and made repeated assaults upon the city There Brasidas? the Spartan, who was still à youth in years but already distinguished for his strength and courage, seeing that Methoné was in danger of capture by assault, took some Spartans, and boldly breakimg through the hostile forces, which were scattered, he slew many of them and got mto the stronghold. In the siege which followed Brasdas fought so brilhantly that the Athenians found themselves unable to take the strong- hold and withdrew to their ships, and Bragidas, who had saved Methoné by his imdividual bravery and valour, received the approbation ofthe Spartans And because of this hardihood of his, Braadas, having become mnordinately proud, on many subsequent occasions fought recklessly and won fo: himself a great reputation for valour. nd the Athemnans, sading around to Ehs, ravaged the countryside and
this ten-year war. For his further career see below, chaps. 62, 617-68, T1 11
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* 8o Palmer, fiom Thuc. 9. 95 3- depà» P, deptav v. 12
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BOOK XII. 43. 4—44 3
laid siege to Pheia, a stronghold of the Eleians. The i30 5c Eleians who came out to 1ts defence they defeated
in battle, slaying many of their opponents, and took Pheia by storm. But after this, when the Ele1ians
en masse offered them battle, the Athenians were driven back to their ships, whereupon they sailed off
to Cephallenia, where they brought the inhabitants
of that island into their alhance, and then voyaged back to Athens.
44. After these events the Athenians chose Cleo- pompus general and sent him to sea with thuty ships under orders both to keep careful guard over Euboea and to make war upon the Locrians. He, sailing forth, ravaged the coast of Locris and reduced by siege the city of Thronium, and the Loerians who opposed him he met in battle and defeated near the city of Alopé.! Following this he made the island known as Atalanté, wlueh hes off Locris, into a fortress on the border of Loens for his operations against the inhabitants of that country — Also the Athemans, accusmg the Aeginetans of having collaborated with the Lacedae- monians, expelled them from their state, and sending colonists there from their own citizens they portioned out to them in allotments both the city of Aegina and its terutory To the Aeginetan refugees the Lacedaemonmans gave Thyreae,? as it 1s called, to dwell in, because the Athemans had also once given Naupactus as a home for the people whom they had dnven out of Messené? "The Athenians also dis- patched Pericles with an army to make war upon the Meganans He plundered them territory, laid
1 Thronium and Alopé are m Opuntian Locris facing the northern tip of Euboea.
? In northern Laconia near the borde1 of Argolis 3 Cp. Book 11. 84. 7.
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
^ / M ^ kai ràs krYjoew; abTÀv AÀvwwQváuevos perà moAMfs ^ 5 A E] 7 - dóeAeias émavijM9ev eis vàs ' AOrjvas / V 45 Aake8auuóvtot 06. jer lleÀosovvijotcov. iot ^ b M » M N rÀv dÀAcv cvuqiáycv évéBaAov eis cv ' Arrucrv 70 M M / hi GeUrepov. émwmopevó|.evou O6 c?v xopav éóevópo- A ^ Tóuovv xal ràs éma/Aew évem)pilov, kai mcav ^ ^ / oye8óv Tv yfjv éAvjijvavro mÀjv Tíjs kaÀovuévuos » M N M TerpamóAecs ra)r9gs 9' améoyovro Óià TO TOUS ^ ^ / M N "poyóvovus a)rÀv évraüÜa kuarqknkévas kai TOV / M Lj M ) 2 Eipvo0éa vewQkévas Tf» Opp é« ra)T)Ss m0w- e ^ ^ 5 7 caj.évovus Bíkauov yàp TyyoÜvro Tots eUQpyernkóot ^ 5 M] / TOUS Tpo'yóvovs Tapà TOV éKyÓvov Tàs Tppoo"koU- b / ? / € o 'AO0 ^ cas eUepyecías amoÀapDávew —— ol (vato. b vapardfaoÜa. uév oUk éróAuov, cvveyópevow 9 ^ Le M évrós TÓv Tejwudv évémeoov «ig Aowukmv mepí- oracw: TOoÀÀo80 yàp AcÜovs kai mavrooaro0 cuveppvmkóros eis TT)v mÓAuv Óià TTv oTevoxcpíav e0AÓycs eis vóoovs évémwmTOv, éÀkovres dépa Qi- 2 edÜapuévov. GOimwep o) Ovvduevou rods moÀeutovs » ^ ? ^ L4 4 ^ A 3667 ékfaAetv ék Tíjs yepas, m&Àw vaüs moAÀàs ééé- / vejrrov eis TeAomróvvqoov ovparryóv éniorrjcavres IleokAéa. | oóros 8é soÀMjv xopav TÍís mapa- ÜnÀarriov On«oocos kat mas mÓAes mopÜ(cas, Hi / 3 ^ 5 ^ $ ^ M émoioev àmeAÜetv éx cífjs 'Acvrwukfis vro)s Aake- ^ € ^ ^ Oauuoviovs. uerà O06 TaU0' oi 'AÜmvato: cf uév Xcpas Oe8evOpokommévns Tíjs O6 vócov «oAÀoUs ! U Foui-city " This was the north-eastein part of Attica containing the four demes of Marathon, Oenoe, Priobalinthus, and Tricorythus, forming an administrative unit. ? 'The Athenians had been the only people of Greece to
offer a home to the Heracleidae, 1n 'Tricorythus of the Tetra- polis; ep. Book 4. 57.
14
e
BOOK XII. 44. 3—45. 4
waste their possessions, and returned to Athens with 180 x.c. much booty
15. The Lacedaemonians together with the Pelo- ponnesians and their other alhes invaded Attica for a second time. In their advance through the country they chopped down orchards and burned the farm- buildings, and they laid waste almost the entire land with the exception of the region known as the Tetrapolis* This area they spared because their ancestors had once dwelt there and had gone forth from 1t as their base on the occasion when they had defeated Eurystheus; for they congidered it only fair that the benefactors of their ancestors should in turn receive from their descendants the corresponding benefactions. As for the Athemans, they could not venture to meet them in a pitched battle, and being confined as they were within the walls, found them- selves involved in an emergency caused by a plague ; for since a vast multitude of people of every desenp- tion had streamed together into the city, there was good reason for their falling victim to diseases as they did, because of the cramped quarters, breathing air which had become polluted.? Consequently, since they were unable to expel the enemy from their territory, they again dispatched many ships against the Peloponnesus, appointing Pencles general. He ravaged a large part of the territory borderimng on the sea, plundered some cities, and brought 1t about that the Lacedaemonmans withdrew from Attica. — After this the Athenians, now that the trees of their country- side had been cut down and the plague was carrying
? "The detailed desciiption of this plague, whose symptoms resemble more those of typhus than of any other disease, 1s in Thucydides, 9 47 ff.
. 15
DIODORUS OF SICILY
8.aÜe.posons, év a8 vp. kaBevorikecay, «ai TÓV ILepucAéa vop.izovres airiov aUrots yeyovévai TOU mroAépov Ov Opyfjs ,elxov. Diórrep door cavres ajrÓv Tfs oTpaTQoylas kai pAKpds Twas aóoppas éykAqudmeov Aafióvres, ebnpieoay aDTÓV oor jkov- ra rüÀávroiw. perà. 66 ravra mpeopeias Gmooreí- Aavres AaieDaupiovious j&touv karaAvoacÜ0a. TÓV TÓÀepov' cs om oU0eis a)Troís mpooetxev, Tvaykdá- Lovro máAu róv llepucAéa orparmyóv aipetaaa.
Taóra uév ov émpáyÜn xarà ToÜrov TÓv é£w- avTÓV.
46. 'Emr Gpxovros o A8fvnaw " Exrapetvovos! Popaío: KaüTéoTqcav UmáTovus Aeóiov IHamipwov kai ÀóAov KopvijÀvov Makeptvov. | ézi 06 roUTwv dv uev rais '"AÜvvaus IlepwAfjs 0 ovpoarmqyós ércAed- TnOev, àv?p yévew kai TÀoUvrq, mpós Oé ToUrois ewóT)T0 Àóyov kal ovrpaTm«ylq. TroÀD v poéyov TÓV mOÀVTÓV.
'O 8e 8fuos QuioruioUpevos. Kürà Kpdros &Aeiv TÜV Hori8atav, e&améareiey Ayvava OTpaTwyóv EXovra. TV Bóvaqu» Üv mpórepov exe. ILepwAMs. obros O6 nerà mavrÓs Tob oTóAov karazrAeócas eis Tv Horíóatav rrapeokeváaaTo TÀ TOS TV mOALopk(av* wryavás T€ yàp mavrobamás TOGpegkeU- ace moAwopiryrucas Ka Omcov kai BeAàv vÀfjfos, éru 06 aírov DastAeiay ICA YT] mráon Tjj Owvápeet. "pocBoÀàs 8é moio)pevos ovveyeis kaÜ' ékáorwv
* So Palmer: "Ezapwovàov
* Thucydides (2. 65. 3) mentions only ^ à fine" ; Plutarch (Perles. 35) states that estimates of the fine Sanc from fifteen to fifty talents ; according to Plato (Gorg. 516 4) the charge was embezzlement. The schoha on Aristophanes,
16
-
BOOK XII. 45. 4—46. 2
off great numbers, were plunged into despondency 480 »c. and became angry with Pencles, considering him to have been responsible for the: bemg at war. Con- sequently they removed him from the generalship, and on the strength of some petty grounds for accusa- tion they imposed a fine upon him of eighty talents ! After this they dispatched embassies to the Lacedae- monians and asked that the war be brought to an end ; but when not a man paid any attention to them, they were forced to elect Pencles general again.
These, then, were the events of this year.
46 When Epameinon was archon in Athens, the 429 c. Romans elected as consuls Lucius Papius and Aulus Cornehus Macennus. Thi year in. Athens Pencles the general died, à man who not only in birth and wealth, but also 1n eloquence and skill as a. general, far surpassed his fellow citizens
Since the people of Athens desired for the glory of it to take Potidaea by storm,?* they sent Hagnon there as general with the army which Pericles had formerly commanded. He put m at Potidaea with the whole expedition and made all his preparations for the siege ; for he had made ready every kind of engine used in sieges, a multitude of arms and missiles, and an abundance of grain, sufficient for the entire army Hagnon spent much ime making continuous assaults
Clouds, 859, explam that Pericles entered 1n. his. accounts an expenditure eig rà ÓBéovra (" for necessary purposes "), which the Lacedaemonians interpieted as being for bribes and accordingly punished some of then leading men. Also mentioned is the charge that the gold on Athena's statue was not of the weight charged , but Phexdlias removed and weighed it, disproving the allegation.
? An Athenian arniy had been before the city for four years ; Cp. chap. 34.
17
Ct
DIODORUS OF SICILY
fjpiépav Ouérpube mroAàv xpóvov, o) Ovvájievos cAetv TOV mÓÀw. oi pév yàp mroAvopkovpuevoi Oi TOv éx Tfjs dÀccecs dópov éppcopévcos T)vovro kai rais brepoxoís TÓV TeUxÓv memoiióres érAeovékTovv ToUs ek ToU Auévos* ul 9€ vócos TOUS roAwopkobvras cvvéyovaa ToAo)s ávijpei, KQi TÓ arparrómebov a8vjta koreétyev. ó O Arva ei9cs ToUs '"AÜm- vaious Oe0amavmkóras eis viv TOoÀopkiav TrÀelco TÓY yAÀUcov TOÀvTOV Ka xoAemrás Óuuceuuévovs mrpos TroUs lloriGaudras 0i TO vpovrovs &roorfvai mpos ro)s Aake8auuovtovs, édoBetro Aca TTv TroAi- opkiav: Olóvzep TvaykdáLero DLacaprrepety KQL TOUS eTporudyras GyaykáLew. T0 Ovapuv pav mpoc- áyew Tjj TÓAe. enel 06 TÓÀv mroAvrv mroAAol OuedÜcipovro KO/TG. Ts mpooBoAás kai karà cmv eK Tob Aou408 vócov, GaroÀvrov pépos Tfjs Dvvápecos émi TÍs moAtopktas &TémAevoev eis ràs 'AOWvas, àzoBeBAniecs rv OTpOTLoT Àv mÀetous TOV XtMcov. àmeAÜóvrev O6 ToUrov oi llorióaára, ToU Te oírov TvreÀOs ékAumóvros KQi TÓV karà TÜV z'ÓÀww aÜvpotvrev, emerrpukeóoavro pos ToUs T0- Avopkofvras zepi OuuÀjoewcs. Qouéves O6 xàkei- v«v trpooóe£auévcov 9vaAUoeu érovjcavro rouras, dmeAÜetv ék -íás mÓÀews A&mavras ros llomoi- dras, GÀÀo uév wnÜcv Aapóvras, €yovras 8€ coUs Mev vópas iudriov €v, Tüs 0€ yvvoikas OUO. ye- vol.évoov 0é TOUTOV TÓV OTOvÓOV oi pév. IoriGa- Gra mrávTes ner, yvvawüv kai TÉiVaY é£éAurov TV varpiàa, cor Tàs cvvÜXkas, kai TrapeADóv- Tes eis TroUs émi Opdkms XaoÀkióeis map! ajrots | So the MSS. ; émAeovékrow, 5j 9' àk ToÜ AMowuoÜ vócos Vogel. 18 .
BOOK XII 46 2—7
cvery day, but without the power to take the city. 429 ».c. l'or on the one side the besiegcd, spurred on by the fear of capture, were putüng up a sturdy resistance and, confiding 1n the supenor height of the walls, held the advantage over the Athemans attacking from the harbour, whereas the besegers were dying in large numbers from the plague and despondency prevaied throughout the army — Hagnon, knowing that the Athenians had spent more than a thousand talents on the sege and were angry with the Potidaeans because they were the fivst to go over to the Lacedaemonians, was afraid to rame the siege; consequently he felt compelled to continue 1t and to compel the soldiers, beyond their strength, to force the issue against the city. But since many Athenian cibzens were being slam in the assaults and by the ravages of the plague, he left à part of his army to maintain the siege and sailed back to Athens, having lost more than a thousand of his soldiers. After Hagnon had withdrawn, the Potidaeans, since ther grain supply was entirely exhausted and the people i the city were disheartened, sent heralds to the besiegers to discuss terms of capitulation. These were received eagerly and an agreement to cessation of hostihties was reached on the following teums. All the Potidaeans should depart from the city, talang nothing with them, with the exception that men could have one garment and women two. When this truce had been agreed upon, all the Potidaeans together with ther wives and children left ther native land in accordance with the terms of the com- pact and went to the Chalaidians in Thrace among
19
DIODORUS OF SICILY
karQkrgav: oí 0. "A0qvato Tv voÀwr|üv eig Xt- Acovs oiKT)jropas e&emepabay eis Trv lLorióosav, kai Tv T€ TÓÀw kai viv ycpav karekAnpoUymoav.
4T. "AÓnvaiot 0€ CD'oppitcova. OTpaTTyOv Trpoxet- puoápevoi pier elcoot TpUpcv e&oméoreiAav. oOTOS 0€ mepurAevoas TTV ILeAomóvvjoov eis Nasmrakrov «arífpe, kai ÜaÀarrokporóv ToU Kpwcaiou kóAmov Ovekc)Àvae raíry) TÀetv Tos akeOotuovtovs. Aa- kebauLóVioL or Osvapuv dGióAoyov é£émrejujav per "Apyibdpov Tob BaoiAéms oDros O6 mapeAÜow fis Bovwrias eis IIAarauàs éorparozéOecvoe. | ueAAóv- TOV Ó. ü)rGv 05o0v Tv xcopav kai rapakaAo)vrav roos llÀAaraweis dmooT$voaw rÀv '"AÜnvaiwv, cs o) er pocetyov avrots, érrópÜnoe T')v yopav kai ràs kam. a)rTv kT?cews éAvpvaro. perà 0€ rabTO TT TÓó- Aw mepvreuxicas Tribe Tjj ovrávew TOv. àvavykalav karaTovijcew Tro)s llÀaraue(s: od0ev O' Tjrrov kai pQxovàs mpooáyovres kai Oià mroUrcv oaÀeUovres Tà Teiy9 kai mpooDoÀàs dóiaAeirTwS TowoULLevol OveréAovv. | émei Oe oU0€ Oud TÓV mpoaBoÀàv zjosvavro xeupocacÜa, 79v nó, dToAvmÓvres Tv ikaviv dvAa«)v érravíjABov «is I eAomóvvqaov.
Afnvaioi O6 orpaTwyo)s karaorijoavres Mevo- óvra KQ Oavópaxov &méoreiav émi Opdkmv perd, oTporuuTóv yiAeov. o9ro,. Oé mro paryeym- Üévres eis Enáproov" Tfs Borrukfs éreuov Tv xopav kai vOv otrov év yAóg OuéÜewav. — mpooc-
* So Dindorf: Podpereude ? So Palmer (Thuc. 2. 79. 2) : IIákroAov.
! At about the centre of the north side of the Gulf of Corinth
20
BOOK XII. 46. 7—47 3
whom they made ther home; and the Athenians 420 s.c. sent out as many as a thousand of their citizens to Potidaea as colonists and portioned. out to them in allotments both the city and its territory.
47. The Athenians elected Phormio general and sent him to sea with twenty turemes. He sailed around the Peloponnesus and put in at Naupactus, and by gainng the mastery of the Crisaean Gulf! prevented the Lacedaemonians? from sailing 1n those parts | Ánd the Lacedaemonmans sent out a strong army under Archidamus their king, who marched into Boeotia and took up positions before Plataea. Under the threat of ravaging the territory of the Plataeans he called upon them to revolt fiom the Athenians, and when they paid no attention to him, he plundered their territory and laid waste their possessions everywhere. After this he threw a wall about the city, mn the hope that he could force the Plataeans to capitulate because of lack of the neces- sities of life ; at the same time the Lacedaemonians continued bringing up engines with. which they kept shattering the walls and makmg assaults without interruption. But when they found themselves un- able to take the city through their assaults, they left an adequate guard before it and returned to the Peloponnesus.
The Athenans appointed Xenophon and Phano- machus generals and sent them to Thrace with a thousand soldiers. When this force arrived at Spartolus ? 1n the territory of Bottcé, 1t lad waste the land and cut the grain in the first growth. But
? Specifically the Corinthians, the leading naval alhes of the Lacedaemonians. 3 In the Thracian Chalcidicé near Olynthus
21
ca
DIODORUS OF SICILY
^ 7 ? d e "4 BoxÜncdvrov 96 rots Borriatow 'OAvvÜLov, 1yrri- / » / N -^ Óncav )mó roórov puáxym: àvgpéÜncav O6 TÓv 'AOqvaiov ot re orpaTwyoi kai TÀV OTpaTwTÓV t 7 oí mÀetovus. dpa 06 roDrow mporrouévow Aake- ? ^ E / Oawuóvio, TewÜévres omo "AufparwrrGv éorpá- M / Tevcav eig 'Akapvavíav | TwyoULevos Oé ToUTov ^ 7 7 A ^ Kv$uos eye ovparwras melLoUs xyuiÀovs kai vaüs ^^ / oAbyas: mpocÀapópevos 96 kat srapà, 7v cvuudycv T 5 7 oTrparuoTOas TOUS (KavoUs 7kev eis T7]jv "Akapvaviav / ^ ? KQi kareaTparoméOeuce mÀmoiov móAÀecs Tís Óvo- € ^ paLouévms I£párov | oi 06 'AÁkapvüves ovorpa- dévres kai rois mwoAejois éveOpeUcavres voÀAoUs dékrewav, kat ovvyváykacay róv Kvfuov ázaya- yetv v7)v OUvapuv eis Tos óvouatouévous Otvidóas. A x X 5 b / 4 e 48. llep( 8é ro)s a)Dvovs xpóvovs QGoputov Oo ^ , / TÀv 'AÜnvaíov orpaTqyós éyov etkocu TpW/peis mepiéruye vavoi AakeÓauuoviov émrà «pos Tois TeTTQpákovra. vovuayncas Oé spós Tra/vTras TV T€ oTpaTrWyióa vaüv TOv mvoÀenicov karéOvoe kai TÀV dÀÀwv ToAÀÀAs ümÀovs émoinoe, O9c0exa 86 a)rávÓpovs «etÀe, ràs O06 Aowrás péypu Tfjs yis oL M 8é A à / ? 2A 7 KareOio£ev. ot 06 Aakeóauuóvio. map! éXmiGas € / ^ € / A » , 1TTQ1Üévres vais vjmoAewjÜeionus vavoiv éQvyov cis llárpas Tfs 'Axaias. abr5 pév ov v) vavnayita / N M "PL / e ,» 5 cvvéoro Tepi TO 'Piov xaAoUuevov. oi 9' 'AQm- votou rpóTOLOv oT)0aVTes kai TQ llooeiBw Trepi 1 M ^ TOv TropÜpov' vatv xaÜiepeocavres dmémAevoav eis
1 mepi] TO epi Wurm. ? So Palmer: ioüuóv
1 In southern Acarnania. Dd
BOOK XII. 47. 3—48. 1
the Olynthians came to the aid of the Bottiaeans and 420 sc defeated them in battle; and there were slain of the Athenians both the generals and thc larger part of the soldiers. And whie this was taking place, the Lacedaemonians, yielding to the request of the Ambraciotes, made a campaign against Acarnania. The leader was Cnemus and he had a thousand foot- soldiers and a few ships. To these he added a con- siderable number of soldiers from their alhes and entered Acarnama, pitching his camp near the city known as Stratus. Dut the Acarnamans gathered their forces and, laying an ambush, slew many of the enemy, and they forced Cnemus to withdraw his army to the city called Oeniadae :
48. During the same time Phormio, the Athenian general, with twenty tru emes fell in with forty-seven Lacedaemoman warships. And engaging them in battle he sank the flag-ship of the enemy and put many of the rest of the ships out of action, capturing twelve together with their crews and pursuing the remaining as far as the land.? The Lacedaemonians, after having suffered defeat contrary to their expecta- tions, fled for safety with the ships which were left them to Patrae in Achaea This sea battle took place off Rhium,? as it is called. The Athenians set up à trophy, dedicated a ship to Poseidon at the strait,* and then sailed off to the city of Naupactus, which
* Phoimio's famous manoeuvring 1n this battle 15 described in Thucydides, 2. 83-84.
3 A cape at the entrance of the Corinthian Gulf.
* 'The Greek, wluch reads '*at the Isthmus," must be defective, for Thucydides' (2. 84. 4) account makes 1t ceitain that the ship was dedicated near the scene of the battle; the emendation of Wurm (see cemibcal note) would have the dedication made '' to Poseidon the patron god of the Isthmus."
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
2 qóÀw cvuuayióa Navwaxrov | AakeOauuoviot 9 érépas vaüs éfémepav eis vàs llaàrpas. aora 86 mpoocAa[lóueva. Tàs €x Tíjs vavpaxtas repi- AeAeuupévas Tpwjpew "ÜpotoÜnoav eis TO 'Piov eis rTÓv a)róv Oé rÓmov kai TÓ vre£Ov oTpaTÓmeOov rüv lleAomovvgoicwv karw.vrQoe kat mzÀQjoiov ToU
3 orÓÀov kareorparoméOevoe. (Dopuiv 8é Tfj mpo- yeyevnuévm viky $povguarwÜeis éróMugoev ém- 0caÜa. rais vroAeuíous vavoiv ovoaus roAAamAao(aus: «ai rwas aüTÓÀv karaóUcas kai TrÓv L(Oicv dro- BaAov àápuóüofov éoye rjv vikqv — uerà. 96 rara ' Aünvatcv àrooreiAávrov. eikoou Tpvjpeu, ot a- «eOauuóviot doDrÜévres &ümérAevoav eis v)jv Kópw- Üov, o9 ToÀuGvres vavpaxetv.
Tabra uév o)v émpáxyOn karà coÜrov TÓv éw- aUTÓv.
49. 'Ec' &pyovros O9 ' 'AO5wv«o( Awor(uov 'Po- poio. pév omárovs karéoTrqcav duov 'losAwv xa, lloókAov Oepyüuov 'Tpikoorov, 'HAeto. 9'
Tyayov "OÀvumiáóa. óy8óqv mpós rais OyOor/kovra, kaÜ' Tv évika oráówv 2uuaxos MecoowWwwos dmó
9 EukeMas. émi 06 rovrov Kvfüuos O rÀv Maxe- GauLovicv vavapyos €v Tfj KopüÜc Bwrpifcv ékpwyye TOv llewod& koaraAaféoÜa,. ^ érvvÜdvero yàp ww/re vabs év avrÀ kaÜeukvouévas Drápyew Myre orparuwDTas eivau. reraypévous émi Ts duv- Aakfjs: ro0s yàp 'AÜmvaiovs àueAOs éyew epi Tfs ToUrov dQvÀakfs Ou TO pma9auós éXniLeaw
3 roÀuífjoat rwas karaAaBéoÜa. rÓv TÓwov. Oiómep év rots Meyápow kaÜeA«)cas ràs veveoAknuévas rerrapákovra Tpvjpews vukTOs émÀevoev eis cTv ZaÀauiva: mpoomecov O' àmpooOokvyrcs cis TÓ 24.
BOOK XII. 48. 2—49 3
was intheiralhance. The Lacedaemonians sent other 429 s c. ships to Patrae — These ships Joined to themselves the triremes which had survived the battle and assembled at Rhium, and also the land force of the Peloponnesians met them at the same place and pitched camp near the fleet And Phormio, having become puffed up with pride over the victory he had just won, had the daring to attack the ships of the enemy, although they far outnumbered his!; and some of them he sank, though losing ships of his own, so that the victory he won was equivocal. After this, when the Athenians had dispatched twenty triremes,? the Lacedaemonians sailed off in fear to Corinth, not daring to offer battle
These, then, were the events of this year.
40. When LDuotumus was archon in Athens, the 428 s.c. Romans elected as consuls Gaius Juhus and Proculus Vergimus Tricostus, and the Eleians celebrated the Eighty-eighth Olympiad, that 1n. which Symmachus of Messené in Sicily won the "stadion" In thus year Cnemus, the Lacedaemoman admural, who was active in Corinth, deeaded to seize the Pexaeus. He had received imformation that no ships in the harbour had been put into the water for duty and no soldiers had been detailed to guard the port; for the Athenians, as he learned, had become negligent about guarding it because they by no means expected any enemy would have the audacity to seize the plaee. Consequently Cnemus, launching forty tri- remes which had been hauled up on the beach at Megara, sadled by mght to Salamis, and falhng
* "Thucydides (2. 86. 4) states that there were seventy-seven ships against Phormio's twenty. ? 'These were 1einforcements from Athens.
25
Cit
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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50. IIepi 8é rovs aDrovs xpóvovs ZivráAknqs ó 7v Opakóv BacuAe?s mapeuijoe: uév Bacueiav 0ACcynv xcpav, 0.& 6€ c»v ióíav àv8petlav kai oveouw émi ToÀU Tjjv Ovvacceiav qU£qcev, émwewucds uév ápyov TÓv Dmoreraypévov, avOpetos 0. àv ey rats uáyous Kai oTpaTWyukós, ér. O6 TrÓÀv mpocóÓcv pueyáAqv TTOLOUJLeVOS émpéAeuxv. TO 0€ réÀos émi rocoÓrov OvvdiLecos mpofjAQev, dore xopas &p&au TrÀAeio Ts TOV mpó a)TOÜ pacwevodrrov Karà Tiv Opdáicnv. 7 pev yap mapaBaAsrrios aUTís dO Tís Afnpu- TÓV xXcpas Tv ápxiv éyovca Oiéretve Héxpt ToU "lerpov vorauoü, 70 8é ÜaAárrQs eis TO peoó- yevov Topevonévq TocoÜrov eiye OuíoT"La, core TeLóv eULovov O8ovropfjom. T"uépas Oéka Tpeis. ryÀwaUr)s 806 xyopas Pacuv éAáuave mpoc-
! Used to block the entrance; cp. Book 18. 64. 4. 26
BOOK XII. 49. 3——50. 2
unexpectedly on the fortress on Salamis called 48 s« Boudorium, he towed away thiee ships and overran ihe entre island. When the Salamimans signalled by beacon-fires to the inhabitants of Atüca, the Áthenians, ihmlang that the Peraeus had been seized, quickly rushed forth in great confusion to its suecour; but when they learned what had taken place, they quickly manned a considerable number of warships and saded to Salamis The Pelopon- nesians, having been disappointed in their main design, sailed away from Salamis and returned home. And the Athenians, after the retreat of the enemy, in the case of Salamis gave 1t à more vigilant guard and left on it à considerable garrison, and the Peiraeus they strengthened here and there with booms * and adequate gua1ds.
50. In the same period Sitalces, the king of the Thracians, had succeeded to the kingship of a small land mmdeed but nonetheless by his personal courage and wisdom he greatly increased his domuinion, equitably governing his subjects, playing the part of à brave soldier in battle and of a skilful general, and furthermore giving close attention to his revenues. In the end he attained to such power that he ruled over more extensive territory than had any who had preceded him on the throne of Thrace. For the coast- line of his langdom began at the territory of the Abderites and stretched as far as the Ister? Ruver, and for à man going fiom the sea to the interior the distance was so great that a man on foot travelling hght required thirteen days for the journey. Rulhng as he did over a territory so extensive he enjoyed annual
? Abdera was on the Nestus Paver facing the Aegean Sea , the Ister 1s the Danube
Pn
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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1 In 431 &.c. The war described below opened two years ater.
28
DOOK XII. 50. 9—7
revenues of more than a thousand talents ; and when 428 ».c he was wagmg war in the period we are discussung
he mustered from Thrace more than one hundred and twenty thousand infantry and fifty thousand cavalry.
But with respect to this war we must set forth its causes, 1n order that the discussion of 1t may be clear
to our readers.
Now Sitalces, since he had entered into a treaty of friendship with the Athenians, agreed to support them in their war in Thrace ; and consequently, since he desired, with the help of the Athenians, to subdue the Chaleidians, he made ready a very considerable army. And ance he was at the same time on bad terms with Perdiccas, the king of the Macedonians, he decided to bring back Amyntas, the son of Philip, and place him upon the Macedoman throne. lt was for these two reasons, therefore, as we have described them, that he was forced to raise an 1mposimmg army. When all his preparations for the campaign had been made, he led forth the whole army, marched through Thrace, and 1nvaded Macedoma. The Macedomans, dismayed at the great size of the army, did not daxe face bim in battle, but they removed both the gram and all the property they could into their most power- ful strongholds, in which they remained inactive. The Thracians, after placing Amyntas upon the throne, at the outset made an effort to win over the cities by means of parleys and embassies, but when no one paid any attention to them, they forthwith made an assault on the first stronghold and took xt by storm. After this some of the cities and strongholds
? Perdiccas had diiven his brother Philip from the king- dom, and Phihp had taken refuge at the court of Sitalces ; cp Thucydides, 9 93.
209
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
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52. "Aqua 06 Toros Trpo TOjAEvoLs Aake8at- póvwow uév vapaÀaBóvres vo); éx« IleAomovw(áocov cju ovs eloéBaAov eis Uo "AvTucv, eXovros TÜV Tryepoviay M ua TOÜ BaoiMéos, TOv O6 oirov év Tfj yÀóg ouédeipav, KQi TT)V xcpav 0no- cavres émavíjÜov eis às Tospíóas. ol o "AUn- vaio mraporá&aaÜa, p.v o9 ToÀuÓvres, ovo 0€ Tfjs vócov kai Tfs ocwvroOe(as mwelópevow, kaküs mrepi TOUÜ uéAAovros éAáuBavov éXmiGas.
Taóra uév o$v émpáxyÜn xavà roÜürov vOv &w-
/ QUTÓV.
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! évvoopevos added by Bezzel. 90
BOOK XII. 50 7—53. 1
subnutted to them of their own accord through fear. And afler plundermg all Macedoma and appro- puating much booty the Thracians turned against the Greck cities 1n. Chaleidicé.
51. While &talces was engaged in these operations, the Thessalians, Achaeans, Magnesians, and all the other Greeks dwelling between Macedonia and Ther- mopylae took counsel together and united in raising a considerable army ; for they were apprehenswe lest the Thracans with all their myniads of soldiers should invade their terntory and they themselves should be in peril of losing their native lands. Since the Chalcidians made the same preparations, Sitalces, having learned that the Greeks had mustered strong armies and reahzing that hus soldiers were suffeiing from the hardships of the winter, came to terms with Perdiecas, concluded a connection by marnage with him, and then led his forces back to Thrace.
59. While these events were taling place, the Lacedaemonmans, accompamed by their alhes of the Peloponnesus, invaded Attica under the command of Archidamus their ling, destroyed the grain, which was m 1ts first growth, ravaged the countryside, and then returned home. The Athenians, since they did not dare meet the invaders in the field and were distressed. because of the plague and the lack of pro- visions, had only bleak hopes for the future
These, then, were the events of this year.
53. When Eucleides was archon in Athens, the Romans elected in place of consuls three mulitary tnbunes, Marcus Manis, Quintus Sulpiaus Prae-
1 Seuthes, a nephew of Sitalces and his successor on the throne, married Stratonicé, Perdiccas! sister (Thucydides, 2. 101. 6).
i 231
438 B «
49" B.C
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
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32
BOOK XII. 53 1—54 1
textatus, and Servius Cornehus Cossus. This year in 427 &« Sicily the Leontines, who were colonmsts fom Chalois but also kinsmen of the Athenians, were attacked, as it happened, by the Syiaeusans. And bemg hard- pressed in the war and in danger of having their city taken by storm because of the superior power of the Syracusans, they dispatched ambassadors to Athens asking the Athenian people to send them immediate aid and save their city from the perils threatening it. The leader of the embassy was Gor- gias the rhetorician, who in eloquence far surpassed all his eontemporaries. He was the first man to devise rules of rhetoric and so far excelled all othe men in the instruction offered by the sophists that he received from his pupils a fee of one hundred minas.! Now when Gorgias had arrived 1n Athens and been introduced to the people in assembly, he discoursed to them upon the subject of the alliance, and by the novelty of his speech he filled the Athenians, who are by nature clever and fond of dialectie, with wonder For he was the first to use the rather unusual and carefully devised structures of speech, such as anti- thesis, sentences with equal members or balanced clauses or similar endings, and the like, all of which at that time was enthusiastically received because the device was exotic, but is now looked upon as laboured and to be ridiculed when employed too frequently and tediously. In the end he won the Athenans over to an alhance with the Leontines, and after having been admired in Athens for his rhetorical skill he made his return to Leontini.
54. For some time past the Athenians had been covetous of Sicily because of the fertility of its land,
1 Some 1800 dollars, 360 pounds sterling. VOL. V C 33
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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! So Reiske: Swdáuews émwreAeoáuevoi peyíoras ékékrqvro qróAeis.
* grpaTw»yovs omitted P, Vogel.
! dAov suggested by Vogel (Thuc. 3. 86)
34
BOOK XII. 54. 1-4
and so at the moment, gladly aecepting the proposals «27 of Gorgias, they voted to send an alhed force to the Leontmnes, offering as their excuse the need and request of their kinsmen, whereas in fact they were eager to get possession of the island. And indeed not many years previously, when the Corinthians and Cercyraeans were at war with one another and both were bent upon getting the Athenians as allies,! the popular Assembly chose the alliance with the Cer- cyraeans for the reason that Cercyra was advan- tageously situated on the sea route to Sicily. For, speaking generally, the Athenmans, having won the supremacy of the sea and accomphshed great deeds, not only enjoyed the aid of many alles and possessed powerful armaments, but also had taken over a great sum of ready money, since they had transferred from Delos to Athens the funds of the confederacy of the Greeks,? which amounted to more than ten thousand talents ; they also enjoyed the services of great com- manders who had stood the test of actual leadership ; and by means of all these assets 1t was their hope not only to defeat the Lacedaemonians but also, after they had won the supremacy over all Greece, to lay hands on Sicily
These, then, were the reasons why the Athenans voted to gwe aid to the Leontines, and they sent twenty ships to Sicily and as generals Laches and Charoeades. These saded to Rhegium, where they added to their force twenty ships from the Rhegians and the other Chaleidian colomsts. Making Rhegium their base they first of all overran the islands of the
1 Cp. chap. 33. * 'The Confederacy of Delos. 85
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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Kai rà pév karà v?jv 3ukeAav év roUTows Tv.
55. Karà 8é vv '"EAAdóa Aéofiow uév àméorn- cav dvo TÓÀv 'AOwvaiov: évekdAovv yàp aDrots, ór. BovÀouévov cvvowitew Tácas Tàs kaTÀ TV AéoDov móÀews eis ry». MvriMqvatoov zóAw. Qvko-
! My Aas added by Cluver (Thuc. 3. 90. 2).
! 'The group of small volcanic 1slands west of the toe of Italy ; ep. Book 5. 7.
36
BOOK XII. 54. 4—55. 1
Liparaeans* because they were alhes of the Syra- 4?t wc. cusans, and after this they sailed to Locn,? where
they captured five ships of the Locrians, and then laid
siege to the stronghold of Mylae?* When the neigh- bournng Sicahan Greeks came to the ad of the
M ylaeans, a battle developed 1n which the Athenians
were victorious, slaying more than a thousand men
and takimg prisoner notless than six hundred ; and
at once they captured and occupied the stronghold.
While these events were taking place there arrived forty ships which the Atheman people had sent, deciding to push the war more vigorously ; the com- manders were Eurymedon and Sophocles. When all the triremes were gathered into one place, a fleet of considerable strength had been fitted out, consisting as it did of eighty tnremes. But since the war was dragging on, the Leontines entered into negotiations with the Syracusans and came to terms with them. Consequently the Atheman tnremes saided back home, and the Syracusans, granting the Leontines the night of citizenship, made them all Syracusans and their city a stronghold of the Syracusans
Such were the affairs in Sicily at this time.
55. In. Greece the Lesbians revolted from the Athenians ; for they harboured against them the com- plait that, when they wished to merge all the cites of Lesbos with the city of the Mytülenaeans,! the
? Epizephyrian Locris on the east shore of the toe of Italy.
? On the north coast of Sicily west of Messené.
* By this union of the land (sunowkismos) the separate governments of the different cities would have been dissolved and the inhabitants would all have become citizens of Mity- lené, the capital and seat of rule ; just as, traditionally under Theseus, the governments of the several cities of Attica. were put down and Athens became the city-state of the entire a1ea.
97
2
DIODORUS OF SICILY
Avcav. &ió kai mwpós AakeOawuuovious drooTet- Aavres mpeofevràs kai ovjuuoxtav ovvÜejevou ovv- efBoovAevov Tois Xwmrapriórous àvréyecÜa, Tíjs kar Ü&Acrrav Tyyep.ovias: mpós raUTQv O06 T»Y émBoATv émmyyeiAayro rroÀAás Tpvópeuws eis TOv róAejiov Trap- étecÜou. doyuévos 86 ráv areóouuoviov Drakov- cávrOv KQL Trepi Tv karaoxev]v TÓV TpUjpov ywopévov, ! AÜqvoto. $0ácavres asrÓv T)v mopa- okev]v mopaypíüa O)vapuv é£émejubav eis Tw Aécfov, mAÀwpócavres vabüs rerrapákovra kai orpor$yóv mpoxewuwodpevou KAewvrmióqv. | obTos 9e mpocAÀaópevos PowÜeuav mapà TÓÀv cvupáyov KarémÀevoev eis MvrUMjvqv. — yevouévgs 86 vav- poxías oí uév MvriMqvatow ÀAewbÜévres. ovvekAcic- cÜgcav eis moAwpkíav, TOv 06 MAakeBOawuuovicv Jmóicagévov Bonfeiv rots MuriAqvatow kai mapa- okevatbopévov oróAov à£ióAoyov, édÜacav ' AÓnvato voaUs üAAas c)v ÓmA(trOus xiÀtows QmooTeiÀavres eis AéoBov. co)vrov 9 vyoUpevos lláyns 90 '"EmuAn- pov karavr$cas eis rv Muri, kai T']v mpo- vrápxovcav Obvapuv vapaAaBov, mepieretywce mov vzÓÀw kai ocvuveyets wpoo[oÀás émowtro o) uóvov kaTà yfv, GÀÀÀ xai karà ÜdAorrav
Aaaeóauuóvios G6 é£asréoveuav eis 7?» Mvrivav Tpwvípew pév rerrapákovra mévre kai oTparmyov '"AÀkioav, eis 8é tv ' Ávrucr]v eioéDaAov uer. rv oviudxcv: émeMóvres 86 rods mapaAeAeuuévovs Tómous Tíj '"ÁTrwfs kal OyOcavres T7» xdpav éravíjAÜov eis vv oikelav | MvriMvato 86 7$ ovroÓceiQ kai TQ moÀéuq suelóuevow kai oraciá- bovres vpós GÀXjAovs, kaÜ' OpoAoyíav mapé8wav Tv TÓMw Tols woMopkoOow. év 8é rats '"AOfjvous 88
BOOK XII. 55. 2-8
Athenians had prevented it. Consequently, after 427 wc. dispatching ambassadors to the Peloponnesians and concluding an alliance with them, they adwised the Spartans to make an attempt to seize the supremacy at sea, and toward this design they promised to supply many tnremes for the war. The Lacedaemonians were glad to accept this offer, but whde they were busied with the building of the triremes, the Athenmans forestaled their completion by sendimg forthwith a force against Lesbos, having manned forty ships and chosen Clemippides as their commander, He gathered reinforcements from the allies and put in at Mytilené. In à naval battle which followed the Mytlenaeans were defeated and enclosed within a siege of their city. Meanwhile the Lacedaemonians had voted to send aid to the Mytilenaeans and were making ready a strong fleet, but the Athenians fore- stalled them by sending to Lesbos additional ships along with a thousand hophtes. Them commander, Paches the son of Epiclerus, upon arnving at Myti- lené, took over the force already there, threw a wall about the city, and kept launchimg continuous assaults upon it not only by land but by sea as well.
The Lacedaemonians sent forty-five triremes to Mytlené under the command of Aloidas, and they also 1nvaded Attica together with their alhes; here they visited the districts of Attica which they had passed by befo1e, ravaged the countryside, and then returned home. And the Mytilenaeans, who were distressed by lack of food and the war and were also quarrelhng among themselves, formally surrendered the city to the besegers While in Athens the people
30
10
Lt»
DIODORUS OF SICILY
^ Y / ToO Ovov BovAevouévov mós xp") mpoocvéykacÜa,
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* Among ÁAtheman colonists. Thucydides (3. 50. 2) states 40
BOOK XII. 55. 8—656. 2
were deliberaung on what acton they should take 427 s.c. agamst the Mytülenaeans, Cleon, the leadei of the populacee and a man of cruel and violent natuie, spurred on the people, declanmg that they should slay all the male Mytilenaeans from the youth upward and sell into slavery the children and women. 1n the end the Athenians were won over and voted as Cleon had proposed, and messengers were dispatched to Myti- lené to make known to the general the measures decreed by the popular assembly. Even as Paches had finished reading the decree a second decree arrived, the opposite of the first. Paches was glad when he learned that the Athenians had changed their minds, and gathenrmg the Mytilenaeans in assembly he declared them free of the charges as well as of the greatest fears. The Athenians pulled down the walls of Mytilené and portioned out in allotments ! the entire 1sland of Lesbos with the exception of the territory of the Methymnaeans.
Such, then, was the end of the revoltofthe Lesbians from the Athemans.
56. About the same time the Lacedaemonians who were besieging Plataea threw a wall about the city and kept a guard overitofmany soldiers. And as the siege dragged on and the Athenians still sent them no help, the besieged not only were suffering from lack of food but had also lost many of their fellow citizens in the assaults. While they were thus at à loss and were conferring together how they could be saved, the majority were of the opimon that they should make no move, but the rest, some two hundred in number, decided to force a passage through the
that the Lesbians arranged to work the allotments as renters, paying the colonists a fixed rental.
VOL. V cy 41
DIODORUS OF SICILY
vukrós PiácaoÜa. ro9s QAakas kai Ovemreaetv. eis rüs 'AÜXvas. Tn»pücavres ov ücoéAqvov vókra rovs pev GÀAovs émewav cis Üdrepa uépm mpooB4A- Aew TÓ epuvrewtopau, aD0rToQ 0. érouuacdpevot kAiuakas, kai TOv ToÀeuiov mapafonÜo/Dvrov àv TOÍs dGmeoTpapévows épeou TÓv TeuyÓv, airol Oià rÀv kAudkcv. érvyov àvafdvres émi TÓ cei- Xos, kai To)0s dUAakas ümokretvavres Ouédwyov eis ràs 'AÜjvas. T$ O9 Dorepaígn AareBGauauóviot pév mapofuvÜévres émi vQ OpaouQ Tv dmeAn- AvÜorov ék Tfjs móÀecs, mpocéBaAov fj móAe Tv IAaraiécw xai wácav eioedépovro omovOww Ba Xe«pc)oaoÜa. rovs rroMopkouuévovs ot 86 IlAorai- eis karamAayévres kai Ouampeofevoduevow map- Oca éavroUs re kai Tv móAw rois moAepíots. oi 0' Qyeuóves TÀv akeGoutoviov kaÜ" dva cÀv Auraiéov mpookaAoójevo. émmpórov Tí áàyaÜóv memoi]ke Tots Aaxe8awuovíows, ékdorov 8é óuo- Aoyotüvros un8€v eÓnpyergkévai, máXv émmpdrov eL TL KükÓv éOpacav roUs Xwmapridras: ojBevóg 8' ávriÀéyovros, mávrov karéyvocav Üávarov. 8ió Kai ToUs éykaraAewbÜévras dmavrag dvetÀov kal karackdabavres épioUwaav T')v xdpav a9rGy. TTAa- Tauéts pv obv cv mpós 'Afwvaiovs evpuayíav BeBasorárnv Tüpjeavres &OUkcs rais ueyioros ovjs- opats Trepiémeoo
57. "Apa. 06 oírow mparrouévow éy 7$ Kepicipa. peydAr ovvéorr aráow kal diAorulo, 8i& rotaras abrias. év rà mepi "Emibapuvov TOÀÉéuq) TroÀAol Kepkvpatcw aiyudAerou yevónevow kal korapAn- évres. eis vv OBguooíav dvAakiy émyyetÀavr rois KopwÜ(ow mapaBdocew jv Képxvpav, éàv 49
BOOK XII. 56. 2——57. 1
guards by night and make ther way to Athens. And «e &c so, on a moonless night for which they had waited, they persuaded the rest of the Plataeans to make an assault upon one sideof the encircling wall; they them- selves then made ready ladders, and when the enemy rushed to defend the opposite parts of the walls, they managed by means of the ladders to get up on the wall, and after slaying the guards they made their escape to Athens. The next day the Lacedaemonians, provoked at the fhght of the men who had got away from the eity, made an assault upon the city of the Plataeans and strained every nerve to subdue the besieged by storm ; and the Plataeans in dismay sent envoys to the enemy and surrendered to them both themselves and the city. "The commanders of the Lacedaemonians, summoning the Plataeans one by one, asked what good deed he had ever performed for the Lacedaemonians, and when each confessed that he had done them no good turn, they asked further if he had ever done the Spartans any harm ; and when not a man could deny that he had, they condemned all of them to death — Consequently they slew all who still remained, razed the city to the ground, and farmed out its territory. So the Plataeans, who had mamtained with the greatest constancy their alliance with the Athenmans, fell unjust victims to the most tragic fate.
57. While these events were taking place, in Cercyra bitter cil strife and. contentiousness arose for the following reasons. In the fighting about Epidamnus many Cercyraeans had been taken prisoner and cast into the state prison, and these men promised the Corinthians that, 1f the Corinthians set
! Cp. chap. 31. 48
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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laóüra pév oóv émpáxÜq xarà coÜrov TÓv éw- avTÓv.
58. "Em dàpxyovros 9. 'A85vqow Ev0/vov* 'Po- pato. karéor]oav üvri TÓVv ÜÓmárov xiMápyovs Tpets, Mdpkov GOáfiov, Mápkov OaA/viov, Aeiktov
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Ómó after rjv deleted by Reiske.
KaréAvody 7e T7» 8., ner" óMyov 86 xpóvov Reiske.
* So Dindorf: Ej00v850v. * avràs added by Reiske. 44
2 3
BOOK XII. 57 23—58. 9
them free, they would hand Cercyra over to them. 421 ».c. lhe Corinthians gladly agreed to the proposals, and the Cercyraeans, after going through the pretence of paying a ransom, were released on bail of a consider- able sum of talents furmshed by the proxeni! Faith- ful to their promises the Cercyraeans, as soon as they had returned to their native land, arrested and put to death the men who had always been popular leaders and had acted as champions of the people. They also put an end to the democracy ; but when, a little after this time, the Athenians came to the help of the popular party, the Cereyraeans, who had now recovered their liberty, undertook to mete out punishment to the men responsible for the revolt agamst the estabhshed government. These, in fear of the usual punishment, fled for refuge to the altars of the gods and became suppliants of the people and of the gods — And the Cercyraeans, out of reverence for the gods, absolved them from that punishment but expelled them from the city — But these exiles, undertaking à second revolution, fortified a strong position on the island, and continued to harass the Cercyraeans.
These, then, were the events of this year.
58. When Euthynes was archon in Athens, the 426 s.c Romans elected in place of consuls three military tribunes, Mareus Fabius, Marcus Fahnius, and Lucius Servihus. In this year the Athenans, who had enjoyed a penod of rehef from the plague,? became involved agam in the same nmusfortunes ; for they
| Proxeni were citizens of one city chosen by anothei city to look after the interests of its citizens who were residing, sojourning, or doing business there; they were a sort of consul in the modern sense. * Cp chap 45. 45
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
vócou OLeréÜqcav, dore TÓv ovpuruorQv dso- BaAetv «eLoUs! uév ÜDmép Toe rerpakwayiAbovs, immetg 86 rerpakociovus, rÓv O GAÀcv éAevÜépov ve kal GojAnv $mép roOs pvpious. émwiUmrovons 8e Tfj loropias r1)v^ íjs mept c1)» vóoov OewórwT0s alríav, dva'ykatóv éorw. ékÜécÜa. rabra.
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1 seboos added by Dindorf. * rv added by Fachstadt
46
BOOK XII. 58. 2—6
were so seriously attacked by the disease that of their 12e s» c soldiers they lost more than four thousand infantry
and four hundred cavalry, and of the rest of the population, both free and slave, more than ten thou- sand. And since history seeks to ascertain the cause
of the malignancy of thus disease, it 1s our duty to explam these matters.
As a result of heavy rains in the previous winter the ground had become soaked with water, and many low-lying regions, having received. a vast amount of water, turned into shallow pools and held stagnant water, very much as marshy regions do; and when these waters became warm in the summer and grew putnd, thick foul vapours were formed, which, rising up in fumes, corrupted the surrounding air, the very thing which may be seen taking place in marshy grounds which are by nature pestilentia] — Contr buting also to the disease was the bad character of the food available ; for the crops which were raised that year were altogether watery and their natural quahty was corrupted | Ànd a third cause of the disease proved to be the failure of the etesian! winds to blow, by which normally most of the heat in summer 1s cooled ; and when the heat intensified and the au grew fiery, the bodies of the inhabitants, being with- out anything to cool them, wasted away. Conse- quently all the illnesses which prevailed at that time were found to be accompanied by fever, the cause of which was the excessive heat. And this was the reason why most of the sick threw themselves into the cisterns and springs in their craving to cool thew bodies The Athemans, however, because the disease
1 "(That 1s, the ** annual" winds, blowing from the north- west in summer
LT
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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! An ancient festival of the Toman puces held in honour of Apollo and Artemis, Cp. Thucydides, 3. 104
48
BOOK XII. 58. 6—59 4
was so severe, ascribed the causes of their misfortune 426 5 c. to the deity. Consequently, acting upon the com- mand of a certain oracle, they purified the island of Delos, which was sacred to Apollo and had been defiled, as men thought, by the burial there of the dead Digging up, therefore, all the graves on Delos, they transferred the remains to the island of Rheneia, as itis called, which hes near Delos. They also passed a law that neither birth nor bunal should be allowed on Delos And they also celebrated the festival assembly, the Delia, which had been held in former days but had not been observed for a long time
50. While the Athenians were busied with these matters, the Lacedaemonians, talking with them the Peloponnesians, pitched camp at the Isthmus ? with the intention of invading Attica again; but when great earthquakes took place, they were filled with superstitious fear and returned to their native lands Ánd so severe 1n fact were the shocks in many parts of Greece that the sea actually swept away and destioyed some cites lying on the coast, whiue in Locris the strip of land forming a peninsula was torn through and the island known as Atalanté? was formed. :
While these events were taking place. the Lacedae- monians colonized Trachis, as 1t was called, and renamed 1t Heracleia,* for the followingieasons The Trachimans had been at war with the neighbouring Oetaeans for many years and had lost the larger number of their citizens. Since the city was deserted, they thought it proper that the Lacedaemonians, who were colonists from Trachis, should assume the ca1e of
? Of Connth. ? Opposite Opus in Opunhbian Lociis. * At the head of the Malian Gulf.
40
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
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60 Em Gpyovros o " Avo YrporokAéovs év '"Póug vri vÓv $mrárwov yuMapxol Tpéis kare- oTráÜncav, Aeüktos Gotptos, Zmópuos ILwáptos kai l'áàuos MéreAMos eni Oe ToUTov "AUnvato. uev AnpiooQévr mpoxeupuadqsevot oTpaTw»yÓv pueTà vedv TpváKovr o KQL OTpQTuUTÓV ikavQyv é£améoreiav. o)ros O6 mpocAaDóuevos vapà cv Kepkvpaiov Tpujpews "evreka(óexa kai mapà TÓÀv KedaA- Acvcv kai 'Akapvávov kai Meconqviov TÀv év NavmákTqQ orparuoras érÀevoev émi v)v Ievkdoa. 0yecas O6 rv xcpav TrÓÀv Aecukaótcv dmémAev- cev ézi T)v Airc-Aav kai moÀÀAàs a)DrÓv kopuas énrópÜnoe. Tv Óé AireAav cvorpadévrav ém. a9- TOV éyévero udxn, ka 7v 'AOmnvatow AeidÜévres eis Nomrakrov aTeyopnoav. oí O6 Aircàol 0i4 T)v vücqv émapÜévres, koi mpocAaBóp.evo AakeOauuoviov TptoyuAMovs. oTparicras, orpaTeu- cavres émi Na/makrov, korowolvrowv év air Tóre Meoonviov, drexposc0qcav. uerà 986 rabTa
s Té after zapà deleted by Vogel. xai l'àtosg MéreMos omitted PAT,
50
BOOK XII. 59. 4—60. 3
it. And the Lacedaemonians, both because of their linship and because Heracles, their ancestor, in ancient times had made his home in Trachis, decided to make it a great aty. Consequently the Lacedae- monians and the Peloponnesmans sent forth four thousand colonists and accepted any other Greeks who wished to have à part in the colony ; the latter numbered not less than six thousand — The result was that they made Trachis a city of ten thousand in- habitants, and. after portioning out the territory im allotments they named the city Heracleia.
60. When Stratocles was archon in Athens, in Rome in place of consuls three military tribunes were elected, Lucius Funus, Spunus Pinarius, and Gaius Metellus: This year the Athenians chose Demo- sthenes general and sent him forth with thirty ships and an adequate body of soldiers. He added to his force fifteen ships from the Cercyraeans and soldiers from the Cephallenians, Acarnanians, and the Messenians i Naupactus, and then sailed to Leucas After ravaging the terntory of the Leucadians he sailed to Aetoha and plundered many of 1ts villages But the Aetolians ralled to oppose him and there was a battle in which the Athenians were defeated, where- upon they withdrew to Naupactus. The Aetohans, elated by ther victory, after adding to ther army three thousand Lacedaemoman soldie:s, marched upon Naupactus, which was mhabited at the time by Messenians, but were beaten off. After this they
! These names are badly confused. They should be L. Pinarius Mamercinus Rufus, L, Furius Medullinus l'usus, and Sp. Postumius Albus Regillensis.
31
426 B«
425 B C
DIODORUS OF SICILY
orpareUcavres émi T5v Ovouabouévqv MoAvkpéav eÀov r?v móAwv | ó 9é rÀv 'AÜUnvaiov oTpaTmqyOs AnuooÜévas e)AaBoUpevos ur) kat 77v Nabvmakrov ékmoMopkjaooi, xuMovs órAiras é£ "Axapvavías perazejabduevos dméoreiÀev eis Tv. Navmakrov AnnuocÜévns 86 mepi Trjv "Akapvavtav OwrpiBcv vrepiérvyev ' Aumpakvayraus xvAtous orparorreüevUovot, mpós o)s cvvdas pudáyqv oxeO0v mávras àvetAe. TOv Ó. ék Tíjs ÁApmpaktas émeteMIóvrow vravÓnpuet, náÀw ó AnuocÜévqs ro)s mÀe(ovs aDrÀv ümékTei- vev, dore TT TÓAÀw oxeoóv épyuov vyevéo0au. ó pv oóv AnuooÜévgs dero 9eiv écmoMopktfjoat TT)v "Apmpakiav, éAnilov 0u& Tiv épquiav TÀv üpuv- voj.évoov paoés a9T)v aipijcew. ot 0. Akapvüves dofo/pevow p) Tífjs vróAeos ' Anvatou kvpieicavres Bap)repow vápoukow yéveovras Tv. ' Aurpakwuoráv, oük édacav ákoAovÜetv. oracialóvrov O' abrÀv, oí pév '"Ákapváves Owvoáuevou Tois 'ÁAjwmpa- KwbTOis GcuvéÜevro T? cipüvqv eis évQ ékaróv, AnuocÜévns 8' éykaraAeubÜeis nO rÀv ' Axapvá- vcV QTémÀevoe a)v rais eikoct vavaiv eis " AÓrjvas. "Awnpaktórau 96 ueyáÀy) ovudopü mepvrremokóres vapà TrÀv AakeOauuoviov dpovpàv ueremépjilavro, doBo/vpuevou ro)s ' AÜnvatovs.
61. AquooÜévqs 86 orpareócas émi ll)Aov éme- BáAero roÜro TÓ x«wpiov reuxtaau karà fs lleAo- ToVv)cov' éor. yàp Oxyvpóv re Oiadepóvros kai
! So Reiske - 7j» TIeAomóvvgoov.
! About five miles south-west of Naupactus. * The 1eader may refer to the detaied account of the
59
BOOK XII. 60. 3—9861. 1
marched upon the city called Molycria * and captured 425 » c. it. But the Athenian general, Demosthenes, being concerned lest the Aetolians should reduce by siege Naupactus also, summoned a thousand hophtes from Acarnania and sent them to Naupactus. And Demo- sthenes, while tarrying in Acarnania, fell im. with a thousand Ambracotes, who were encamped there, and joining battle with them he destroyed nearly the entire force. And when the men of Ambracia came out against him enm masse, again Demosthenes slew the larger number of them, so that their city became almost uninhabited. Demosthenes then believed that he should take Ambracia by storm, hoping that he would have an easy conquest because the city had no one to defend it. But the Acarnanians, fearing lest, if the Athenians became masters of the city, they should be harder neighbours to deal with than the Ambraciotes, refused to follow him. And since they were thus 1n disagreement, the Acarnanians came to terms with the Ambraciotes and concluded with them a peace of one hundred years, while Demosthenes, being left in the lurch by the Acarnanians, sailed back with hus twenty ships to Athens The Ambraciotes, who had expenenced a great disaster, sent for a garrison of Lacedaemonians, since they stood 1n fear of the Athenians
61. Demosthenes now led an expedition. against Pylos,? intending to fortify this stronghold as a threat to the Peloponnesus ; for1t 1s an exceptionally strong
following campaign in Thucydides, 4. 3-93, 26-40. In the Bay of Navarnino, on which Pylos lies, occurred the famous naval Battle of Navarino between the alhed British, Russian, and French fleet and the Turkish. The victory of the alhed fleet, 20th October 1827, decided the 1ssue of the Greek war of independence.
58
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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! So Palmer: Meooqvías. * $o Dindorf: xyópov. ? 9 Wesseling : 8é. 54
BOOK XII. 61. 1-5
place, situated 1n Messenia and four hundred stades 125 distant from Sparta. Smce he had at the time both many ships and an adequate number of soldier;, in twenty days he threw a wall about Pylos The Lacedaemonians, when they learned that Pylos had been fortified, gatheed together a large force, both infantry and ships. Consequently, when they set sail for Pylos, they not only had a fleet of forty-five fully equipped triremes but also marched with an army of twelve thousand soldiers ; for they considered it to be a disgraceful thing that men who were not brave enough to defend Attica while 1t was being ravaged should fortify and hold a fortress 1n the Peloponnesus. Now these forces under the command of Thrasymede«s pitched their camp in the neighbourhood of Pylos. And since the troops were sexzzed by an eager desire to undergo any and every danger and to take Pylos by storm, the Lacedaemonians stationed the ships with ther prows facing the entrance to the harbour in order that they mught use them for blocking the enemy's attempt to enter, and assaulting the walls with the infantry in successive waves and displaying all possible rivalry, they put up contests of amazing valour Also to the 1sland called Sphacteria, which extends lengthwise to the harbour and protects it from the winds, they t1ansported the best troops of the Lacedaemonians and them allies. This they did in their desire to forestall the Athenians in getüng control of the island before them, simce 1ts situation was especially advantageous to the prosecution of the siege. And though they were engaged every day in the fighting before the fortficatuions and were suffer- ing wounds because of the superior height of the wall, they did not relax the violence of ther fighting ; as a
55
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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96
bOOK XII. 61 5—62 4
consequence, many of them were slain and not a few 125 »«. were wounded as they pressed upon a position which had been fortified. The Athenians, who had secured beforehand a place which was also a natural strong- hold and possessed large supplies of missiles and a great abundance of everything else they nught need, kept defending their position with spirit ; for they hoped that, if they were successful 1n their design, they could carry the whole war to the Peloponnesus and ravage, bit by bit, the territory of the enemy. 62. Both sides displayed unsurpassable energy in the siege, and as for the Spartans 1n their assaults upon the walls, while many others were objects of wonder for their deeds of valour, the greatest acclaim was won by Brasdas. For when the captains of the tnremes lacked the courage to bring the ships to land because of the rugged nature of the shore, he, being himself the commander of a trireme. called out in a loud voice to the pilot, ordering him not to spare the vessel but to drive the trireme at full speed to the land ; for 1t would be disgraceful, he ened, for Spartans to be unsparing of their lives as they fought for vietory, and yet to spare their vessels and to endure the sight of Athenians holding the soi of Laconia. And finally he succeeded in forcing the pilot io drive the ship forward and, when the trireme struck the shore, Brasidas, taking his stand on the gangway, fought off from there the multitude of Áthenians who converged upon him —Ánd at the outset he slew many as they came at him, but after a whie, as numerous missiles assailed him, he suffered many wounds on the front of his body In the end he suffered much loss of blood from the wounds, and as he lost consciousness his arm ex-
n
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
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Ot uév oóv AakeÓawuóvwow ovvexets. rrpoopoAas vovoUj,evou Tjj llóÀo, kai swoÀÀoDs àmoBaoAóvres cTpaTwDTOGs, €pevov kaprepüs év ois ÓOewois. Üavudácai. 8' Gv Tis Tífjs TÓy"s TO vapáOofov kai Tiv iOióTQqra. Tíjs TOV. srepi Tv llóAov Oua0écecs. "AOnvatow uév yàp ék rs Aarxovucfs àpvvóuevot ToUs 2Wraprudras ékpárovv, AakeOouuóvio, 86 Tv (iav ycopav ToÀeuiav" éyovres éx Tfj ÜaAárTQs cpocéDaAÀov Tois ToAÀeníow, kai Tois pév elf kparotco. ÜaAoTrrokparetv ovvéBawe, rois 86 xarà Ü&Aarrav pwTeUovsi. Tüs yíjs dreipyew ToUs TroAentovs.
63. XpoviGovons Gé Tí moAopkias, kai cTÓv 'AOnvaiwv rais vavoiv émucparqoávrov xai otrov eig T)v yíjv eiokopilew Kc AÀvóvrov, éxwOvevov ot k«areWmupévoi év 7j vjow TQ Aud 9wdÜapfva.
! ràv added by Capps ? moAeuíav added by Hertlein from Thuc. 4. 12. 3.
! Theinseciiption on a shield found in the Agora excavations states that 1t was taken by the Athenians from Lacedae- monians at Pylos (Shear 1n Zesperia, 6 (1931), 847-348). It must have originally belonged to the collection of shields taken
98
BOOK XII. 62. 4—963. 1
tended over the side of the ship and his shucld,! shp- 225 «c ping off and falling mito the sea, came into the hands
of the enemy. After this Brasidas, who had built up
a heap of many corpses of the enemy, was himself carried off half-dead from the ship by his men, having surpassed to such a degree all other men in bravery that, whereas 1n the case of all other men those who
lose their shields are punished with death, he for that
very reason won for himself glory.
Now the Lacedaemonins, although they kept making continuous assaults upon Pylos and had lost many soldiers, remained steadfast in the fierce struggles. And one may well be amazed at the strange perversity of Fortune and at the smgular character of her ordering of what happened at Pylos. For the Athenians, defending themselves from a base on Laeonian soil, were gaining the mastery ovei the Spartans, whereas the Lacedaemonians, regarding their own sod as the enemy's, were assaulüng the enemy from the sea as their base ; and, as 1t hap- pened, those who were masters of the land in this case controlled the sea, and those who held first place on the sea were beating off an attack on land which they held.
68. Since the siege dragged on and the Athenians, after their victory ? with thexr ships, were preventing the conveyance of food to the land, the soldiers caught on the island ? were in danger of death from starva-
at Pylos which Pausanmas (1. 15. 4) saw su-pended as trophies in the Stoa Poikilé, although the cistern in which it was found had been filed before the third century Bc. No doubt the captured shield of the Spartan captam occupied a central place 1n this collection.
? Over the Spartan fleet ; cp. Thucydides, 4. 14.
3 Sphacteria.
89
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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64 'Aprafép£qs 9' ó cv llepoOv aoie?s
! The Lacedaemonians would get back the Spartans upon Sphacteri1a.
60
BOOK XII. 68. 2—964. 1
tion. Consequently the Lacedaemonians, fearing for 425 sc. the men left on the island, sent an embassy to Athens to discuss the ending of the war. When no agree- ment was bemg reached, they asked for an exchange of men,! the Athenians to get back an equal number of their soldiers now held prisoner ; but not even to this would the Athenians agree. Whereupon the am- bassadors spoke out frankly in Athens, that by their unwillngness to effect an exchange of prisoners the Athenians acknowledged that Lacedaemonians were better men than they | Meanwhile the Athemans wore down the bodily strength of the Spartans on Sphacteria through their lack of provisions and ac- cepted their formal surrender. Ofthe men who gave themselves up one hundred and twenty were Spartans and one hundred and eighty were of thew alhes. These, then, were brought by Cleon the leader of the populace, since he held the office of general when this took place, in chains to Athens ; and the people voted to keep them in custody in case the Lacedaemonians should be willing to end the war, but to slay all the caphves 1f they should decxde to continue it. After this they sent for select troops from the Messenians who had been settled in Naupactus,? jomed to them an adequate force from ther other alhes, and turned over to them the garnsoning of Pylos; for they be- heved that the Messenians, by reason of their hatred of the Spartans, would show the greatest zeal in harrymg Laconia by forays, once they were operating from a strong position as their base.
Such were the events about Pylos 1n this year.
64. Artaxerxes, the king of the Persians, died?
* Cp. Book 11. 84. 7-8. 3 [n the spring of 424 5 c.
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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! cis oro added by Rhodoman. 62
BOOK XII. 64. 1—65. 1
after a reign of forty years, and Xerxes succeeded to 425 & c the throne and ruled for a year.
In Italy, when the Aequi revolted from the Romans, i the war which followed Aulus Postumius was made Dictator and Lucius Juhus was named Master of the Horse. And the Romans, havmg marched against the territory of the rebels with a large and strong army, first of all plundered their possessions, and when the Aequi later drew up against them, a battle ensued in which the Romans were vic- torious, slaying many of the enemy, taling not a few captive, and capturing great quantities of booty. After the battle the revolters, being broken in spirit because of the defeat, submutted themselves to the Romans, and Postumius, because he had conducted the war brilliantly, as the Romans thought, celebrated the customary triumph — And Postumius, we are told, did à pecuhar thing and altogether unbehevable ; for in the battle his own son in his eagerness leaped forward from the station assigned him by his father, and his father, preserving the ancient discipline, had his son executed as one who had left his station
65. At the close of thus year, 1n Athens the archon 421 c was Isarchus and 1n Rome the consuls elected were Titus Qumetius and Gaius Juhus, and among the Eleians the Eighty-ninth Olympiad was celebrated, that in which Symmachus ! won the " stadion " for the second time. This year the Athenians chose as genera] Nicias, the son of Niceratus, and assigning to him sixty triremes and three thousand hoplites, they ordered him to plunder the alhes of the Lacedae-
1 Of Messené ; cp. chap. 49. 1. 63
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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7 rpuakog(v. | ó 8é Niuas mAejcas eis Kpou-
! So Eichstadt: érépov 64
BOOk XII 605. 9-7
momans MHesaied to Melos as the first place, where 22156 he ravaged their territory and for a number of day« lad siege to the cty; for 14 was the only island of the Cyclades which was miintanung its alhance with the Lacedaemonians, being a Spartan colony. Nicias was unable to take the city, however, since the Mehans defended themselves gallantly, and he then sailed to Oropus? in Boeotia. Leaving his ships there, he advanced with his hoplites into the territory of the Tanagraeans, where he fell in with. another Athenian force which was commanded by Hipponicus, the son of Calhas. When the two armies had umted, the generals pressed forward, plundering the land; and when the Thebans salhed forth to the rescue, the Athenians offered them battle, in which they infhcted heavy casualties and were victorious
After the battle the soldiers with Hipponieus made their way back to Athens, but Nicias, returning to his ships, sailed along the coast to Locris, and when he had laid waste the country on the coast, he added to his fleet forty triremes from the allies, so that he possessed 1n all one hundred ships — He also enrolled no small number of soldiers and. gathered together a strong armament, whereupon he sailed against Cormth. There he disembarked the soldiers, and when the Cormthians drew up their forces against them, the Athenians gamed the victory in two battles, slew many of the enemy, and set up a trophy. There perished 1n the fighüng eight Athenians and more than three hundred Corinthians * MMicias then
1 Qropus was always debatable territory between Attica and Boeotia.
? ''hucydides (4. 44. 6) states that two hundred and twelve Connthians died, and of the Athenians *' somewhat fewer than fifty "
VOL. V D 65
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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! [n Megaris.
? Strabo states that the correct name was Methana (in Argohis ; ep. Thucydides, 4. 45).
? "The large island off the south-eastern tip of Laconia
66
BOOK XII. 65 7—68 2
sailed to Crommyon,'! ravaged its territory, and iei s« seized its stronghold. Then he mmediately removed
from there and built a stronghold near Methoné;? in which he left à garnson for the twofold purpose of protecting the place and ravagimg the neighbouring countryside ; then Nicias plundered the coast and returned to Áthens.
After these events the Athenians sent sixty ships and two thousand hophtes to Cythera,? the expedi- tion being under the command of Nicias and certam other generals Nicias attacked the island, hurled assaults upon the city, and received its formal sur- render. And leaving a garrison behind on the island hesailedoff to the Peloponnesus and ravaged the tein- tory along the coast — And Thyreae, which lies on the border between Laconia and Argohs, he took by siege, malung slaves of its inhabitants, and razed it to the ground ; and the Aeginetans, who mhabited the city, together with the commander of the garnrison, Tan- talus the Spartan, he took captive and carned off to Athens. And the Athenians fetteied Tantalus and kept hm under guard together with the other prisoners, as well as the Aeginetans.
66 While these events were takmg place the Meganans were findimg themselves in distress be- cause of their war with the Athenmans on the one hand and with their exiles on the other hand. Ánd while representatives * were exchanging opinions re- gaiding the exiles, certain citizens? who were hostile to the exiles approached the Athenian generals with the offer to dehver the city to them. The genet:als,
* From the different parties in the eoity * "These represented the party of the masses ; ep. Thuev- dides, 4. 66.
67
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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! Thucydides (4 68 3) says he was the ,Athemian herald 68
BOOK XII 66. 9—67 2
Hippocrates and. Demosthenes, agyeeing to this be- i215 Gr ayal, sent by night sx hundred soldiers to the city, and the conspirators admitted the. Athemans within the wall. When the betayal became known throughout the city and while the multitude were divided according to party, some being m favour of fighting on the side of the Athemans and others of aiding the Lacedaemonians, a certain man,! acting on his own initiative, made the proclamation that any who so wished could take up arms on the side of the Athemans and Meganuans — Consequently, when the Lacedaemonians were on the point of bemg left m the lurch by the Megarians, 1t so happened that the Lacedaemonian gariion of the long walls? aban- doned them and sought safety in Nisaea, as1tis called, which is the sea-port of the Megarians. The Athe- nans thereupon dug a ditch about Nisaea and put it under siege, and then, bringing slalled woikmen from Athens,they threw a wallaboutit And the Pelopon- nesians,fearmg lest they should be taken by storm and put to death, surrendered Nisaea to the Athemans.
Such, then, were the affaws of the Meganians at this time
67. Brasidas, taking an adequate force from Lace- daemon and the other Peloponnesian states, advanced agamst Megara. And stnkimng terror into the Athemans he expelled them fom Nisaea, and then he set free the city of the Meganans and biought it back mto the alliance of the Lacedaemonians. After this he made his way with his army through Thessaly and came to Dium in Macedonma From there he advanced against Acanthus and associated himself with the cause of the Chaleidians. The oaty of the
? 'hese connected Megara with its harbour.
69
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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! uerà after kowcvety deleted by Ithodoman. 70
BOOK XII. 67 2—68. 2
Acanthians was the first which he brought, partly 22126 through fear and partly through lindly and per- suasive arguments, to revolt P oni the Athenians ; and afterwards he induced many also of the other peoples of Thrace to Join the alliance of the Lacedae- monians. Afterthis Brasidas, wishing to prosecute thc war more vigorously, proceeded to summon soldiers from Lacedaemon, «nce he was eager to gather a strong aamy. And the Spaitans, wishing 10 destroy the most mfluential among the Helots, «ent him a thousand of the most hngh-spuited Helot-, thinking that the larger number of them would peiish in the fighting They also committed another violent and savage act whereby they thought to humble the pnde of the Helots They made pubhe proclamation that any Helots who had rendered some good service to Sparta should give in their names, and promised that after passing upon their claims they would set them free: and when two thousand had given im their names, they then commanded the most influential citizens to slay these Helots, each in. his own home Foi they were deeply concerned lest the Helots should seize an opportune moment to hne up with the enemy and bring Sparta mto penl. Neveitheless, «nce Brasidas had been joined by a thousand Helots and troops had been levied among the alhes, a satisfac- tory force was assembled.
68 Brasdas, confidimg im the multitude. of his soldiers, now advanced with his army agamst the cty known as Amphipohs — This eity. Aristagotas of Maletus at an eailiei time had undeitaken to found as à colony,* when he was fleecing from Danus, the ling of the Peisians ; after hus death the coloniste
! In 497 Bc ; ep Herodotus, 5. 126 qu
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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BOOK XII. 68. 2-5
were driven out by the Thracians who are called 424 5c Edones, and thwty-two years after this event the Athenmans dispatched ten thousand colonists to the place In hke manner these colomsts also were utterly destroyed by Thracians at Drabescus,! and two years later ? the Athemans again recovered the city, under the leadership of Hagnon. | Since the city had been the object of many a battle, Brasidas was eager to masterit. Consequently he set out against it with a strong force, and pitching his camp near the bridge,? he first of all seized the suburb of the city and then on the next day, having struck terror into the Amphipolitans, he received the formal suriender of the city on the condition that anyone who so wished could take his property and leave the city. Immediately after this Brasidas brought over to his side à number of the neighbouring cities, the most important of which were Oesymé and Galepsus, both colomes of the Thasians, and also Myrcinu-, a small Edonan city — He also set about building a numbe1 of triremes on the Strymon Ruüvei and summoned soldiers from both Lacedaemon and the rest of the alies — Also he had many complete suits of armour made, which he distributed among the young men who possessed no arms, and he gathered supplies of missiles and gram and everything else And when all his preparations had been made, he set out from Amphipohls with his army and came to Acté,* as 1t 18 called, where he pitched his camp — In this area there were five cities, of which some were Greek, being
! Cp. Book 11 70 5
? ''wenty-nine yeais later, according to "Thucydides, 4. 102 38.
3 Over the Strymon FPuver and not fa1 fiom the city
* 'The region about Mt. Athos.
VOL. V p2 73
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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14
BOOK XII. 68. 5—69 3
colonies from Andros, and the others had a populace 42: sc of barbanans of Bisaltie ! origin, which were bi- hngual. After mastenrmng these cities Brasidas led his army against the city of Toroné, which was a colony of the Chaladians but was held by Athenians — Since certam men were ready to betray the city. Drasdas was by mght admutted by them and got Toroné 1n his power without a fight
To such a height did the fortunes of Brasidas attain 1n the course of this year
69 While these events were happening, at Dehum in Boeotia a pitched battle took place between the Athenians and the Boeotians for the following reasons Certain Boeotians, who were restive under the form of government which obtained at the time and were eager to establish democraces in the cities, discussed ther pohey with the Athemian generals, Hippocrates and Demosthenes, and promised to dehver the cities of Boeotia mto ther hands The Athenians gladly accepted this offer and, having 1n view the arrange- ments for the attack, the generals diuded ther forces Demosthenes, taking the larger part of the army, mwaded Boeotia, but finding the Boeotians already informed of the betrayal he withdrew with- out accomphnshimg anything ; Hippocrates led the popular levy of the Athenians against Delum, seized the place, and threw a wall about it before the approach of the Boeotians The town hes near the terntory of Oropus and the boundary of Bocotia ? Pagondas, who eommanded the Boeotians, having summoned soldieis from all the cities of Boeotia, came
| A Thracian tribe.
? O1opus was the last city of Attica on the coast before the
border of Boeotia. Delum lay near the coast 1n the teru- tory of Tanagra.
15
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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* This designation 1s probably derived from that of an onginally wealthy class who were able to provide their own chaiiots for warfare, like the Roman * Kmghts," who could furnish horses Ihe three hundred are what were known later as the " Sacred Band " of the Thebans which was drawn up, not as here before the w hole 'heban line, but many meri
16
BOOK XII. 69, 3—70. 3
to Dehum with a great army, since he had httle less 422 s than twenty thousand mfaniry and about a thousand cavalry. The Athemans, although superi to the Boeotians in number, were not so well equipped as the enemy ; for they had left the city hurnedly and on short notice, and in such haste they were unprepared 70. Both armies advanced to the fray in high spirits and the forces were disposed in the followimg manner. On the Boeotian side, the Thebans were drawn up on the right wing, the Orchomemans on the left, and the centre of the Ime was made up of the other Boeotians , the first hne of the whole a1my was formed of what they called '" chaiioteers and footmen," ! a select group of three hundred. The Athenians were forced to engage the enemy while still marshalhug their army. — À fierce conflict ensued and at first the Athenian cavalry, fighting bnilhantly, compelled the opposing cavalry to flee; but later, after the infantry had become engaged, the Athen1ans who were opposed to the Thebans were overpowered and put to fhght, although the remaining Athenians overcame the other Boeotians, slew great numbers of them, and pursued them for some distance — But the Thebans, whose bodily strength was superior, turned back from the pursuit, and falling on the pursuing Athenians forced them to flee ; and smce they had won a conspicuous victory, they gaimed for them-
deep on one wing (cp. Plutaich, Pelopidas, 18 i£) — Thucy- dides (4. 93. 4) states that 1n this balitle " the Thebans were marshalled 1n ranks twenty-five shields deep," a statement which cannot have been true of the whole Theban contingent.
? Dehum was the greatest battle of the Archidamian War, Socrates participated im it and. his hfe was saved by Alceibia- des (Plato, Symp. 991 4-c); Socrates had saved Alcibiades at Potidaea 1n 432 5 c. (Symp. 220 x)
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
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! (The Athenian losses were less than à thousand in addi-
TS
BOOK XII 70 4—"71 1!
selves great fame for valour Of the Athemans some 424 »« fled for refuge to Oropus and otheis to Dehum ; certain of them made for the sea and the Athenian ships; still others scattered thus way and that, as chance dictated. When mght fell, the Boeotian dead were not in excess of five hundred, the Athenian many times that number! However, 1f mght had not inter- vened, most of the Athemans would have perished, for iL broke the drive of the pursuers and brought safety io those m fhght | Even so the multitude of the slaan was so great that from the proceeds of the booty the Thebans not only constructed the great colonnade in their market-place but also embelhshed it with bronze statues, and their temples and the colonnades in the market-place they covered with bronze by the armour from the booty which they nailed to them ; furthermore, 1t was with this money that they instituted the festival called Deha.*
After the battle the Boeotians launched assaults upon Dehum and took the place by stoim ? ; of thc garnson of Dehum the larger number died fighting gallantly and two hundred we1e taken prisoner; the rest fled for safety to the ships and were transported with the other refugees to Attica Thus the Athenians. who devised a plot against the Boeotians, were involved in the disaster we have described.
71. In Asia. King, Xerxes died after a reign of one year, or, as some record, two months ; and his brother Sogdianus succeeded to the thione and ruled for seven month. — He was skun by Danus, who reigned nine- teen yeas. tion to hght-aimed tioops and baggage carriers (Thucydidcs, &. 101). * Held at Dehum
3 A * flame-thiower " was used in the assault upon the walls , cp. Thucydides, 4. 100.
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2
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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BOOK XII. 71. 2—73. 4
Of the historians Antiochus of Syracuse concluded 1:2: x«. with this year his history of Sicily, which began with Cocalus,! the ling of the Sicam, and embraced nine Books.
729. When Ameinias was archon in Athens, the 43 »« Romans elected as consuls Gaius Papirius and Lucius Junius In this year the people of Scioné, holding the Athenians 1n contempt because of their defeat at Dehum, revolted to the Lacedaemonians and de- hvered their city 1nto the hands of Brasidas, who was in command of the Lacedaemonian forces in Thrace
In Lesbos, after the Atheman seizure of Mytilené, the exiles, who had escaped the capture m large numbers, had for some time been trying to return to Lesbos, and they succeeded at this time in rallying and seizing Àntandrus,? from which as their base they then carrned on war with the Athenians who were 1n possession of Mytilené.— Exasperated by this state of affairs the Athenian people sent agamst them as generals Arnsteides and Symmachus with an army. They put in at Lesbos and by means of sustained assaults took possession of Antandius, and of the eviles some they put to death and others they ex- pelled from the ety ; then they left à garnson to guard the place and sailed away from Lesbos. | After this Lamachus the general sailed with ten. triremes into the Pontus and anchored at Heraclea? on the river Cales, as it 1s called, but he lost all hus ships : for when heavy rais fell, the 11ver brought down «o
1 Cp. Book 4. 78 f.
* On the south eoast of the Troad, some fifteen miles from Lesbos
3 More aecuirately, with Thucydides, 4 75. 9, ** 1n the territory of Heracleia," since the city lay on the Lycus, not the Cales, Ruver.
81
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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BOOK XII. 72. 4-9
violent à current that his vessels were duven on i5 certam rocky places and broken to pieces on the bank
The Athenans concluded a truce with the Lace- daemon1ans for a year, on the terms that both of them should remain in possession of the places of which they were masters at the time. They held many discussions and. were of the opimon that they should stop the war and put an end to their mutual nvalry ; and the Lacedaemonians were eager to recover their citizens who had been taken captive at Sphacteiia When the truce had been concluded on the terms hec mentioned, they were in entire agreement on all othei matters, but both of them laid elaum to Secj0néà *. And so bitte1 a controversy followed that they 1enounced the truce and continued their war against each other over ihe 1ssue of Scioné
At this time the ety of Mendé ? also revolted to the Lacedaemonians and made the quarrel over Scioné the more bitter. Consequently B1acidas removed the children and women and all the most valuable pio- perty from Mendé and Scvné and safeguarded the cities with strong garnsons, whereupon ihe Athe- nans, bemg incensed at what had taken place, voted to put to the swoid all the Scionaeans from the youth upward, when they should take the caty, and sent a naval fo1ce of fifty trreines agaimst them. the command of which was held by Nicias and NMicostratus — They saided to Mendé first and con- quered 1t with the aid of certain men who betrayed
tCThis city, on the proniuntoiv of Pallené, revolted to D1asidas before it had leained of the signing of the tiuce, but 1n fact two days, as was later reckoned, aftei its signing (Thucydides, 4 190 ff)
? On the Thermaie Gulf west of Scioné.
10
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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BOOK XII 73. 9—73. 3
15; then they threw a wall about Secjné, settled 423 ».c. down to à siege, and launched unceasmg assaults uponit. Butthe garrison of Saone, which was strong in numbers and abundantly provided with mussiles and food and all other supplies, had no difficulty in repulang the Athenians and, because they held a higher position, in wounding many of their men.
Such, then, were the events of this year
78. 'The next year Álcaeus was archon in. Áthens 422» c and in Rome the consuls were Opiter Lucretius and Lucus Sergius Pideniates — Duung this year the Athenians, accusing the Dehans of secretly conclud- ing an alliance with the Lacedaemomans, expelled them from the island and took their city for their own. 'To the Delians who had been expelled the satrap Pharniaces gave the city of Adramytium ! to dwell m
The Athenians elected as general Cleon, the leader of the popular party, and supplying him with a strong body of infantry sent him to the regions lying off Thraee He saded to Seoné, where he added to hus force soldiers from the besiegers of the city, and then sailed away and put 1n at Toroné; for he knew that Brasidas had gone from these parts and that the soldiers who were left 1n. Toroné were not strong enough to offer battle. After encamping near Toroné and besiegimg the city both by land and by sea, he took it by storm, and the children and women he sold into slavery, but the men who garrisoned the city he took capüve, fettered them, and sent them to Athens
1 On the eoast of Asa Minor north« ast of Lesbos
55
DIODORUS OF SICILY
droÀwmrov Tv ókav]y $povpàv e&émAevae Mera Tíjs Swváp.eos, xai karfpe Tíjs Opdkns émi Xmpvuóva mrorajóv korra.orpororeeU as 0€ srÀqotov sróAews ' Hióvos, à &7eyoUons dO Tfjs "ApqwróAecs oTaOLovs m hou mpooBoAas émoietro TÓÀ rroAtapart. TIvOopuevos 06 TOv Dpaoióav uerà Duvdquecos arbe» Tepi TÓÀW "ApéiroÀw, dvéLev£ev ém a)rTOv | O0 0é Bpao(bas os TiKovoe ,"pociuóvras ToUs moAeu(ovrs, éxrá£as Tv Ovvagav dm/vra. Tolg "Anvaiois yevopévgs 96 sapard£eos eydAms, kal TOV orpororréóav dycvuajuévcoy ,Apiporépcov Aaqumrpós, TO pév "póyrov icópporos 7v jJ náxn, perü O6 cabra map ékarépois TÓV Tyyepóvao diloru&ovuévov OU. éavriv kpivau TT páxnv, cvvéBm moÀÀo)s TÓw GévoAóyav avOpQv Gva4pe- Ofvau, TÀy erpormyóv adroUs karaorQoávrav eig TTV ux KQ Umép TÍS viens avvmrépBXrrov Quioruitav elaeveykajiéveov Ó pév oov. Bpacióas Gpworeicas al mAelarovs QVeAov f)pcoucdós Kar- éorpeye TOV Btov Opoicos Oé kal ToO KAécvos éy Tfj ux) mT€ecóvrTOs, ajudóTepaL iv oT) Dvvápuets Ou& TT]v ávapxiav érapáxOnoav, TÓ TéAos 0. éyi- Kroav oL Aakebauuióvuot kai TpÓmOGLOv éoT"GCQV. ot O "Arvaot TOÜS vekpouUs ÓrroomÓvOovs dveAó- pevou kai Üdibavres àmémAevoav eis vás '"AÜvvas. eis 06 Tr?v Aaxe0atuova. srapayevouévov Twv ék Tfs páxyns kai rtv Bpaotóov vikqv àpa ka TeAev- TV Gmayyeivrov, 7 wrnp To9 BpaciSov mruvÜa- vopévm Tepi TÓV mpaxÜévraw kaTá TV LdXxmqv émmpormoe, motós TuS yéyovev év Tf mroporátet pacíóas: TÓv O Gmokpwauévev ÓTrwi qávrov ! oov added by Dindorf. 86
BOOK XII. 73. 3—4 3
Then, leaving an adequate garnson for the aty, he 422 & saMded away wath hus army and put in at the Stvy- mon Riverin Thrace — Pitching camp neai the aity of E1on, which 15 about thirty stades distant from Ampli- pohs, he launched successive assaults upon the town. 74. Cleon, learning that Brasidas and his army were tarrying at the city of Amphipohs, broke camp and marched agamst him — And when Brasmdas heard of the approach of the enemy, he formed his army in battle-order and went out to meet the Athenmans. À. fierce battle ensued, in which both armies engaged brilliantly, and at first the fight was evenly balanced, but later, as the leaders on both ades strove to decade the battle through their own efforts, 1t was the lot of many important men to be slam, the generale inject- ing themselves into the battle and bringing into it a nvalry for victory that could not be suipassed Brandas, after fighting with the greatest distinction and slaymg a very large number, ended his hfe hero:eally , and when Cleon also, after displaymg like valou:, fell im the battle, both armies were thrown into confusion because they had no leaders, but in the end the Lacedaemonians were victorious and set up à &iophy. The Athenians got back their dead under a truce, gave them bunal, and sailed away to Athens And when certain men from the scene of the battle armved at Lacedaemon and brought the news of Brasidas' victory as well as of his death, the mother of Bragidas, on learning of the course of the battle, inquired what sort of a man Brasidas had shown bimself to be 1n the confhct. And when she was told that of all the Lacedaemomans he was the
87
t2
DIODORUS OF SICILY
AarceBaupoviav GpLOTOS, etrrev 1 piyrmp ToD TeTc- Aevrkóros ÓTL Bpacióas Ó vios avri "v àyaÜO0s vip, ToÀAÀGv pvo ye érépcav karaeéarepos. TV 0€ Aóyov TOUTCOV Ó.aBolévraov Kara. TV zóÀw oí édopo, O9jootq. TT)v yvvaika ériuncav, Órt vrpo- ékpive TÓv Tfj waTpiOos égaiwov Tíjs ToÜ TÉkvov 9ó£ns.
Mera 8é rv eipnuévgv páyqv é0o£av oi 'A0m- vaioi TOlS AaxeOduovious cvvÜéca, o7OvÓGs Tev- TyKOovraere(s émi ToloÓe: ToUs gév aiyuaAdrovs TOp' duóorépow üdmoAÀvÜTfjva,, ràs O6 mÓÀes áro- Ooüvat. ràs kaTrà mÓAeuov AngdÜeicas. Ó uév oiv I[eAomovvgotakós vróAeuos, Otape(vas péypt Tv Drrokeuuéva Küupóv éry Oéxa, TÓv «ipmuévov TpÓTOV kareAUOn
75. "Ear dpxovros 8 Affjvqow " Ápwoicvos ' Po- pato! karéorncav Ümárovs Térov Kotvriov kai A dAov Kopwijuov Kóocov. émi 8é coórov dpm ToÜ moÀéuov Tob HeAosrovvnowakoo kara AeAvgué- vou Tw Tapaxoi Kai kiv/joces mroAepucat guv- éBncav karà TT-v EAMBa Oi TOLODTOS Twás arias. "A8nvoto, KaL Aaiebaunóviot kowf) perá TÓ)V up memowpévot ovrovOàs kat Ou ADOeLs, Xxopis TOv conjayiouv móÀeov cvvéÜevro ovp- paxtay ToÜTo Oé mrpáavres eis Umóvouav vAUov Os éni karaBovAdoet TÓV dÀÀcv EAMjvov Big! memowuévo. ovppaXtav. OLÓmep ac peyioraa TÓYV TÓÀecov OLempeopevovro "rpos GAMjAas kat q'vvote- Aéyovro Trepi ópiovotas Kat cuppaxtas KQTÓ TÓYV "A8nvalov kai AaxeBautoviv. 7jcav 9e Trpo- eoTÓ oou, TÓÀew TaUTQs a6 OvvarO TOTO, TéTTOpes, "Apyos, GaBoi, KópwÜOos, *Hus.
88
BOOK XII. 74 3—75. 3
best, the mother of the dead man said, " My son 42 sc. Brasidas was a brave man, and yet he was inferior to many others." When this reply passed throughout
the city, the ephors accorded the woman pubhe honours, because she placed the fair name of her country above the fame of her son.
After the battle we have described the Athenians decided to make a truce of fifty years with the Lacedaemonians, upon the following terms: The prisoners with both sides were to be released and each side should give back the cites which had been taken in the course of the war Thus the Peloponnesian War, which had continued up to that time for ten years, came to an end in the manner we have desenibed.
75 When Axrnstion was archon in Athens, the :215« Romans elected as consuls Titus Quinctius and Aulus Cornehus Cossus Durnmg this year, although the Peloponnesian War had just come to an end, agam tumults and military movements occurred throughout Greece, for the following reasons Although the Áthemans and Lacedaemonmans had concluded a truce and cessation of hostihtes in company with thew allies, they had formed an alhance without consulta- tion with the allied cities. By this act they fell under suspicion of having formed an alhance for their private ends, with the purpose of enslaving the rest of the Greeks. s a consequence the most important of the ecitics maintamed a mutual exchange of embassies and conversations regarding a union of policy and an alhance against the Athemans and. Lacedaemonians The leading states in this undertaking were the four most powerful ones, Argos, Thebes, Corinth, and Elis
1 So Dindorf, omitted J K, iàiíav other MSS 89
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
EiAóycs 8' ómomrre0noav ai szóAew ovpudpovetv karà Tífs 'EAÀAdóos Oià TO mpooyeypádÜai mais «owais cvvÜYkous: éfetvau. 'AÜnvatow xat Xake- OauLoviows, Orep àv Ooxjj TaUTaus Talis TÓAeoL, mpooypádoew rats ovvÜvrjkous kat üdaupetv arro rÀv cuvÜm«Gv — ycpts O6 roUTov 'AÜ«vatow uév Oi jmdiopjaros éOckav Oéxa. àvópáotww é£ovoiav éyew BovAesecÜa, sept TÀv Tfj móÀev ovudepóvrowv TO zGpamAWoiov O6 kai rÀv AakeOawuovicv rerown- Kórov $avepàv ovvéfw yevéoÜau rÀv O)vo móAewcv TV mrÀeove&av. TOAÀÀÓv O€ TróAecov Ürrakovovadv "pos T?) kow"]v éAevÜepiav, kai TÀv uev " AOnvatcov karadporovp.évav Ou& TT]v epi TO AxjAcov cup.- dopáv, TOv 66 AakeOawuusoviv reramewtwpévov Tf 6ófm Oià cv dÀcocw TÓÀv Éév rfj Makrupig vfq, ToÀÀaL TÓAes cuvíoravro, kai Tpoí|yov T TÓW '"Apyetcv TóAuv émi T?v Tyyeuovíav. eixe' yàp TÓÀws aUTY) uéya. a£ioia. Ou& Tàs vraÀouas mpá£ews: vpo yàp Tís '"HpakxAeióQv xaTrÀ/oecs! éx Tí 'Apye(as omfjpíav axyeOóO0v &zavres ot péyioTou rÓv aciÀémv mpós O6 TobTow oÀ)v xpóvov eipüvmuv éyovca Tpocó00vs peyioras éAdpBave, kai mAf- Üos o) puóvov xpupárcov ebyev, GÀÀA& xat àvOpów. ot 0. 'Apyetou vopíLovres a)rots ovyxcpnÜrjae- cÜa. rv ÓÀqv Tyeuovíav, éméAefav vOv moMráv xiAovs ToUs vecrépovs kai uáAwoTa Tols T€ OQ- Lacu LioxyUovras Kai TOts oU0(íQus: OToÀUcavTes O6 avroUs kai Tís dGAÀAÀms Aevovpyías kai TpoQüs OÓnuocias xopmyoüvres mpooérafav yvuváleoÜat
! So Dindoif- éye. ? $o Wesseling : karaA aeos
* See chap. 63 ? See Book 4. 57 ff 900
BOOK XII. 75 4-7
lhere was good 1eason io suspect that Athens à2015« and Lacedaemon had common desigus against the resl of Greece, since a clause had been added to the compact which the two had made, namely, that the Athemans and Lacedaemomans had the night, accordmg as these states may deem 1t best, to add to or subtract from the agreements Moreover, the Áthenians by decree had lodged 1n ten men the power to take counsel regarding what would be of advantage to the city ; and since much the same thing had also been done by the Lacedaemomans, the selfish am- biàons of the two states were open for all to see. Many cities answered to the call of their common freedom, and since the Athenians were disdained by reason of the defeat they had suffered at Delium and the Lacedaemonans had had ther fame reduced because of the capture of their citizens on the island of Sphactena, a large number of cities joined to- gether and selected the ety of the Aàgives to hold the position of leader. Vor this city enjoyed a hgh posiion by 1eason of its achievements in the past, since until the return of the Heracleidae ? practically all the most maportant kings had come from the Argohs, and furthermore, since the city had enjoyed peace for a long time, :t had received revenues of the greatest size and had a great store not only of money but also of men The Arvgives, beheving that the entire leadership was to be con- ceded to them, picked out one thousand of their younger citizens who were at the same time the most vigorous 1n body and the most wealthy, and freemg them also from every other service to the state and supplying them with sustenance at public expense. they had them undergo continuous trang and exer-
91
DIODORUS OF SICILY
c'wveyeis jeAeras oÜTOL CV obw à v")v yopmyiev kai v»)v Guveyij peÀérv Tay0 TÓv moÀepucóv épycv aAnral kareorá8nca.
76. Aaebaunóviot 8é OpOvres ém aroUs cuv- .oTa M évnv TÜv I eAonóvvgaov kai mpoopdpuevot TÓ |eyeÜos ToU moÀénov, Trà karàü TTV Tyeuovíav es v Bvvorróv zjooACovro. KaL mrpárov pev TOUS perà Bpaoíba xarà T)v Opdákmqv corparev- [vous EiAcras óvras xtÀtovs TAevÜcpocav, peTà 06 rara Tro)s 6v v$j Makrwnpia víow ÀndÜOévras abyj.oAdyrovs 2wapruras dTUiLQ mepuBeBAnkóres, cos Tv Xmáprqv d9oforépav «ewoujkóras, üm- éAvcav Tíjs drwa(as. | dkoÀoUÜws O6 roUrow cols Karü TOv síÓAeuov ématvow kai Tuuats poerpé- TOVTO TÓSs TpoyeyevQuévas avOpoyaÜ(as év Tots péAAovoww ydow $mepDáAAecÜau Tolg Te ocup- MÓxous émiewkéoTepov Tpooedépovro, ai cos duÀavÜpwmrious rovs àAAoTpuoráTovs abrOv éÜepá- vevov. '"AÜmnvatow 96 roovavriov TQ $óDBwo ovAóÓ- pevow karamAv£aoÜa, roUs év Doa dmocoTáceos Ovras, mapdóevyua máow àvéóeifav c)v ék cv 3kuovaüov ruucptav: ék«rroMopkYjcavres yàp avToUs «a, mávras "Pw«90v karaoQád£avres, motOas pev kai yvvatkas é£mvópamoOUcavro, v)v O6 víjov oüxetv vrapé8ocav Trois lAorawbow, écmemroóovw 89V. éxet- vous éK TÍíjs maTpiOos
IIept 8é ro)s a)To)Us ypóvovus karà T?v 'lra- Ailav Kapmravoi peyáÀn 8vvápev orpoceicavres éni Kiumv évikxqcav uáxyn Tro)s Kuuaiovs kai roUs
! ros added by Dindorf. ! Scioné was a cherso-nesos (* nea1-14land ?). ? ce chap. 56. 02
BOOK XII. 75. 7—16. 4
cise. These young men, therefore, by reason of the «21 »c. expense incurred for them and their continuous train-
ing, quickly formed a body of athletes trained to deeds of war.
76. The Lacedaemonians, seemg the Pelopon- nesus uniüng agamst them and foreseemg the magnitude of the impending war, began exerting every possible effort to make sure their position of leadership. And first of all the Helots who had served with Braesidas in Thrace, a thousand imn all, were given their freedom ; then the Spartans, who had been taken prisoner on the island of Sphacteria and had been disgraced on the ground that they had diminished the glory of Sparta, were freed from them state of disgrace. Also, ;mn pursuance of the same pohcy, by means of the commendations and honours accorded 1n the course of the war they were incited to surpass 1n the struggles which lay before them the deeds of valour they had already performed ; and towaid then alhes they conducted themselves more equitably and eoneiliated the most unfavourably dis- posed of them with kindly treatment. "he Athemans, on the contrary, desirmmg to strike with fear those whom they suspected of plannmg secession, displayed an example for all to see 1n the punishment they infhcted on the inhabitants of Scioné ; for after re- ducing them by siege, they put to the sword all of them from the youth upwards, sold 1nto slavery the children and women, and gave the island! to the Plataeans to dwell in, since they had been expelled from their native land on account of the Athenians.?
In the course of this year in Italy the Campanians advanced agamst Cymé with a strong army, defeated the Cymaeans m battle, and destroyed the larger part
03
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
mÀetovus rÀv àvrvraxÜévrow karékoiav — zpookaB- eLópevou 86 Tfj moMopkig kai mÀetovs mpoofoAds mowmgcápuevou karà kpáros etÀov T? mOÓAw. Oiap- cdácavres 9' aór?v kai ro)s karaAnóÜévras éÉfav- OpazroO0,cdjLevou ToUs L«avoUs oic" Topas é£ aborÓV àTré8e.£av
7T. "Ear .Apxovros O^ " A6vaow ' Aorvoiàov 'Po- pato! karéoTQcav TTOUS Aektov Koivriov xai AóAov Xeyurpowov, 'HAetov 9 zyyayov "OAvpriáBa évevnkooTóV, kaB Tv evika OTÓOLOV YmépBuos Xwpakóotos. émi Óé ToUrcV "A8mvatot Lev kard TwaG xpqopuoóv AmAtow amréGocav TT vfjoov, kai karfAÜov «eis Tv maTpióa oi TÓ 'AOpau)ruov oikotvres Ar. TOv 8é 'AOmvaitv o)k dmo- Oóvrov | Aake8ouuoviows rv YllóÀov, máÀw ai zÓÀews abra, "pos aàÀAWAas Oveépovro kai rroÀe- pukGs etyov. & O75 mvÜóuevos óÓ Of8uos có '"Apyeicv érewvoe roUs ' AOnvotovs QuALav c'vvOéoOo. TpÓS TOUS '" Apyetovs. ad&opiévus óé Tfjs O.aopás, oL Lev AakeBaupióvuot Tobs Kopw60i (ovs émeLca éykaraÀwretv T)» kowmv oUvoóov kai cvuuaxe TOlS AaxeBaupioviois. TouaUTT)S oé Tapaxfis ye€vo- pévms kai dvapxías oDens, T&À kar& T?v lleAo- móvvycov éy TOUTOLS jv.
"Ev 8é rots ékrÓs TómvOis AÁivtGves kai NÓAorres «a, MyAiets cvudpovijcavres óvvápeowv. á£voAóyow éorpárevcav émi rv '"HpákAeav r)v év Tpayuu avrvTaXÜévrowv 86 rÀv 'HpakAecoróv kai uáymns yevopévis itoxvpás, $r109cav ot ctv 'HpáxAewa
! $o Dindorf: Tpaxwio.
! Cp chap 73. 1. ? See chap. 75 at end. 04
BOOK XII 76. 4—77 4
ofthe opposing forces. Ánd settling down to a siege, they launched a numbei of assaults upon the aity and tookit by storm. "They then plundered the city, sold into slaveiy the captured prisoners, and selected an adequate number of their own citizens to settle there
77 When Astyphilus was archon in. Athens, the Romans elected as consule Lucius Quinctius and Aulus Sempronus, and the Eleians celebrated the Nineteth Olympiad, that mà which Hyperbius of Syracuse won the " stadion " Thus year the Athe- mans, i] obedience to aà certam oracle, returned their island to the Dehans, and the Dehans who were dwelhng in Adramytum' returned to then native land. And since the Athemans had not re- turned the city of Pylos to the Lacedaemonians, these cities were again at odds with each other and hostile. When this was known to the Assembly of the Argives, that body persuaded the Atheniaans to close a treaty of fnendship with the Argives. | Ánd since the quarrel kept growing, the Lacedaemonians persuaded the Corinthians to desert the league of states ? and ally themselves with the Lacedaemomans — Such bemg the confuson that had ansen together with a lack of leadership, the situation throughout the Pelopon- nesus was as has been described
In the regions outside? the Aenianians, Dolopians. and Mehans, havimg come to an understanding, advanced with strong armaments agaimst Heraclea i Traechis. The Heracleians drew up to oppose them and a great battle took place, 1n which the people of
3 Since the following three tiibes are of southern Thessaly, apparently Diodorus does not consider that area to be à part of Greece proper.
05
429i B«
4920 B «
DIODORUS OF SICILY
xarowkoÜüvres. | moÀÀovs O' amofaÀóvres orpa- TLÓTAS KQi GOUjjvyOvres évróg TOv rewÓw, peremémbavro BorÜs.av mapà. rv Bowordv. | àmo- / ? 5 ^ ^ (9 / AL Ld / aTreiAávre 9' a)rots TOv OnBatev xyuMovs ómAcras émiÀékTovs, per aDTÓv T)u)vovro TOUS émeorpa- TE€UKÓTAS "Apa Oé ToUrow Tparronévous "OAUvOi uev orpareücavres émi mólv Mw«ipepvav, dópovpov- / (790052 / A M] X 55/1 pévqv im 'AÜnvabiov, rfjv uév dpovpàv é£éBaAov, a)Toi Oé T?]v mÓÀw karécyov. 78. 'E« &pyovros 9. ' A0sjvgcow ' Apxiov 'Pepatot / € / Pd / M karéorqoav ovárovs A«Ukuov ILamüpviov MovyiAavóv M I4 2: /À M NR 5 s oé / xai. l'ívov XepoviMov £poükrov. émi 86 rovrov 'Apyetou jév éykaAécavres Tois | XakeBauovious 114 A / b) E / ^^ P] 7 ^ óru Trà ÜUnora oUk Q&né0ocav rQ 'ÁAsóAAwcw TÓ IIvOaet," cóAeuov a)Tois kaoTTyyeuav: kaÜ' óv 81) / 'AÀ 1o e M ^ ' AQ / ypóvov KuBuáóms 0 orparQyós TÓv 1VO.UCOV » 7 ? M » / » 7 / évéfBaAev eis T)v 'Apyeiav éycwv OUvapuv. TroUTovs 86 oí 'Apyetou mapaÀaBóvres éorpárevoav émi Tooib5va, vóÀw ocópnpayov AakeOauuoviov, kaL T)v pév xopav AenAarcavres, ràs Oé éma/Aews éumpücavres, àmnpAAdymoav cis TTv oike(av. oi 86 Aakeüauuóvvo, crapo£vvÜévres éni mois eis ToUs Tpowtqviovs mapavouruacuw éyvocav OuroAepetv / mpós '"Apyeiovus 0ió0 kai O/vapuv aÜpoicavres éméorQoav vyepuóva ^Àyw c0v BaoiAéa. | oÓros 86 perà Tíjs óvvápveos éorpárevoev éri Tos ' Apyelovs Kai TT]v iév xcpav é0jjooe, vÀqotov 96 rfjs móAeos áyaycv Tiv OUvauuv TpoekaÀe?ro ToUs ToÀeuiovs
! So Oldfather (Paus. 9. 35, 36): IIv6io. 906
BOOK XII. 77. 4—8. 3
Heacleia were defeated — Since they had lost many 42os« soldiers and had sought refuge within their walls, they sent for :id from the Bocotians The Thebans dis- patched to their help a thousand picked hophtes, with whose aid they held off the adversanes.
While these events were taking place, the Olyn- thians dispatched an army against the «cty of Mecyberna ! which had an Athenian garnson, drove out the garrison, and themselves took possession of the city
78 When Archias was archon in Athens, the nonc Romans elected as consuls Lucius Papirius Mugilanus and Gaius Servihus Struetus. In this year the Argives, charging the Lacedaemonians? wath not paying the sacenfices to Apollo Pythaeus,? declared war on them; and it was at this very time that Alcibiades, the Atheman general, entered Argolhs with an army. Áddmg these troops to their forces, the Árgives advanced agamst Troezen, a city which was an ally of the Lacedaemonians, and after plunder- ing its territory and burning its farm-buildings they returned home. The Lacedaemonians, bemg imn- censed at the lawless acts commutted against the Troezemans, resolved to go to war against the Argives; consequently they mustered an army and put their king AÁgis 1n command — With this force Agis advanced against the Argwes and ravaged then terntory, and leading hus army to the vicinity of the
1 Situated a short distance east of Olynthus.
? 'The Epidaurians, not the Lacedaemonians (see Thucy- dides, 5 53); but Diodorus frequently uses the term '* Lace- daemonaan "' 1n a wide sense to refer to any ally of Sparta.
3 The temple 1s likely the one 1n Ásiné, which was the only building spared by the Argives when they 1azed that cy (cp. Pausanias, 2. 36. 5; Thucydides, 5. 53. 1)
VOL. V E O07
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
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I mv after eis deleted by Heitlein. 08
BOOK XII 78 4—79 2
city hechallenged the enemy tobattle. The Argives, «5c adding to their army three thousand soldiers from the Eleians and almost as many from the Mantineians, led out their forces from the city. When a pitched battle was imminent, the generals conducted negotia- tons with each other and agreed upon a cessation of hostiles for four months. But when the armes returned to their homes without accomplhshimg anythmg, both cities were angry with the generals who had agreed upon the truce. Consequently the Argives hurled stones at their commanders and began to menace them with death; only reluctantly and after much supplication their hves were spared, but their property was confiscated and their homes razed to the ground. The Lacedaemomians took steps to punsh Agis, but when he promised to atone for his error by worthy deeds, they reluctantly let him off, and for the future they chose ten of thexr wisest men, whom they appointed his advisers, and they ordered him to do nothing without learning their opinion.
79. After this the Athenians dispatched to Argos by sea a thousand picked hophtes and two hundred cavalry, under the command of Laches and Nico- stratus; and Alcibiades also accompanied them, although in a private capacity, because of the fnendly relaünons he enjoyed with the Eleians and Manti- neians ; and when they were all gathered 1n council, they decided to pay no attention to the truce but to set about making war. Consequently each general urged on his own troops to the conflict, and when they all responded eagerly, they pitched. camp. outade the city | Now they agreed that they should march
? So Capps perá 3 So Reiske a)rojs
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1 oj aftei éketvovs deleted by Reiske. ? So Rhodoman (Thuc. 5. 67. 2) : Aoyayáw
100
BOOK XII 79. 2-6
first of all agamst Orchomenus in Arcadia; and iu95c s0, advancing mto Arcadia, they settled down to the «ege of the aty and made daily assaults upon its walls. And after they had taken the cty, they encamped near Tegea, having decided to besege it also. But when the Tegeatans called upon the Lacedaemonians for mnmediate aid, the Spartans gathered all their own soldiers and those of their alhes and moved on Mantüneia, beheving that, once Man- tineia was attacked m the war, the enemy would raise thesiege of Tegea.* 'Fhe Mantmeians gathered their alhes, and marching forth themselves em masse, formed ther hnes oppogite the Lacedaemonians. À sharp battle followed, and the picked troops of the Argives, onc thousand mn number, who had received excellent traamng 1n warfaie, were the first to put to fhght their opponents and made great slaughter of them in their pursut. But the Lacedaemonians, after putting to flight the other parts of the aimy and slaymg many, wheeled about to oppose the Aigives and by their superior numbers surrounded them, hoping to destroy them to a man. Now although the picked troops of the Argives, though in numbers far inferior, were supeiror in feats of courage, the ling of the Lacedaemonians led the fight and held out firmly agamst the perils he en- countered ; and he would have slam all the Argives —for he was resolved to fulfil the promises he had made to his fellow eitzens and wipe oui, by a great deed, hus former ill 1epute—but he was not allowed to consummate that purpose. For Pharax the Spartan, who was one of the advisers of Agis and enjoyed the highest reputation in Sparta, directed
! Presumably in ordei to biing aid to the Mantineians. 101
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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| So Reiske: dpkdot. 1029
BOOK XII. 79. 6—80. 3
him to leave a way of escape for the picked men and 49 s.c. not, by hazarding the issue agaimst men who had given up all hope of hfe, to learn what valour 1s when abandoned by Fortune — So the king was compelled, in obedience to the command recently given him! to leave a way of escape even as Pharax advised. So the Thousand, having been allowed to pass through in the manner described, made their way to safety, and the Lacedaemonians, having won the victory in a g1eat battle, erected a trophy and returned home 80 When this year had come to an end, in Athens 48 5« the archon was Antiphon, and 1m. Rome in place of consuls four mihtary trubunes were elected, Gaius Iunus, Titus Quinetius, Marcus Postumius, and Aulus Cornehus | Dunng this year the Argives and Lacedaemonians, after negotiations with each other, concluded a peace and formed an alhance | Conse- quently the Mantineians, now that they had lost the help of the Aigives, were compelled to subject them- selves to the Lacedaemonians. And about the same time 1n the eity of the Argives the Thousand who had been selected out of the total muster of citizens came to an agreement among themselves and decided to dissolve the democracy and estabhsh an anstocracy from ther own number. And having as they did many to aid them, because of the prominent position their wealth and brave exploits gave them, they first of all seized the men who had been accustomed to be the leaders of the people and put them to death, and then, by terrouzang the 1est of the citizens, they abohshed the laws and were proceeding to take the management of the state into their own hands. They mamtamed this government for eight months and
| Cp. chap. 78. 6. 108
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81. 'Ec' &pyovros 9. 'AOWvqow E)Qw5uov év '"Póumo kareoráÜncav àvrt TOv ÜÓnárov yiapyot Aeíkios GoUpuos, AeUkvos Kotvrios, AóAos Xeg- vpeowvios. émi 06 rovrov AakeÓauuóvtoL jierà TÓv ovMjAxcv orporeUcavres eis Tv Apyeiav "Yotàs
! sávras suggested by Vogel (ch. 76. 3). 104
BOOK XII. 80. 3—81. 1
then were overthrown, the people havmg umted us :c agamst them ; and so these men were put to death and the people got back the democracy
Ánothei movement also took place m Greece The Phocans also, having quarrelled with the Locrians, settled the 1ssue 1n pitched. battle by virtue of ther own valour For the victory lay with the Phocans, who slew more than one thousand Locrians.
The Athenians under the command of Nicias seized two cites, Cythera and Nisaea! ; and they reduced Melos by siege, slew all the males from the youth upward, and sold into slavery the children and women ?
Such were the affairs of the Gueeks in this year. In Italy the Fidenates, when ambassadors came to their city from Rome, put them to death for tiifing reasons Íncensed at such an act, the Romans voted to go to war, and mobihzng a strong army they appointed Anus Aemihus Dictator and with him, following their custom, Áulus Cornehnus Master of Horse. Aemuhus, after malang all the preparations for the war, marched with his army against the I1denates | And when the Fidenates drew up theu forces to oppose the Romans, a fierce battle ensued which continued a long time, heavy losses were incurred on both sdes and the conflict was indecisive
81 When REuphemus was archon m Athens, in ui x« Rome in place of consuls mihtairy tiibunes were elected, Lucius Furius, Lucius Quinctius, and. Aulus Sempronius In this year the Lacedaemonians and their allies took the field against Argohs and captured
! 'The loss of Cythera was a blow to the Spartans, that of Ni1saea to the Megarians ? Melos was destroyed in 416 8 c
VOL. V E 105
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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| ràv added by Reiske. 106
BOOK XII. 81. 1-5
the stronghold of Hysiae,! and slaying the inhabitants 4i »«. they razed the fortress to the ground ; and when they learned that the Argives had completed the con- struction of the long walls clear to the sea, thev advanced there, razed the walls that had been finished, and then made their way back home.
The Athenians chose Alcibiades general, and giving him twenty ships commanded hun to assst the Árgives in estabhshimng the affars of them govern- ment ; for conditions were still unsettled among them because many still remained of those who preferred the aristocracy. So when Alcibiades had arrived at the city of the Argives and had consulted with the sup- porters of the democracy, he selected those AÁrgives who were considered to be the strongest adherents of the Lacedaemonian cause ; these he removed from the city? and when he had assisted in estabhshing the democracy on a firm basis, he sailed back to Athens
Toward the end of the year the Lacedaemonians invaded Argohs with a strong force, and after ravag- ng a large part of the country they settled the exiles from Árgos 1n Orneae *; this place they fortified as a stronghold against Argohs, and leaving mit a strong garrison, they ordered it to harass the Argives. But when the Lacedaemonmans had withdrawn from Argolis, the Athenians dispatched to the Argives a supporüng force of forty tnremes and twelve hundred hophtes — The Argives then advanced against Orneae
! [n Argohlis near the Laconian border.
? 'The walls were to connect A1gos and the sea. This was an enormous undertaking and the walls were certainly not yet completed (cp. below and Thucydides, 5. 82. 5).
? They were distributed among the islands of the Athenian Empire.
* [n north-west .àgolis on the boider of Phhius.
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
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BOOK XII. 81. 5—82. 6
together with the Athenians and took the city by a7 5c stoim, and of the ganison and exiles some they put to death and otheis they expelled from Orneae
These, then, were the events of the fifteenth year of the Peloponneszian War.
82 In the sixteenth year of the War Ánmnestus 16sc was archon among the Athenians, and m Rome in place of consuls four mihtary tribunes were elected, Titus Claudius, Spurius Nautius, Lucius Sentius, and Sexius Juhus — Ánd in thus year among the Eleians the Ninety-first Olympiad was celebrated, that im which Exaenetus of Acragas won the '" stadion " The Byzantines and. Chalcedomans, accompanied by Thracians, made war in great fo1ce against Dithyma, plundered the land, reduced by «ege many of the small settlements, and performed deeds of exceeding cruelty ; for of the many prisoners they took, both men and women and chidren, they put all to the sword
About the same time 1n S1aily war bioke out be- tween the Egestaeans and the Selinuntians from a difference over teintory, where a nver divided the lands of the quarrelhng cies. The Selinuntians, crosemg the stream, at first seized by force the land along the nver, but later they cut off for their own a lage piece of the adjomung terntoiy, utterly di-- regarding the nights of the imjured parties The people of Egesta, a1oused to anger, at first endea- voured to persuade them by verbal arguments not to thiespass on the teiritoiy of another aty ; however, when no one paid any attention to them, they advanced with an army against those who held the territory, expelled them all from their fields, and themselves seized the land — Since the quarrel be-
1009
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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110
BOOK XII. 82. 6—83. 3
tween the two cities had become senous, the two 416 »« partes, having mustered soldiers, sought to bring about the decison by recourse to arms. Conse- quently, when both forces were drawn up imn battle-order, a fierce battle took place in which the Sehnuntians were the victors, having slain not a few Egestaeans Sincethe Egestaeans had been humbled and were not strong enough of themselves to offer battle, they at first tried to 1mduce the Acragantim and the Syracusans to enter mto an alhance with them. Faimng in this, they sent ambassadors io Carthage to beseech 1ts aid — And when the Cartha- gim1ians would not hsten to them, they looked about for some alliance overseas ; and in this, chance came to their aid.
88. Now since the Leonünes had been forced by the Syracusans to leave their city for another place and had thus lost their city and theii territory,! those of them who were lwing m ewvile got together and decided once more to take the Athenians, who weie ther Àkinsmen, as alhes.| When they had conferred with the Egesiaeans on the matter and come to an agreement, the two cities jointly dispatched am- bassadors to Athens, asking the Athenians to come to the aid of their cies, which were victims of ill treatment, and promusing to assist the Athemans m establishing order imn the affars of Siícly | When, now, the ambassadors had arrived 1n Athens, and the Leontines stressed ther kinship and the former alhanee and the Egestaeans promised to contnbute a large sum of money for the war and also to fight as an ally agamst the Syracusans, the Athenians voted to send some of their foremost men and to investigate
! See chaps. 53 f. 111
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
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? mepi after ajTo0 deleted by Reiske. 119
BOOK XII. s3. 3—84. 2
the situation on the island and among the Egestaeans 4116»c When these men arrived at Egesta, the Egestaeans showed them a great sum of money which they had borrowed partly from ther own crüzens and paitly from neighbounng peoples for the sake of malang a good show.! And when the envoys had returned and reported on the wealth of the Egestacans, a meeting of the people was convened to con«der the matter. When the proposal was introduced to dispatch an expedition to Sicily, Nicias the son of Niceratus, a man who enjoyed the respect of his fellow citizens for his uprightness, counselled against the expedi tontoSy. They werein no position, he declared, at the same time both to carry on à war against the Lacedaemonians and to send great armaments overseas ; and so long as they were unable to secure ther supremacy over the Caieeks, how could they hope to subdue the greatest island in the inhabited world? even the Carthagimans, he added, who pos- sessed a most extensive empire and had waged war many times to gam Sicily, had not been able to subdue the 1sland, and the Athenians, whose mihtary power was far less than that of the Carthaginmans, could not possibly win by the spear and acquire the most powerful of the 1slands
84. After Nicias had set forth these and many other considerations appropriate to the proposal before the people, Alabiades, who was the principal ads ocate of the opposite view and a most prominent. Atheman, persuaded the people to enter upon the war ; for this man was the ablest orator among the citizens and was widely known for his high birth, wealth, and slall as a general Át once, then, the people got ready a
! For this display see Thucydides, 6. 46. 113
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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114
BOOK XII. 84 9—4
strong fleet, takan and equippiug oue hundred of the own. Aud when they had fitted these ships out with every kind of equipment that 1s useful 1n war, they enrolled some five thousand hoplites and elected three generals, Alcibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus, to be in charge of the campaign.
Such were the matteis with which the Athemans were occupied. Ánd as for us, unce we are now at the begmning of the war between the Athenians and the Syracusans, pursuant to the plan we announced at the beginning of this Book ! we shall assign to the next Book the events which follow.
1 Cp. chap. 2. 3.
115
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BOOK XIII
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118
CONTENTS OF THE THIRTEENTH BOOK OF DIODORUS
The campaign of the Athenians against the Syracusans, with great armaments both land and naval(chaps 1-8)
The arnvalof the Athemans m Sicily (chap. £).
The recall of Alabiades the general and his fhght io Lacedaemon (chap. 5).
How the Athenians sailed through into the Great Harbour of the Syracusans and seized the regions about the Olympieum (chap 6).
How the Athenans seized Epipolae and, after victories n battle 1n both areas, laid siege to Syracuse (chap. 7)
How, after the Lacedaemonians and Cornnthians had sent them aid, the Syracusans took courage (chap 8)
The battle between the Athenians and the Syra- cusans and the great victory of the Athenians (chap. 9)
The battle between the same opponents and the victory of the Syracusans (chap. 10).
How the Syracusans, having gamed control of Epi- polae, compelled the Athenians to withdraw to the single camp before the Olympieum (chaps. 8, 11-12).
How the Syracusans prepared à naval force and decided to offer battle at sea (chap 13)
119
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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190
CONTENTS OF THE THIRTEENTH BOOK
How the Athenians, after the death of their general Lamachus and the recall of Alcibiades, dispatched in their place as generals Eurymedon and Demosthenes with reinforcements and money (chap 8).
The termination of the truce by the Lacedae- monians, and the Peloponnesian War, as 1t 1s called, against the Athenians (chap. 8)
The sea-battle between the Syracusans and the Athenians and the victory of the Athenians ; the capture of the fortresses by the Syraeusans and their victory on land (chap 9)
The sea-battle of all the ships im the Great Harbour and the victory of the Syracusans (chaps. 11-17).
The arrival from Athens of Demosthenes and Eurymedon with a strong force (chap. 11).
The great battle about Epipolae and the victory of the Syracusans (chap. 8).
The flight of the Athemans and the capture of the entire host (chaps. 18-19)
How the Syracusans gathered in assembly and con- sidered the question what disposition should be made of the captives (chap. 19)
The speeches which were delivered on both sides of the proposal (chaps 920-32).
The decrees which the Syracusans passed regarding the captives (chap. 33).
How, after the failure of the Athenians in Sicil;, many of their alhes revolted (chap. 34).
How the eitizen-body of the Athenians, having lost heart, turned their back upon the democracy and put the government into the hands of four hundred men (chaps 34, 36)
How the Lacedaemonians defeated the Athenians in sea-battles (chap. 34)
121
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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CONTENTS OF THE THIRTEENTH BOOK
How the Syracusans honoured with notable gifts the men who had played a brave part in the wai (chap 34).
How D1ocles was chosen law-giver and wrote their laws for the Syracusans (chaps 84-35)
How the Syracusans sent a notable force to the aid of the Lacedaemomans (chap. 34).
How the Athenians overcame the Lacedaemonian admiral in a sea-fight and captured Cyzicus (chaps. 39-40).
How, when the Lacedaemomans dispatched fifty ships from Euboea to the aid of the defeated, Lhey together with their crews were all lost 1n à storm off Athos (chap. 41).
The return of Alcibiades and his election as a general (chaps. 41-42).
The war between the Aegestaeaus and the Seh- nuntians over the land 1n dispute (chaps. 43-44)
The sea-battle between the Athenians and Lace- daemonians off Sigeium and the victory of the Athemans (chaps 38-410)
How the Lacedaemomans filled up Eunripus with earth and made Euboea a part of the mamland (chap. 47)
On the cil discord and massacre im Corcyra (chap 48)
How Alcibiades and Theramenes won most notable vietones over the Lacedaemonians on. both land and sea (chaps. 49-51).
How the Carthagmians tiansported great arma- ments to Seily and took by storm Selinus and Himera (chaps. 54-62)
How Alcibiades sailed into the Peiraeus with much booty and was the object of great acclaimm (chaps 68-69).
193
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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1294
CONTENTS OF THE THIRTEENTH BOOK
How King Agis with à great army undertook to lay siege to Athens and was unsuccessful (chaps. 72-73).
The banishment of Alcibiades and the founding of Thermae in S1c1ly (chaps. 74, 79)
The sea-battle between the Syracusans and the Car- thaginians and the victory of the Syracusans(chap 80).
On the fehoty of life in Acragas and the city's buildings (chaps. 81-84).
How the Carthaginians made war upon Sialy with three hundred thousand soldiers and laid siege to Acragas (chaps. 85-86)
How the Syracusans gathered their alhes and went to the aid of the people of Acragas with ten thousand soldiers (chap. 86).
How, when forty thousand Carthaginians opposed them, the Syracusans gained the victory and slew more than six thousand of them (chap. 87).
How, when the Carthaginians cut off their supplies, the Acragantini were compelled, because of the lack of provisions, to leave their native city (chaps. 88-89)
How Dionysius, after he was elected general, se- cured the tyranny over the Syracusans (chaps 92-96).
How the Athenians, after winning a most famous sea-battle at Arginusae, unjustly condemned their generals to death (chaps. 97-103).
How the Athenians, aftei suffering defeat in a great sea-battle, were forced to conclude peace on the best terms they could secure, and in this manner the Pelo- ponnesian War came to an end (chaps. 104-107).
How the Carthaginians were struck by a pesti- lential disease and were compelled to conclude peace with Dionysius the tyrant (chap 114).
BIBAOX TPIXSKAIAEKATH
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126
BOOK XIII
1. If we were composing a history after the manner of the other historians, we should, I suppose, dis- course upon certam topies at appropriate length in the introduction to each Book and by this means turn our discussion to the events which follow , surely, if we were picking out a brief peiiod of history for our treatise, we should have the time to enjoy the fruit such introductions yield — But since we engaged our- selves in a few Books not only to set forth, to the best of our abihty, the events but also to embrace a period of more than eleven hundred years, we must forgo the long discussion whieh such introductions would involve and come to the events themselves, with only this word by way of preface, namely, that 1n the pre- ceding six Books we have set down a record of events from the Trojan War to the war which the Athenians by deeree of the people declared agaimst the Syra- cusans, the period to this war from the capture of Troy embraemng seven hundied and sixty-eight years ; and m this Book, as we add to our narrative the period next succeeding, we shall commence with the expedi- tion agamst the Syracusans and stop with the beginning of the second war between the Catha- ginians and Dionysius the tyrant of the Syracusans ?
l 4.6. from 1184 s.c. to 415 x.c. ? (The Book covers the years 415-404 s.c.
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
2 "Em dpxovros yàp "Afhjvmot XaBpí(ov 'I'o- poto uev üyri TÓv Üvmárov karéorgoav xuápyovs Tpeis, Aceicov 2épytov, Mápxov ILazípvov, Mápkov ZepovtAtov. emi 0é ToUTOV "Arator Vmeuodpevor TOV mpós Zvpakoatovs TÓÀeuov Tás T€ vas ém- eakeUacav KL xpipora. cvvoryaryóvres per ToÀMfs oTr0vÓ']S Gara. Tü TpÓs Tv orpareiay 7ap- egkeváLovro Tp"puévou oe Tpets ovparnyoss, "AÀKt- Piden, Nuctav, Adpua xov, ajrokp&ropas QÜTOUS karéoTQcav üxávrov rÀv karà rÓv zóÀeuov. TÓÀv Oé iOuoTÓOv oi Talis o)DO0íQus cUmopolvres Tfj "po- Üvp.tq. ToU ór)uov xaptbeota, BovAóuevot Twés pév TY rpujpeus Kkareckeóacav, Tivég O06 xprüuara Ocócew els Tós TpoQüs TÍs Doy dlieus ez myyéAAovro* ToÀÀoL 86 kai rÀv Óquuorukdv sroAvrÓv kai Éévov, éru 06 ovpuuAyov, éxovois pocióvres Tois oTpa- Tc«yois OiekeAeUovro karaypddoew éavroüg eig ToUs OTDQTLOTAS ortos GTQVres Weperecptojuévot rods éAmtow é£ éroiuov karakAmpovyetv TjAmwLov v YukeAiav.
"Hó« 9é -To0 oróAov srapeokevaopévov, cobs épuG8s ToU)s karà Tv mÓÀw majmrÀmÜets Ovras cuvéDu év paG vukri wepukomijvau.. | OÓ ev ov OfjLos, ovy DvO TOv rvyÓvrov vopícas vyeyevíota. TY mp&ew, GQAAÀ' bro. rÓv mpoexóvrcv TOÁS óóaus eni Th karaAjoe,. Tríjs Onuokparías, éuucormovijpe kaL TroUs mpátavras éLXyeu. ueyáAas 8cpeàs mpo-
! 8o Scháfer- àmó.
! The principal sources fo: this famous incident aie Tues 6. 97-29, 53, 60-61; Plutarch, lewades, 18-21, and especially Andocides, On. the Mysteries. The 198
BOOK XIII. ?. 1-3
2 When Chabrnas was arechon im Athens, the us liomans elected im place of consuls thluee mihtary inbunes, Lucius Sergimus, Marcus Papnius, and Mareus Servihus — This year the Athemans, pursuant to their vote of the war against the Syracusans, got ready the ships, collected the money, and pioceeded with great zeal to make every preparation for the campaign — They elected three generals, Alcibiades, N1c1as, and Lamachus, and gave them full powers over all matters pertamung to the war Of the pnvate citizens those who had the means, wishing to indulge the enthusiasm of the populace, in. some instances fitted out trn emes at then own expense and m others engaged to donate money for the maintenance of the forces ; and many, not only from among the citizens and ahens of Athens who favoured the democracy but also from among the alhes, voluntanly went to the generals and urged that they be enrolled among the soldias To such a degree were they all buoyed up in ther hopes and looking forward foithwath to porbioung out Sialy 1n allotments
And the expedibon was already fully prepared when it came to pass that in a sngle mght the statues of Hermes which stood everywhere throughout the cty were mutlated * At thus the people, believing that the deed had not been done by ordinary persons but by men who stood in hugh repute and we1e bent upon the overthrow of the democracy, were mcensed at the saenlege and undertook a seaich foi the perpetrators, offering large rewards to anyone who
faces of the statues were mutilated, and perhaps also và ai8gota (Aristophanes, Lysistrata, 1094) — Andocides gives the names of those whose goods were confiscated and sold after the mutilation of the Hermae, and many of these are confirmed on a fragmentary inscription (7.G. 1?. 327, 339).
VOL V F 129
DIODORUS OF SICILY
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/ e ^ E / 4s wpáfeos eópetv vDvviom.
5s . Toujpov uv écaróv Teocapákovra érouuaouévov, cGÀkáóov 86 kai rÀv UmrmayovyyGv, ér. O6 vÀv TOV oov Kai rv dAAqv mwapackevv kopuLóvrov mo- Aus Tis üpiÜpos Xv: ÓmA?rau 86 kai odevOovíra, 1pós 9c robTois Wrmets" kai TÓv ov uáxcv mÀetovs v émrakw yi ov. ékrós TOV év Tolg mrÀnpopao:.
& —óre pév oÜv oi orparmQyoi uerà Tíjs DBovAMfs év dmroppjTo evve8Opevovres éBovAevovro vràs xpt) Ou- owfjoa. Tà karà rr» 2ukeAiav, éàv ríjs vrjoov kpa- -rüjoccw. éOofev obv abrois IliAwovvriovs uév rai àwpakogiovs avOparroOitcacÜa,, rots O. &AAows dinÀàs vráfa. $ópovs o)Us kar! évwavróv otcovow x: A8nvatois.
3 Tgó Sorepaia Ko;réBouvov oL o'rparmyoi per -—óv crpar«orüv «eis TOv llewaiéa, koi ovvm- s«oÀoUUe. mG&s Ó xarà TrtV mÓMv ÓyAos dvajié «orüv Te Kai févwv, ékáorov ro)s üOovs ocvy-
9 -yevéis T€ kai ,QiAovs erporréparovros. aL pLév ov -rpvipeis ap! oov rÓv Autéva, srapcópuovv kekooyum-
* $o Dindorf: émorest PAF?, eópióz other MSS. ? Dandorf suggests cív 7e voMróv after Gets.
? Probably the Diocleides mentioned by Andocides (i.c. 1 ff), who gives the story in considerable detail.
1.30
BOOK XIII. 2 4—3. 2
would furnish information against them. | And a cer- 415 »c Lain private ciüzen,' appearmg before the Council, stated that he had seen certam men enter the house of an ahen about the middle of the night on the first day of the new moon and that one of them was Alcibiades | When he was questioned by the Council and asked how he could recognize the faces at night, he replied that he had seen them by the light of the moon. Since, then, the man had convicted himself of lying, no credence was given to his story, and of other investigators not a man was able to dis- cover a single clue to the deed
One hundred and forty tnremes were equipped. and of transports and ships to carry horses as well as ships to convey food and all other equipment there was a huge number ; and there were also hophtes and slngers as well as cavalry, and in addition more than seven thousand men from the allies,? not mcluding thecrews | Atthus time the generals, sitting im secret session with the Council, discussed what disposibhion they should make of Sicihan affairs, if they should get conirocl of the 1sland | AÀnd :rt was agreed by them that they would enslave the Sehnuntians and Syra- cusans, but upon the other peoples they would merely lay a tribute severally which they would pay annually to the Athenians
3 On the next day the generals together with the soldiers went down to the Peiraeus, and the entire populace of the city, eiüzens and aliens thronging together, accompanied them, everyone bidding god- speed to his own lunsmen and fnends — The triremes lay at anchor over the whole harbour, embellished
* Or" singers as well as more than seven thousand cavalry from both the citizens and alhes " ; see eriical note.
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
Méva, Tolg émi Taís mpeopous émwoYuacU kai Tjj Aaumpórqr. TÓÀV OÓmÀcv: 0 O6 kókÀos Gas ToO Ausévos éyepue ÜvpuoTTpiov kat kpary)pev àpyvpiv, é£ Gv ékmopaoci ypvools éomevàov ot ruuvres TÓ Üctov kai vrpooevxop.evoi kararvyeiv Tfs oTpare(as. &vüxÜévres oiv ék ToU llewauéws mepiénAevoav T)|v ILeAomóvvgoov kat karqvéy8noav eis Kópkvpav: évraüÜa yàp mapapévew apyyyeXro kai mpoc- avaAapdvew ToUs apoíkous TÓV ovuudycv. émeL O. amavres vÜpoicÜmcav, O.wmAeUcavres TOV 'lówov mópov mpos àkpav 'lamvyiav karqvéyÜncav, kakeiÜev Tóm vapeAéyovro rov 'lraMav. $mó uév otv lapavriüvww o) mpoocóéyÜncav, Merarovr(vovs 0€ xat '"HpakAeworas mapémAevaav: eis 8€ Govpíovs karevexÜévres vávrov érvxov rÀv davÜporro. éketÜev Bé karamÀevcavres «eis Kpórwva, kai Aabóvres dyopàv mapà rv KporwwiarOv, rfe 7€ Aakuwias "Hpas TO tepóv mapémAevcav kai 7|» Avoc- kovpuióo, koÀouuévqv àkpav DmepéÜevro ^ uerà 8e ra)ra TÓ kaÀoUuevóv re ZikvAMriov? kal Aokpogs vaprAAaGav, kai ToU 'Pmyíov kaÜopuuoÜévres éy- yUs émeiov! roUs "Pyyivovs cvupayetv ot 86 dme- kpivavro BovÀeVocoÜat uerà vÀv dAAov "IraAwróv.
4. àupakóoto, Ó' àxoócavres émi ToU mopÜuo0 rás Owvépew ctvaw TOv "AÜnvaiov, oTparwQyobs Karéorycav a)rokpáropas pets, '"Eppnokpdrmv, Zuxavóv, 'HoakAeióqv, oi ro)s orpaTwoTas kaTé- vpadov kat vrpéoBew érri ràs avrà XuceAMav eóAeis dTéareAAov, Oeópvo, Tfj kowíjs owT9p(as dvzi- AapBávea0au roós yàp 'AÜmvaiovs rà uv Àóye ! $o Hertlein* ézoráuaoct à YavAMnwOv] XxkvMjrtov PA.
$ $0 Schafer: éreoa.
139
BOOK XIII 3. 2—4. 1
with their inzigmaa on the bows and the gleam of ther 45 5c armour ; and the whole circumference of the harbour was filled with censers and silver mixing-bowls, from which the people poured hbations with gold cups, paying honour to the gods and beseeching them to grant success to the expedition. Now after leaving the Peiraeus they sailed ayound the Peloponnesus and put 1n at Coreyra, since they were under orders to wait at that place and add to their forces the alhes inthatiegion. Ándwhenthey had all been assembled, they sailed across the Ioman Strait and came to land on the tip of Iapygia, from where they skirted along the coast of Italy. 'lThey were not received by the Tarantini, and they also sailed on past the Meta- ponünes and Heracleians ; but when they put in at Thurii they were accorded every lind of courtesy From there they sailed on to Cioton, from whose mhabitants they got a market, and then they sailed on past the temple of Hera Lacma * and doubled the promontoiy known as Dioscunas. After this they passed by Seylletium, as 1t 1s called, and. Locri, and dropping anchor near Rhegium they endeavoured to persuade the Rhegians to become their allies ; but the Rhegians rephed that they would consult with the other Greek cities of Italy
4 When the Syracusans heard thai the Athenian armaments were at the Strait,? they appointed three generals with supreme power, Hermocrates, S1canus, and Heracleides, who enrolled soldiers and dispatched ambassadors to the cities of Sicily, urging them to do their share in the cause of their common hberty ;
* Cape Lacinium i18 at the extreme western end of the Tarantine Gul£ 2 Of Messana.
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
zpós Xvpakoctous évíoraoÜo, TÓv móÀeuov, Tfj O' àAQÜeia koroorpéliao0a. BovAouévovs oÀqv "vw vioov. "Axpayavrivo. pév oüv kai Ndéww cup- paynoev éincav "AUqvatow, Kapapwato, 86 koi lecovjtot T'jv pev. eiprjvyv d£ew cpoAóynoav, ràs 9' ómép Tfs ovppaxías amokpiocew àvepaÀovro '[uepatou 8€ kai ZXeAwoUvriow mpós O6 TovUmois
l'eàQo: xat Karavatowi, cvvaycwvweicÜ0a. Toig XMv- paKocioug émmqyyeiÀavro. | a6 O6 TOv 2ukeAQv
TÓÀews Tj pev e)voíg mpos Iwpakooiovs éppemov, Oucs 0? év Wfovyiía pévovoa. TO ocvpuDyoóuevov ékapaóókovv.
Tàv 8' Aiyeoraicv o$y OpoAoyovvrov Gooe«w vÀéov TÀv Tpuákovra raÀávTov, oi aTpaTQyot TÓV 'AÜnvaiov éykaAécavres a)rots üàvüxÜqcav ék "Payíov uer& Tfjs Óvvduecs, kat karémÀevcav Tíjs £ueAiag eis Ná£ov. Oefauévov 9' abroUs rÀv év vf) mÓÀe. QiÀodpóvcos, mapémAevoav éketÜev eis
arávyv. TOv óé Karavaiov eig uév T?» móÓÀw oU Oexyouévov To)s orparicTas, Tro)s O6 orpa- vyyo)s éacávrov «tceAMÜetv xai mapaoxouévov ékkAnotay, ob orparryol rÀv '" AÜnvaiwv mepi avp- paxéas GueAéyovro. Onuwyopotvros 86 roO ' AXa- BuáBov TÓÀv orparuorüv wes OwAóvres mvA(Ga mapeugémecov eis Tv Ow: Ov Tv airíav Tvay- KkácÜccav oí Karavatou. koiwwcevetv ToU kaorà TÓw Xvpakocitv ToÀéuov.
5. ToUrwv 86 mparrouévow oi karà ri iBíav exÜpav pucoÜvres vróv 'AXfhdoqv év 'Afvoaus, TpóQacw éxovres Tiv TÀv dyaAudmeov epucomrijv, óéBaAov abróv àv rais 8uuqyopicus às avveuocíav
1 P added by Fichstadt. 134
BOOK XIII 4 1—5 1
for the Athenians, they pointed out, while beginning 415 » c. the war, as they alleged, upon the Syracusans, were in fact intent upon subdumg the entire 1sland. Now the AÁcragantini and Naxians declared that they would ally themselves with the Athenians; the Camarinaeans and Messemans gave assurances that they would maintain the peace, while postponing a reply to the request for an alhance ; but the Hi- meraeans, Sehnnuntians, Geloans, and Catanaeans promised that they would fight at the side of the Syracusans. "The cities of the Siceh, while tending to be favourably inclined toward the Syracusans, nevertheless remained neutral, awaiting the out- come
After the Aegestaeans had refused to give more than thirty talents, the Atheman generals, having remonstrated with them, put out to sea from Rhegium with their force and saded to Naxos in Sicily. They were landly received by the inhabitants of thus city and sailed on from there to Catané — Although the Catanaeans would not recewe the soldiers into the citv, they allowed the generals to enter and sum- moned an assembly of the extizens, and the Athenman generals presented their proposal for an alhanoe. But while Aleibiades was addressing the assembly, some of the soldiers burst open a postern-gate and broke ito the city. It was by this cause that the Catanaeans were forced to join imn the war against the Syracusans.
5 While these events we1e takimg place, those imn Aihens who hated Alcibiades with a personal enmity, possessing now an excuse in the mutilation of the statues? accused him in speeches before the Assembly
! Cp Dook 12. 83. * Cp. chap. 2 1385
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DIODORUS OF SICILY
karà ToU OQ)pov memovjuévov. | cvveAáBero! Ó' a)rQv rais OwloAats TO vpaxÜév wapà rois 'Ap- ^^ ^ yeioig oL yàp iOuó£evou ovvÜépevo: karaA0oat Trjv év "Apyeu Onuokparíav mávres vmOÓ TÓv TOoÀvr|v àvnpéÜgcav ^ miorevoas oDv O Ojos rais kar- Qyopiaus kaí Oewás DwO0 rÀv Onuayoyóv map- of£vvÜeis, dméoree Tv ZaAapavíav vaÜv ets ZukeAMaw, KeAeUcov TÜv TOX(oTYV Tjiceu AXBuiony eni TÜV pia. mrapayevopiévis oOv fjs Vec)s eis rv Karávq, ' AMaidons, àxovcas rÀv mpéoDeov M 8ó — on U o À / rà 6ófavra TQ O9, rovs owOwpeBAnuévovs ? N ? M OL / M ^ NS À àvaAafeov eig r)v iOiav vpvjpy uer& Tfüs 2:2Àa- putas éfémAevoev. émei O eig QCovpiovus xar- émAeugev, eire kai acuveióos abTQ TTv GcéDeuav 'Alkuiáóns eire. kai doBnÜcis 70 uéyeÜos co0 kwOjvov, per&ü TÀv cuvOuaBeBAnuévow | Oua8pas ? N ? / e ? H ^ / M ékmoO0Qv éyopicÜUg | oi à' év vfjj XMaAapuwig vy mapayevóuevou TÓ jiév mwpóvov éb5rovv ro)s mepi M ? / e ? , e 3 / róv 'AA«iBiáóqv: cs 8' oy eOpuiokov, AmomAeU- cavres eig "AÜrjvas amüyyeuav 7 OT) Tà me- cpaypéva — ot pév o)v 'AÜmvatou mapa8óvres O.kaoTypio TOÜ Te 'AAkipudBov kal TÓv dÀAav TüV cuuovyóvrov T& .ovópara Obkqv epriemv / /
kare0ikacav Üavdrov. ó 9' 'AX«idoóns ék Tís 'IraAMas OLamAeUcas éri lleAozóvvnoov édvyev eis XmáprQv, kai ToUs AakeOauuovious mapoévvev émiÜécÜ0a,. rois ' AÓnvalow.
6 Oc 8 3 NS At D A ^ ^
.. Oi év XukeAiq ovpaTqyoi perà Tí TÓÀV
! Vogel suggests oavvefáAero
| Cp. Thueydides, 6. 61. 136
BOOK XIII. 5 1—6 1
o£ having foimed a couspiracy against the democracy. 415 5« Their chaiges gamed colour fom an incident that had taken place amoug ihe Aigives; for piirvate fuends * of his in that ety had agiecd together to destioy the democracy 1n Argos, but tliey had all been put to death by thecitizens— Accordingly the people, having given credeuce to the accusations and having had ther